चरखा

[[chitr:Gandhi-Spinning-The-Wheel.jpg|thumb|250px|charakhe par soot katate gaandhi ji, gaandhi smriti sangrahalay, dilli]] charakha ek hastachalit yantr hai jisase soot taiyar kiya jata hai. charakha yantr ka janm aur vikas kab tatha kaise hua, is par 'charakha sangh' ki or se kafi khojabin ki gee thi. aangrezoan ke bharat ane se pahale bharat bhar mean charakhe aur karaghe ka prachalan tha. 1500 ee. tak khadi aur hastakala udyog poori tarah vikasit tha. sanh‌ 1702 mean akele ianglaiand ne bharat se 10,53,725 pauand ki khadi kharidi thi. markopolo aur tevarniyar ne khadi par anek suandar kavitaean likhi haian. sanh‌ 1960 mean taivarniyar ki dayari mean khadi ki mriduta, mazabooti, bariki aur paradarshita ki bhoori bhoori prashansa ki gee hai.

itihas

bharat mean charakhe ka itihas bahut prachin hote hue bhi isamean ullekhaniy sudhar ka kam mahatma gaandhi ke jivanakal ka hi manana chahie. sabase pahale sanh‌ 1908 mean gaandhi ji ko charakhe ki bat soojhi thi jab ve ianglaiand mean the. usake bad ve barabar is disha mean sochate rahe. ve chahate the ki charakha kahian n kahian se lana chahie. sanh‌ 1916 mean sabaramati ashram (ahamadabad) ki sthapana huee. b de prayatn se do varsh bad sanh‌ 1918 mean ek vidhava bahan ke pas kh da charakha mila.

kh da charakha

is samay tak jo bhi charakhe chalate the aur jinaki khoj ho paee thi, ve sab kh de charakhe hi the. ajakal kh de charakhe mean ek baithak, do khanbhe, ek pharee aur ath panktiyoan ka chakr hota hai. desh ke bhinn bhinn bhagoan mean bhinn bhinn akar ke kh de charakhe chalate haian. charakhe ka vyas 12 ianch se 24 ianch tak aur takuoan ki lanbaee 19 ianch tak hoti hai. us samay ke charakhoan aur takuoan ki tulana aj ke charakhoan se karane par ashchary hota hai. abhi tak jitane charakhoan ke namoone prapt hue the, unamean chikakaul ka kh da rakha charakha sabase achchha tha. isake chak ka vyas 30 ianch tha aur takuva bhi barik tatha chhota tha. is par madhyam aank ka achchha soot nikalata tha.

sangh ki sthapana

sanh‌ 1920 mean vinoba ji aur unake sathi sabaramati ashram mean kataee ka kam sikhate the. kuchh din bad hi (18 aprail, sanh‌ 1921 ko) maganava di, (vardha) mean satyagrah ashram ki sthapana huee. us samay kaangres mahasamiti ne 20 lakh ne charakhe banane ka prastav kiya tha aur unhean sare desh mean phailana chaha tha. sanh‌ 1923 mean kakinada kaangres ke samay akhil bharat khadi mandal ki sthapana huee, kiantu tab tak charakhe ke sudhar ki disha mean bahut adhik pragati nahian huee thi. kaangres ka dhyan rajaniti ki or tha, par gaandhi ji use rachanatmak karyoan ki or bhi khianchana chahate the. at: patana mean 22 sitanbar, 1925 ko 'akhil bharat charakha sangh' ki sthapana huee. [[chitr:Spinning-Wheel.jpg|thumb|250px|left|charakha, sabaramati ashram, ahamadabad]]

sanshodhan

charakhe mean sanshodhan ho, isake liye gaandhi ji bahut bechain the. sanh‌ 1923 mean 5,000 rupe ka puraskar bhi ghoshit kiya, kiantu koee vikasit namoona nahian prapt hua. 29 julaee sanh‌ 1929 ko charakha sangh ki or se gaandhi ji ki shartoan ke anusar charakha banane valoan ko ek lakh rupaya puraskar dene ki ghoshana ki gee. gaandhi ji ne jo sharte rakhi thian unhean poora karane ki koshish to kee logoan ne ki, lekin saphalata kisi ko bhi nahian mili. kirloskar bandhuoan dvara ek charakha banaya gaya tha, lekin vah bhi shart poori n hone ke karan asaphal hi raha.

charakhe ke akar par upayogita ki drishti se barabar prayog hote rahe. kh de charakhe ka kisan charakhe ki shakl mean sudhar hua. gaandhi ji svayan kataee karate the. yaravada jel mean kisan charakhe ko peti charakhe ka roop dene ka shrey unhian ko hai. shri satishachandr dasagupt ne kh de charakhe ke hi dhang ka baans ka charakha banaya, jo bahut hi karagar sabit hua. baans ka hi janatachakr banaya gaya, jis par shri virendr majoomadar lagatar barasoan katate rahe. bachchoan ke liye ya pravas mean katane ke liye 'pravas chakr' bhi banaya gaya, jisaki gati kisan chakr se to kam thi, lekin yah le jane lane mean suvidhajanak tha. is prakar ab tak bane hue charakhoan mean gati aur soot ki mazabooti ki drishti se kisan charakha sabase achchha raha. phir bhi dehat ki kattinoan mean kh da charakha hi adhik priy bana raha. gaandhi ji ke svargavas ke bad bhi charakhe ke sanshodhan aur prayog ka kam barabar chalata raha.

aanbar charakha

sanh‌ 1949 mean tamilanadu ke ek yuvak karyakarta shri ekanbaranath ji ka naya prayog samane aya. abhi tak charakhe par jo kataee hoti thi, vah lete takuvoan dvara hoti thi. takuve ki girri ko gati dene ka kam soot ki mal se liya jata tha. ekanbaranath ji ne jo charakha banaya usamean takuve kh de lage the. kh de takuve ki paddhati kap de ki miloan ki hai. takuva ab bhi soot ki mal se hi chalata hai, lekin vah ek riang mean ghoomata hai. chooanki is charakhe ke avishkarak shri ekanbaranath ji haian, isaliye is charakhe ka nam 'aanbar' rakha gaya. aanbar ka arth vastr hone se yah aur bhi uchit jan p da.

aanbar charakha ab tak ke charakhoan mean sarvadhik kraantikari qadam hai. is par katane ke liye pooni bhi mil ki pooni jaisi chahie. isaliye pooni banane ke liye 'aanbar belani' aur katane ke liye 'aanbar charakha' alag alag do yantr banae ge. kapas otane aur ruee dhunane ke yantroan mean bhi sudhar kiya gaya. dhunane ke liye mil paddhati ka dhunaee mo diya banaya gaya. aanbar charakhe ka prayog pahale tamilanadu mean kiya gaya, bad mean doosare pradeshoan mean bhi lagabhag 400 karyakartaoan ko shikshan dekar kam chaloo kiya gaya.

aantar

thumb|250px|charakha sade charakhe aur aanbar charakhe mean yah bahut b da aantar hai ki sade charakhe mean katate samay soot bharane ke liye charakhe ko rokakar tatha pichhe ghumakar phir age chalana p data hai. aanbar charakhe mean bharane aur batane ki kriya choo di aur nathani dvara apane ap hoti hai. aranbh mean isamean ek hi takua (takala) chaloo kiya gaya tha. phir char takuevala aanbar charakha chaloo kiya gaya, aur ab ath takuoan ka aanbar charakha bhi prayog mean a gaya hai. ek minat mean ek takue ke 10 hazar se lekar 12 hazar chakkar tak hote haian. sade charakhe mean ye char hazar se lekar paanch hazar tak hi hote haian aur chooanki sade charakhe mean ek hi takua hota hai, isaliye char takue vale aanbar charakhe mean chauguna aur ath takue vale aanbar charakhe mean ath guna soot katata hai. sath hi, aanbar charakhe ko bharane ke liye rokana nahian p data, isaliye use sade charakhe ki apeksha do tin guna adhik to yoan hi ghumaya ja sakata hai. aanbar charakhe par kate hue soot ki mazabooti bhi mil ke soot jaisi hoti hai.

akar

aanbar charakhe ka akar b de 'taip raitar' jitana hota hai. isaki lanbaee 21 ianch, ooanchaee 21 ianch aur chau daee 16 ianch hoti hai. isaka vajan qarib 26 pauand hota hai. yah ghar mean kahian bhi asani se rakha ja sakata hai aur saralata se uthaya ja sakata hai.

naya namoona

aanbar charakhe ka jo naya namoona bana hai, usamean 'aanbar belani' ki avashyakata nahian p dati. dhunaee mo diya ka kam bhi isi se liya jata hai. is prakar ruee dhunane se lekar katane tak ki sari prakriya ek hi yantr se ho jati hai.

gati

sari prakriya ek sath karane par aanbar charakhe par sat ghante mean 9 se lekar 12 guandi tak ki gati aee hai. mahin soot bhi 120 nanbar tak ka kata gaya hai. agar pooni alag bani huee ho, to 7 ghante mean 30 guandi tak soot is par kata ja sakata hai. aanbar charakhe ki kataee pooni banane ki kala par nirbhar hai. jitane aank ka soot katana hai, usi ke hisab se pooni bhi mahin ya moti banaee jati hai. mahin aur moti pooni kapas ki jati tatha usake reshoan ki lanbaee aur lachilepan par nirbhar karati hai.

sudhar

aanbar charakhe mean barabar sudhar hota ja raha hai. use vidyut shakti se chalane ki bat bhi sochi ja rahi hai aur kahian kahian isase chalaya bhi ja raha hai, lekin sabase b di bat hai usaki marammat. gramin yantr aisa hona chahie ki kheti ke aujaroan ki bhaanti hi, big dane par dehat mean use sudhara ja sake. sudhar karane vale logoan ka dhyan is taraph barabar raha hai. poorvokt karanoan se is charakhe ko adhikaansh lak di ka banana zaroori samajha gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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