गुर्जर प्रतिहार साम्राज्य
[[chitr:Samraat Mihir Bhoj Mahaan.jpg|thumb|samrat mihir bhoj ki pratima, aksharadham mandir, dilli]]
gurjar pratihar vansh ki sthapana nagabhatt namak ek samant ne 725 ee. mean ki thi. usane ram ke bhaee lakshman ko apana poorvaj batate hue apane vansh ko sooryavansh ki shakha siddh kiya. adhikatar gurjar sooryavansh ka hona sidd karate hai tatha gurjaro ke shilalekho par aankit sooryadev ki kalakrirtiya bhi inake sooryavanshi hone ki pushti karati hai.[1]aj bhi rajasthan mean gurjar samman se mihir kahe jate haian, jisaka arth soory hota hai.[2][3]
vidvanoan ka manana hai ki in gurjaro ne bharatavarsh ko lagabhag 300 sal tak arab-akrantaoan se surakshit rakhakar pratihar (rakshak) ki bhoomika nibhayi thi, at: pratihar nam se jane jane lage.[4].rejar ke shilalekh par pratiharo ne spasht roop se gurjar-vansh ke hone ki pushti ki hai.[5]nagabhatt pratham b da vir tha. usane siandh ki or se hone se araboan ke akraman ka saphalatapoorvak samana kiya. sath hi dakshin ke chalukyoan aur rashtrakootoan ke akramanoan ka bhi pratirodh kiya aur apani svatantrata ko qayam rakha. nagabhatt ke bhatije ka putr vatsaraj is vansh ka pratham shasak tha, jisane samrat ki padavi dharan ki, yadyapi usane rashtrakoot raja dhruv se buri tarah har khaee. vatsaraj ke putr nagabhatt dvitiy ne 816 ee. ke lagabhag ganga ki ghati par hamala kiya, aur kannauj par adhikar kar liya. vahaan ke raja ko gaddi se utar diya aur vah apani rajadhani kannauj le aya.
yadyapi nagabhatt dvitiy bhi rashtrakoot raja govind tritiy se parajit hua, tathapi nagabhatt ke vanshaj kannauj tatha asapas ke kshetroan par 1018-19 ee. tak shasan karate rahe. is vansh ka sabase pratapi raja bhoj pratham tha, jo ki mihirabhoj ke nam se bhi jana jata hai aur jo nagabhatt dvitiy ka pautr tha. bhoj pratham ne (lagabhag 836-86 ee.) 50 varsh tak shasan kiya aur gurjar samrajy ka vistar poorv mean uttari bangal se pashchim mean sataluj tak ho gaya. arab vyapari suleman isi raja bhoj ke samay mean bharat aya tha. usane apane yatra vivaran mean raji ki sainik shakti aur suvyavasthit shasan ki b di prashansa ki hai. agala samrat mahendrapal tha, jo 'karpooramanjari' natak ke rachayita mahakavi rajeshvar ka shishy aur sanrakshak tha. mahendr ka putr mahipal bhi rashtrakoot raja indr tritiy se buri tarah parajit hua. rashtrakootoan ne kannauj par qabza kar liya, lekin shighr hi mahipal ne punah use hathiya liya. parantu mahipal ke samay mean hi gurjar-pratihar rajy ka patan hone laga. usake bad ke rajaoan–bhoj dvitiy, vinayakapal, mahendrapal dvitiy, devapal, mahipal dvitiy aur vijayapal ne jaise-taise 1019 ee. tak apane rajy ko qayam rakha. devapal ke shasan ke antim dinoan mean gurjar pratihar samrajy ki shakti badhane lagi.
mahamood gazanavi ke hamale ke samay kannauj ka shasak rajyapal tha. rajyapal bina l de hi bhag kh da hua. bad mean usane mahamood gazanavi ki adhinata svikar kar li. isase asapas ke gurjar raja bahut hi naraz hue. mahamood gazanavi ke laut jane par kalianjar ke chandel raja gand ke netritv mean gurjar rajaoan ne kannauj ke rajyapal ko parajit kar mar dala aur usake sthan par trilochanapal ko gaddi par baithaya. mahamood ke dobara akraman karane par kannauj phir se usake adhin ho gaya. trilochanapal ba di mean shasan karane laga. usaki haisiyat sthaniy samant jaisi rah gayi. kannauj mean gah daval vansh athava rathaur vansh ka udbhav hone par usane 11vian shatabdi ke dvitiy chaturthaansh mean ba di ke gurjar-pratihar vansh ko sada ke lie ukha d diya. gurjar-pratihar vansh ke antarik prashasan ke bare mean kuchh bhi pata nahian hai. lekin itihas mean is vansh ka mukhy yogadan yah hai ki isane 712 ee. mean siandh vijay karane vale araboan ko age nahian badhane diya.
vyavasthapak, shaktishali shasak raja bhoj
pratihar samrajy ka vastavik vyavasthapak, us vansh ka sabase adhik shaktishali shasak raja bhoj tha. hamean yah pata nahian hai ki bhoj kab sianhasan par baitha. usake prarambhik jivan ke bare mean hamean pata isalie nahian hai kyoanki nagabhatt dvitiy tatha rashtrakoot shasak gopal tritiy se parajit hone ke bad pratihar samrajy ka lagabhag vighatan ho gaya tha. bhoj ne dhire dhire phir samrajy ki sthapana ki. usane kannauj par 836 ee. tak punah adhikar prapt kar liya aur jo gurjar pratihar vansh ke aant tak usaki rajadhani bana raha. raja bhoj ne gurjaratra (gujarat kshetr) (gurjaro se rakshit desh) ya gurjar-bhoomi (rajasthan ka kuchh bhag) par bhi punah apana prabhutv sthapit kiya, lekin ek bar phir gurjar pratiharoan ko pal tatha rashtrakootoan ka samana karana p da. bhoj devapal se parajit hua lekin aisa lagata hai ki kannauj usake hath se gaya nahian. ab poorvi kshetr mean bhoj parajit ho gaya, tab usane madhy bharat tatha dakkan ki or apana dhyan laga diya. gujarat aur malava par vijay prapt karane ke apane prayas mean usaka phir rashtrakootoan se sangharsh chhi d gaya. narmada ke tat par ek bhishan yuddh hua. lekin bhoj malava ke adhikatar kshetr par apana prabhutv qayam karane mean saphal raha. sambhav hai ki usane gujarat ke kuchh hissoan par bhi shasan kiya ho. hariyana ke karanal zile mean prapt ek abhilekh ke anusar bhoj ne satalaj nadi ke poorvi tat par kuchh kshetroan ko bhi apane adhin kar liya tha. is abhilekh mean bhoj dev ke shaktishali aur shubh shasanakal mean ek sthaniy mele mean kuchh gho doan ke vyapariyoan dvara gho doan ki charcha ki gee hai. isase pata chalata hai ki pratihar shasakoan aur madhy eshiya ke bich kafi vyapar chalata tha. arab yatriyoan ne bataya ki gurjar pratihar shasakoan ke pas bharat mean sabase achchhi ashv sena thi. madhy eshiya tatha arab ke sath bharat ke vyapar mean gho doan ka pramukh sthan tha. devapal ki mrityu aur usake parinamasvaroop pal samrajy ki kamazori ka labh uthakar bhoj ne poorv mean apane samrajy ka vistar kiya.
durbhagyavash hamean bhoj ke vyaktigat jivan ke bare mean adhik janakari nahian hai. bhoj ka nam kathaoan mean avashy prasiddh hai. sambhavatah usake samasamayik lekhak bhoj ke prarambhik jivan ki romaanchapoorn ghatanaoan, khoe hue rajy ko phir se prapt karane ke sahas, tatha kannauj ki vijay se atyanat prabhavit the. kiantu bhoj vishnu ka bhakt tha aur usane 'adivarah' ki padavi grahan ki thi jo usake sikkoan par bhi aankit hai. kuchh samay bad kannauj par shasan karane vale paramar vansh ke raja bhoj, aur pratihar vansh ke is raja bhoj mean antar karane ke lie ise kabhi-kabhi 'mihir bhoj' bhi kaha jata hai.
bhoj ki mrityu sambhavatah 885 ee. mean huee. usake bad usaka putr mahendrapal pratham sianhasan par baitha. mahendrapal ne lagabhag 908-09 tak raj kiya aur n keval bhoj ke rajy ko banae rakha varanh magadh tatha uttari bangal tak usaka vistar kiya. kathiyava d, poorvi panjab aur avadh mean bhi isase sambandhit praman mile haian. mahendrapal ne kashmir naresh se bhi yuddh kiya par har kar use bhoj dvara vijit panjab ke kuchh kshetroan ko kashmir naresh ko dena p da.
al masoodi ke anusar
is prakar pratihar nauvian shatabdi ke madhy se lekir dasavian shatabdi ke madhy, arthath ek sau varshoan tak uttari bharat mean shaktishali bane rahe. bagadad nivasi al masoodi 915-16 mean gujarat aya tha aur usane pratihar shasakoan, unake samrajy ke vistar, aur unaki shakti ki charcha ki hai. vah gurjar-pratihar rajy ko al-juar (gurjar ka apabhransh) aur shasak ko 'baura' pukarata hai. jo shayad adivarah ka galat uchcharan hai. yadyapi yah padavi raja bhoj ki thi, jisaka is samay tak dehant ho chuka tha. al masoodi kahata hai ki juar rajy mean 1,800,000 gaanv aur shahar the. isaki lambaee 2,000 kilomitar thi aur itani hi isaki chau daee thi. raja ki sena ke char aang the aur pratyek aang mean sat lakh se lekar nau lakh sainik the. al masoodi kahata hai ki uttar ki sena se yah naresh mulatan ke shasak aur usake mitroan se yuddh karata hai, dakshin ki sena se rashtrakootoan se tatha poorv ki sena se paloan se sangharsh karata hai. isake pas yuddh ke lie prashikshit keval 2,000 hathi the lekin ashv sena desh mean sabase achchhi thi. pratihar shasak sahity tatha jnan ko bahut protsahit karate the. mahanh sanskrit kavi aur natakakar rajashekhar bhoj ke pautr mahipal ke darabar mean rahata tha. pratiharoan ne kee sundar bhavanoan aur mandiroan ka nirman kar kannauj ki shobha badhaee. athavian-nauvian shatabdi ke dauran kee bharatiy vidvanh bagadad ke khalifoan ke darabar mean ge. inhoann arab mean bharatiy vijnan, visheshakar ganit, bijaganit tatha chikitsa shastr ka prachar kiya. hamean un rajaoan ke nam ka pata nahian jo apane dootoan aur in vidvanoan ko bagadad bhejate the. pratihar siandh ke arab shasakoan ke shatru ke roop mean jane jate haian. isake bavajood aisa lagata hai ki is kal mean bhi bharat aur pashchim eshiya ke bich vidvanoan aur vastuoan ka adan-pradan jari raha.
rashtrakoot naresh indr tritiy ne 915 aur 918 ee. ke madhy mean ek bar phir kannauj par dhava bol diya. isase pratihar samrajy kamazor p d gaya aur sambhavatah gujarat par rashtrakootoan ka adhikar sthapit ho gaya kyoanki al masoodi kahata hai ki pratihar samrajy ki samudr tak pahuanch nahian thi. gujarat, samudr ke raste hone vale vyapar ka kendr tha tatha uttari bharat se pashchim eshiya ko jane vali vastuoan ka pramukh dvar tha. gujarat ke hath se nikal jane se pratiharoan ko aur bhi dhakka laga. mahipal ke bad pratihar samrajy ka dhire-dhire patan ho gaya. ek aur rashtrakoot samrat krishna tritiy ne 963 ee. mean uttari bharat par akraman kar pratihar shasak ko parajit kar diya. isake shighr bad pratihar samrajy ka vighatan ho gaya.
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sandarbh
- REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi
sanbandhit lekh
- ↑ Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya (1971) Sun-worship in ancient India. Motilal Banarasidass.
- ↑ Bombay (India : State) (1901) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 9, Part 1. Govt. Central Press.
- ↑ Chandrasekharendra Saraswati (Jagatguru Sankaracharya of Kamakoti) (2001) Śri Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya's Saundaryalaharī. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- ↑ New image of Rajasthan. Directorate of Public Relations, Govt. of Rajasthan. 1966. p. 2
- ↑ Rama Shankar Tripathi (1999). History of ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 318.