गोरिल्ला युद्ध

gorilla yuddh ek prakar ka chhapamar yuddh. mote taur par chhapamar yuddh ardhasainikoan ki tuk diyoan athava aniyamit sainikoan dvara shatrusena ke pichhe ya parshv mean akraman karake l de jate haian. vastavik yuddh ke atirikt chhapamar aantardhvans ka kary aur shatrudal mean atank phailane ka kary bhi karate haian. gorilla yuddh l dane vale chhapamar sainikoan ko pahachanana kathin hota hai. inaki koee vishesh veshabhoosha nahian hoti. din ke samay ye sadharan nagarikoan ki bhaanti rahate haian aur rat ko chhipakar atank phailate haian. chhapamar niyamit sena ko dhokha dekar vidhvans kary karate haian. 'gorilla' ya 'gerila' shabd, jo 'chhapamar' ke arth mean prayukt hota hai, spainish bhasha ka hai. spainish bhasha mean isaka arth 'laghu yuddh' hai.

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itihas

sadharan yuddhoan ke sath hi chhapamar yuddhoan ka bhi prachalan hua tha. sabase pahala chhapamar yuddh 360 varsh eesavi poorv chin mean samrat huaang ne apane shatru 'si yao'ke viruddh l da tha. isamean si yao har gaya tha. ianglaiand ke itihas mean chhapamar yuddh ka varnan milata hai. kerektakar ne dakshini vels ke gadh se chhapamar yuddh mean roman sena ko pareshan kiya tha.

bharat mean prayog

bharat mean chhapamar yuddh ka adhik prayog 17vian shatabdi ke aant mean aur 18vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean hua. marahathoan ke in chhapamar yuddhoan ne shaktishali mugal sena ka atmavishvas nasht kar diya tha. shaantaji ghorap de aur dhanaji jadhav nam ke saradaroan ne apane bhramanashali dastoan se sare desh ko padakraant kar dala. jab mugal sena akraman ki asha nahian karati thi, us samay akraman karake unhoanne pramukh mugal saradaroan ko vismit aur parajit kiya. marahathoan ki saphal chhapamar yuddhaniti ne mugal sena ke sadhanoan ko dhvast kar diya aur unake anushasan aur utsah ko aisa nasht kar diya ki san 1706 ee. mean aurangazeb ko apani uttam sena ko ahamadanagar vapas bulana p da aur agale varsh aurangazeb ki mrityu ho gee. chhapamar marathe apane dridh tattuoan par savar hokar charoan or phail jate the, praday rok lete, aangarakshakoan ke kary mean badha dalate aur aise sthan par pahuanchakar, jahaan unake pahuanchane ki sabase kam asha hoti, lootamar karate aur sare pradesh ko akraant kar dete. is yuddhaniti ne mugaloan ki kamar to d di, unake sadhanoan ko nasht kar diya. inaki phurti ke karan mugal sena inako pak d n saki. isilie spen ke chhapamaroan ne prayadvipiy yuddh mean, aur roos ke aniyamit sainikoan ne masko ke yuddh mean nepoliyan ki nak mean dam kar diya. amariki kraanti mean karnal j aaun es. mosali ityadi pramukh chhapamar the. inhoanne apane shatruoan ko b de prabhavashali dhang se dhamakaya aur pareshan kiya is kraanti mean chhapamar yuddhoan ne ek nee disha li. ab tak yuddh rajyoan dvara l de jate the, kiantu ab yah rashtriy vishay ban gaya aur nagarik bhi vyaktigat roop se isamean sammilit ho ge the.

yuddhaniti

chhapamar sainikoan ka siddhaant hai- "maro aur bhag jao". ye sahasa akraman karate haian, adrishy ho jate haian aur tho di door par hi prakat ho jate haian. ve apane pas bahut kam saman rakhate haian. inake lie koee niyantranakarta bhi nahian rahata, at: inaki kriyashilata mean badha nahian p dati. chhapamar sena sadharanat: apane se balavan sena par sahasa akraman karake apani raksha kar leti hai. unhean apani buddhi vishesh par vishvas rahata hai. apani suraksha ke liye ye soochana dene vale ki vyavastha rakhate haian.

uddeshy

chhapamar yuddh ka uddeshy hai- "shatru ki niyamit sena ka prabhav ghatana". is uddeshy ki achchhe dhang se poorti karane ke liye ye shatru ke pichhe kary karate haian. sath hi b de paimane par kie jane vale niyamit sena ke karyoan mean bhi sahayata pahuanchate haian. chhapamaroan ka lakshy sainik hi nahian rahate. ve rel, yatayat, rasad, pul aur isi ke jaise any sadhanoan ko bhi kshati pahuanchate haian, jisase shatruoan ki niyamit sena ke karyoan mean badha dal sakean.

pramukh vastuean

chhapamar yuddhoan ke lie tin pramukh vastuean haian-

1. chhapamar ke kary ke liye upayukt bhoobhag
2. rajanitik avastha
3. rashtriy paristhitiyaan

is prakar ke kary ke liye sabase ati upayukt paha di bhoomi hoti hai, jisamean jangal ho, athava aisa hi bhookhand, jo jangaloan aur daladaloan se bhara ho. chhapamar yuddh se raksha ke liye chhapamaroan dvara prayukt aniyamit vidhiyoan ka jnan avashyak hai, jisase sahakari prayatnoan dvara unake prayatnoan ko turant nasht kar diya jay. ek aur vishesh upayogi vidhi us kshetr ko gher lena hai, jisamean chhapamar vishram karate haian.

vishvayuddh

pratham vishvayuddh mean yoorop mean lanbe morache lagate the. chhapamaroan ke liye ye kshetr vishesh akarshak nahian tha, kiantu san 1916-1918 ka arab ka vidroh to bilakul aniyamit tha. karnal ti.ee. lareans ne arab ki sena ke sahayog se chhapamari ke jo kary kie, ve ullekhaniy haian. madhy poorv ke turkoan ki do durbalataean thian. pratham to janata athava araboan ke bich ki ashaanti aur dvitiy turk samrajy ko niyantrit karane vali bhanjanashil aur durbal sanchar vyavastha. lareans aur unake sahayak araboan ne turk gadhoan se bachate hue rel ki lainean kat dian, akramanoan se turkoan ko pareshan kiya aur unhean age badhane se rok diya. ab doosari or se jardan mean sthit niyamit aangrez sena ne pramukh turk sena par akraman kar diya. idhar lareans ne apani sena ki sahayata se is turki sena ka any senaoan se sanbandh vichchhed kar diya. lareans ki saphalata ke karan the, usaki sena ki gatishilata, bahy sahayata, samay aur janamat, jisase nagarikoan ki sahayata prapt ho saki. is prakar chhapamaroan ko vijay mili.

dvitiy vishvayuddh aur usake pashchat

doosare vishvayuddh ka praranbh hone ke poorv chhapamar yuddh ka ek utkrisht udaharan dekha gaya. japaniyoan ne chiniyoan par akraman kar diya. san 1937 ee. mean chini senaoan ne nagaroan ko khali kar diya aur svayan pichhe hat ge. chin ke logoan ko amarika se shastr aur gola barood mila, jisaki sahayata se inhoanne shatru sena ko ek lanbe kal tak bahut pareshan kiya aur chhote-chhote sainik daloan ko mukhy sena se alag karake nasht kar diya. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean chhapamari ke liye vistrit kshetr mila. yoorop mean jarmanoan ki aur dakshini-poorvi eshiya mean japaniyoan ki vijay itani tivrata se aur itane vistrit kshetr mean huee ki vijit kshetroan mean shasan ka achchha prabandh n ho saka. sainikoan ne jaise hi ek sthan par vijay paee, unhean sahasa age badh jane ki ajna mili. vijit kshetr chhote-chhote sainik daloan ke adhikar mean chho d dene p de. chhapamari ke liye ye kshetr adarsh sthal ban ge aur shighr hi shatru daloan ke bikhare hue sanchar kshetroan ko saphalatapoorvak nasht kar diya gaya.

• uttari afrika mean itali ki senaoan ne praranbh mean b de-b de kshetroan par adhikar kar liya aur vahaan ke nivasiyoan ko buri tarah kuchal diya. yahaan ka janamat itali ke viparit ho gaya. aangrezoan ne is bhavana ka labh uthaya aur vahaan ke mool vasiyoan ki sahayata se saphalatapoorvak chhapamar yuddhoan ka sanchar kiya. itali ke phauji dastoan ki sanchar vyavastha, havaee adde, petrol, gola barood ke bhandar, motar yatayat adi beangaji se mistr ki sima tak phaile hue the. upayukt shastroan se sajjit paidal sena ya jipean in chhapamar sainikoan ke liye vishesh upayukt thian. chhapamar shatru dal ke lakshyoan par ratri mean akraman karate the.

• san 1941 ke vasant mean jarmanoan ne yoogoslaviya par adhikar kar liya. desh ke adhikrit hone ke pashchath‌ hi josipavraozovik ki adhyakshata mean vahaan ke logoan ne ek chhapamar dal banaya, jo shatru sena ke viruddh kary karata tha. shastroan ki avashyakata ki poorti vahaan ki janata se ya shatrudal se chhine hue shastroan se hoti thi. jarmani aur itali ki sainik tuk diyoan or unake addoan par akraman karake inhoanne yuddh ka saman prapt kiya. saphalata ke sath-sath inaki sankhya mean bhi vriddhi huee. san 1943 ee. ke aant tak yah sankhya lagabhag 1,50,000 ho gee. yah shakti yugoslaviya bhar mean phaili huee thi aur vishesh roop se jangaloan aur paha doan mean sthit thi. sanchar vyavastha, jahaan tak sanbhav ho sakata tha, shatru dal se chhine ge rediyo setoan se chalati thi. yoogoslaviya ke is dal ka uddeshy shatru ke un sanpann lakshyoan par akraman karana tha, jo durbal the aur jahaan akraman hone ki sabase kam apeksha ki jati thi. isake atirikt kisi bhi avastha mean ve aisa avasar nahian dena chahate the ki shatru un par pratyakraman kar sakean.

maikarthar ka yogadan

philipin mean niyukt sanyukt rashtr ke janaral dagalas maikarthar us kshetr mean kee varsh rah chuke the. unhoanne japaniyoan ke viruddh chhapamar sena ki vyavastha ki. unhoanne adhikariyoan ke kee chhote-chhote dal is tapoo mean bikher die. ye adhikari is kshetr se bhali bhaanti parichit the. inaka kam japani sena se bachakar chhapamari karana tha. pravidhik sanchar adi mean daksh vyaktiyoan ko milakar pratyek dal mean adhik se adhik 15 vyakti hote the. inaka mukhy kary gupt samachar prapt karana aur unhean preshit karana tha. inaka doosara kary tha desh mean sthapit japani niyantran mean badha dalana. in daloan ke phail jane ke bad daloan mean parasparik sanchar ki vyavastha mean kathinaee hone lagi. is kathinaee ko door karane ke liye chhapamaroan ne janata ke chhote rediyo setoan se kam liya. bad mean san 1942 ee. mean janaral maikarthar ke aaustreliya sthit mukhy karyalay se chhapamar tuk diyoan ka sidha rediyoan sanbandh sthapit ho gaya. shighr hi sabamerinean bhejane ki niyamit vyavastha ho gee aur aprail, 1944 tak sabhi b de dvipoan ka janaral maikarthar se rediyo sanpark sthapit ho gaya. shighr hi vibhinn dvipoan par senaean utarane ki yojana bani. ab chhapamaroan ke kary gupt soochana prapt karana aur sanyukt rashtr sena ke liye lakshy dhooandhana rah gaya. is prakar chhapamaroan ke dvara kie ge jasoosi ke karyo se janaral maikarthar ko is kshetr ko punarjagrat karane aur apane karyoan ki yojana banane mean mahatvapoorn sahayata mili.

• faravari, 1943 ee. mean janaral adean si. vianget khachcharoan aur bailoan dvara 3,000 sainikoan ke sath chiandabin aur iravadi nadiyaan par karake barma mean sthit japani senaoan ke prishthabhag mean pahuanch ge. yahaan inhoanne japani sanchar vyavastha biga di, shastroan ke bhandar nasht kar die aur japaniyoan dvara bharat par hone vale akraman mean badha dali. adhik bhitar tak jane vale inake daloan ko, jo chiandavin ke nam se jane jate the, sanchar vyavastha ke liy vayuyanoan dvara rediyo set die ge. isi varsh aangrezoan ne barma mean kechin jati ko chhapamari ke liye sanyojit kiya. unhean rediyo setoan ke prayog ke lie prashikshan diya gaya tha. ye log shatru sena ke pichhe adhik samay tak tik sakean, isake liye us kshetr mean sahayataprad vatavaran ki bhi srishti ki gee. doosare vishvayuddh ke pashchath‌ malaya, hiandachin adi eshiyaee desh bhi chhapamari ke liye achchhe kshetr ban ge.

koriya sangharsh, 1950

joon, 1950 ee. mean koriya mean jo sangharsh vyapak ho gaya, usamean atyant adhunik shastroan se sajjit niyamit sena ke viruddh chhapamari atyant prabhavashali siddh huee. yahaan samyavadi chhapamaroan ko apane se shreshth shaktiyoan se apane ko bachane ki shiksha di gee thi. chhoti tuk diyoan dvara shighratapoorn akraman karane, teji ke sath pichhe hatane, titar-bitar ho jane aur pun: ekatr hone par vishesh bal diya gaya. chhapamari ke mukhy aang the- sidha akraman aur chhipakar akraman. 10 hajar se 20 hajar tak ki janasankhya vale nagaroan par san 1956 ee. tak akraman hote rahe. akramak daloan mean 50 se 300 tak vyakti rahate the. akraman kramanusar do daloan ki sahayata se hota tha. pahali tuk di akramak kshetr mean pahuanchati aur apane kary ki poorti karake titar-bitar ho jati. doosari tuk di ke palayan ke samay pahali tuk di usaki raksha karati. lautana sadaiv kisi any marg se hota tha, jo paha doan se ya kisi b di nadi ko par hokar rahata tha. yuddh aur prachar ke hetu shatru paksh ko pareshan bhi kiya jata tha, jisase shatru sena ka naitik patan ho jay.

siddhaant

chhapamar yuddh ke siddhaant aj bhi vahi haian, jo yuddh ke aranbhik samay mean the. aj bhi chhapamar tivr gati se chalate haian, dhokha dekar shatrudal par vahaan akraman karate haian, jahaan vah sabase adhik durbal hota hai. sath hi ve shatru ko pratyakraman karane ka avasar bhi nahian dete. yuddh mean prayukt hone vale shastroan, saj samanoan, sainik sthapanoan adi vyavasthaoan ki bhedyata ke sath-sath hi, jinaki sahayata se shighratapoorvak akraman ya aantardhvans sanbhav hai, chhapamaroan ka kshetr bhi badhata ja raha hai. sath hi adhunik yuddh vidhiyoan mean bhi is prakar ke yuddh ka mahatv badh gaya hai. sunirdharit lakshy aur yuddh kaushal ki paramavashyak shriankhalaoan ke vinash dvara shatru ke akraman ki sari yojanaoan ko viphal banaya ja sakata hai. bhaugolik paristhitiyaan bhi apana vishesh mahatv rakhati haian aur chhapamari ke liye suvidhajanak karyakshetr atyant avashyak hai.

chhapamar yuddh mean kraanti

rediyo aur viman, in do avishkaroan ne chhapamar yuddh mean kraanti la di. jahaan chhapamaroan ko in sadhanoan se sahayata prapt karane ka marg khula, vahian ye upakaran unaka pichha karane ke kam bhi ane lage. phir bhi inamean hani ki apeksha labh adhik hua. pahale chhapamaroan ko apane sathiyoan ke samachar kabhi-kabhi hi mil pate the, kiantu ab laghu vahaniy preshakoan ki sahayata se unhean ichchhanusar apane sathiyoan se sanpark sthapit karane ki suvidha mil gee. phir vayuyanoan dvara chhapa tatha any sabhi prakar ki aniyamit senaoan ko utarane, unhean lene, unaki shakti ko sudridh banane aur praday tatha samarik mahatv ki any vastuoan ko unhean upalabdh karane ka bhi kary sanpann hone laga.

chhapamaroan ka pramukh kary hai- "shatrusena ko unake prishthabhag se milane vali samagri ka vinash karana". anavik shastroan ke vikas ko dekhate hue samarik niti badalegi. senaean chhoti-chhoti tuk diyoan mean vibhajit hoangi. praday strotoan, yuddh adharoan, udyogoan tatha any samarik vyavastha ka vikeandrikaran karana avashyak hoga. phalasvaroop, yadi anavik shakti ka prayog hua, to chhapamaroan ke lakshy akar mean chhote aur sanrakshan adhik ho jayange. parinam yah hoga ki chhapamari ka kshetr vishal aur adhik prabhavi ban jayaga. niyamit sena bhi chhoti-chhoti tuk diyoan mean yuddh kareangi. in paristhitiyoan mean chhapamar yuddh hi vishesh saphal ho sakeange. yah kahana anuchit n hoga ki yuddh mean anavik shastroan ka prayog hone par keval chhapamar yuddh hi pramukh mahatv ka hoga aur any vidhiyoan ka sadharan upayog hi rah jayaga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh