जैनेन्द्र कुमार

jainendr kumar
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poora nam	jainendr kumar
any nam	anandi lal (moolanam)
janm	2 janavari, 1905
janm bhoomi	kau diyalaganj, aligadh, uttar pradesh
mrityu	24 disambar, 1988
pati/patni	bhagavati devi
karm bhoomi	bharat
karm-kshetr	lekhak, upanyasakar, kahanikar
mukhy rachanaean	'parakh', 'sunita' (upanyas)
vishay	samajik
bhasha	hindi
vidyalay	kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay
shiksha	snatak
puraskar-upadhi	sahity akadami puraskar (1966), padm bhooshan (1971), sahity akadami phailoship (1974)
nagarikata	bharatiy
any janakari	jainendr kumar ne mahatma gaandhi ke sath bharatiy svatantrata sangram ke asahayog aandolan mean bhag liya th.
inhean bhi dekhean	kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

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jainendr kumar (aangrezi: Jainendra Kumar janm: 2 janavari, 1905 - mrityu: 24 disambar, 1988) hindi sahity ke prasiddh manovaijnanik kathakar, upanyasakar tatha nibandhakar the. ye hiandi upanyas ke itihas mean manovishleshanatmak paranpara ke pravartak ke roop mean many haian. jainendr apane patroan ki samanyagati mean sookshm sanketoan ki nihiti ki khoj karake unhean b de kaushal se prastut karate haian. unake patroan ki charitrik visheshataean isi karan se sanyukt hokar ubharati haian.

jivan parichay

aligadh mean 2 janavari, 1905 ko janme jainendr ne balyavastha se hi alag tarah ka jivan jiya. inake mama ne hastinapur mean gurukul sthapit kiya tha, vahian inaki padhaee bhi huee. do varsh ki ayu mean hi pita ko kho chuke the. jainendr to bad mean bane, apaka moolanam 'anandi lal' tha. uchch shiksha kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay mean huee. 1921 mean padhaee chho dakar asahayog aandolan mean kood p de. 1923 mean rajanitik sanvadadata ho ge. british sarakar ne giraphtar kar liya. chhootane ke kuchh samay bad lekhan praranbh kiya.

sahityik parichay

'phaansi' inaka pahala kahani sangrah tha, jisane inako prasiddh kahanikar bana diya. upanyas 'parakh' se sanh‌ 1929 mean pahachan bani. 'sunita' ka prakashan 1935 mean hua. 'tyagapatr' 1937 mean aur 'kalyani' 1939 mean prakashit hue. 1929 mean pahala kahani-sangrah 'phaansi' chhapa. isake bad 1930 mean 'vatayan', 1933 mean 'nilam desh ki rajakanya', 1934 mean 'ek rat', 1935 mean 'do chi diyaan' aur 1942 mean 'pajeb' ka prakashan hua. ab to 'jainendr ki kahaniyaan' sat bhagoan upalabdh haian. unake any mahattvapoorn upanyas haian- 'vivart,' 'sukhada', 'vyatit', 'jayavardhan' aur 'dashark'. 'prastut prashn', 'j d ki bat', 'poorvoday', 'sahity ka shrey aur prey', 'manthan', 'soch-vichar', 'kam aur parivar', 'ye aur ve' inake nibandh sangrah haian. talastoy ki rachanaoan ka inaka anuvad ullekhaniy hai. 'samay aur ham' prashnottar shaili mean jainendr ko samajhane ki drishti se sarvadhik mahattvapoorn pustak hai.

pramukh kritiyaan

upanyas 'parakh' (1929) 'sunita' (1935) 'tyagapatr' (1937) 'kalyani' (1939) 'vivart' (1953) 'sukhada' (1953) 'vyatit' (1953) 'jayavardhan' (1956)

kahani sangrah 'phaansi' (1929) 'vatayan' (1930) 'nilam desh ki rajakanya' (1933) 'ek rat' (1934) 'do chi diyaan' (1935) 'pajeb' (1942) 'jayasandhi' (1949) 'jainendr ki kahaniyaan' (sat bhag)

nibandh sangrah 'prastut prashn' (1936) 'j d ki bat' (1945) 'poorvoday' (1951) 'sahity ka shrey aur prey' (1953) 'manthan' (1953) 'soch vichar' (1953) 'kam, prem aur parivar' (1953) 'ye aur ve' (1954)

anoodit granth 'mandalini' (natak-1935) 'prem mean bhagavanh' (kahani sangrah-1937) 'pap aur prakash' (natak-1953). sah lekhan 'tapobhoomi' (upanyas, rrishabhacharan jain ke sath-1932). sanpadit granth 'sahity chayan' (nibandh sangrah-1951) 'vicharavallari' (nibandh sangrah-1952)

hindi sahity mean sthan

jainendr kumar ka hindi sahity mean vishesh sthan hai. jainendr pahale aise lekhak haian jinhoanne hindi gady ko manovaijnanik gaharaiyoan se jo da. jis samay premachand samajik prishthabhoomi ke upanyas aur kahaniyaan likh kar janata ko jivan ki sachchaiyoan se jo dane ke kam mean maharath siddh kar rahe the, jab hindi gady 'premachand yug' ke nam se jana ja raha tha, tab us nayi lahar ke madhy ek bilkul nayi dhara prarambh karana saral kary nahian tha. alochakoan aur pathakoan ki pratikriya ki chinta kiye bina, kahani aur upanyas likhana jainendr ke liye kitana kathin raha hoga, isaka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. bahut se alochakoan ne jainendr ke sahity ke vyaktinishth vatavaran aur svatantr manasikata vali nayikaoan ki alochana bhi ki parantu vyakti ko roodhiyoan, prachalit manyataoan aur pratishthit sanbandhoan se hat kar dekhane aur dikhane ke sankalp se jainendr vichalit nahian hue. jivan aur vyakti ko bandhi lakiroan ke bich se hata kar dekhane vale jainendr ke sahity ne hindi sahity ko nayi disha di jis par bad mean hamean ajney chalate hue dikhaee dete haian.

premachand sahity ke poorak

manushy ka vyaktitv samajik sthitiyoan aur bhitari chiantan-chiantaoan se mil kar banata hai. donoan mean se kisi ek ka abhav usake hone ko khandit karata hai. is drishti se jainendr, premachand yug aur premachand sahity ke poorak haian. premachand ke sahity ki samajikata mean vyakti ke jis nijatv ki kami kabhi- kabhi khalati thi vah jainendr ne poori ki. is drishti se jainendr ko hindi gady mean 'prayogavad' ka prarambhakarta kaha ja sakata hai. unake prarambh ke upanyasoan 'parakh' (1929), 'sunita'(1935) aur 'tyagapatr' (1937) ne vayask pathakoan ko sochane ke lie bahut si nayi samagri di. 'hindi sahity ka itihas' mean gopal ray ji likhate haian 'unake upanyasoan ki kahani adhikatar ek parivar ki kahani hoti hai aur ve ’shahar ki gali aur kothari ki sabhyata’ mean hi simat kar vyakti-patroan ki manasik gaharaiyoan mean pravesh karane ki koshish karate haian.' jainendr ke patr bane-banaye samajik niyamoan ko svikar kar, unamean apana jivan bitane ki cheshta nahian karate apitu un niyamoan ko chunauti dete haian. yah chunauti pray: unaki nayikaoan ki or se ati hai jo unaki lagabhag sabhi rachanaoan mean mukhy patr bhi haian. sanh 1930-35 ya 40 mean striyoan ka samaj ki chinta kiye bina, vivah sanstha ke prati prashn uthana svayan mean nayi bat thi.

jainendr ke patroan ka vyaktittv

jainendr ke patroan mean yah shanka, ulajhan dikhaee deti hai ki striyaan sanbandhoan ki maryada mean rahate hue bhi svatantr vyaktittv banae rakhana chahati haian jo ni:sandeh bharatiy parivesh mean aj, yani jainendr ke in upanyasoan ke samay ke 60-70 varsh bad bhi yatharth nahian hai jainendr janate the ki vah jis nari svatantrata ke vishay mean soch rahe haian, vah ek durlabh vastu hai. samaj ke svikar aur pratikriya ke prashnoan se ve bhi ulajhe the isaliye ve prashnoan ko uthate to haian kintu unaka uttar spasht roop se nahian dete balki kahani ko ek mo d par lakar chho d dete jahaan se pathak ki kalpana aur bhav-buddhi apane ichchhanusar vicharati hai. bahudha yah sthiti khij bhi utpann karati thi visheshakar us samay mean, jab ye upanyas likhe gaye the. premachand ke upanyasoan mean samasyaoan ka pray: samadhan hua karata tha, us samay ek bhinn prakar ki samasya utha kar, bina nidan die, chho d dena nissandeh ek nee shurooat thi.

unake upanyasoan- 'kalyani', 'sukhada', 'vivart', 'vyatit', 'jayavardhan' adi mean unake stri-patr samaj ki vicharadhara ko badalane mean asamarth hone ke karan antat: atmayatana ke shikar banate haian yah atmayatana unake jivan darshan ka ek aang ban jati hai. unamean samaj se alag hat kar apane astitv ko dhooandhane ka atmatosh to hai kintu us svatantr astitv ke sath rah n pane ki nirasha bhi hai. jainendr ke upanyasoan ne nissandeh sahityik vicharadhara aur darshan ko nee disha di ajney ke upanyas isi disha mean age badhe hue lagate haian.

jainendr ki kahaniyoan mean bhi hamean yah nee disha dikhaee deti hai. alochakoan ka manana hai ki 'unhoanne kahani ko ’ghatana’ ke star se uthakar ’charitr’ aur ’manovaijnanik saty’ par lane ka prayas kiya. unhoanne kathavastu ko samajik dharatal se samet kar vyaktigat aur manovaijnanik bhoomika par pratishthit kiya.' chahe unaki kahani 'hatya' ho ya 'khel', 'apana-apana bhagy', 'bahubali', 'pajeb', dhruvatara, 'do chi diyaan' adi sabhi kahaniyoan mean vyakti-man ki shankaoan, prashnoan ko prastut karati haian.

kaha ja sakata hai ki jainendr ke upanyasoan aur kahaniyoan mean vyakti ki pratishtha, hindi sahity mean nee bat thi jisane n keval vyakti aur samaj ke parasparik sanbandh nee vyakhya ki balki vyakti man ko uchit mahatta bhi dilavaee. jainendr ke is yogadan ko hindi sahity kabhi nahian bhool sakata.

premachand aur jainendr

jainendr kumar premachand yug ke mahatvapoorn kathakar mane jate haian. unaki pratibha ko premachand ne bharapoor man diya. ve samakalin daur mean premachand ke nikatatam sahayatriyoan mean se ek the magar donoan ka vyaktitv juda tha. premachand lagatar vikas karate hue aantat: mahajani sabhyata ke ghinaune chehare se parda hatane mean poori shakti lagate hue 'kafan' jaisi kahani aur kisan se mazadoor banakar rah ge. hori ke jivan ki mahagatha godan likhakar vida hue. jainendr ne javani ke dinoan mean jis vaicharik pithika par kh de hokar rachanaoan ka srijan kiya jivan bhar usi se tike rahakar manovijnan, dharm, eeshvar, ihalok, paralok par gahan chiantan karate rahe. samay aur ham unaki vaicharik kitab hai. premachand ke aantim dinoan mean jainendr ne apani astha par jor dete hue unase poochha tha ki ab eeshvar ke bare mean kya sochate haian. premachand ne duniya se vidaee ke avasar par bhi tab javab diya tha ki is badahal duniya mean eeshvar hai aisa to mujhe bhi nahian lagata. ve aantim samay mean bhi apani vaicharik dridhata barakarar rakh sake yah dekhakar jainendr behad prabhavit hue. vamapanthi vicharadhara se ju de lekhakoan ke varchasv ko mahasoos karate hue jainendr ji kalavad ka jhanda buland karate hue apani thasak ke sath samakalin sahityik paridrishy par alag najar ate the. gahari mitrata ke bavajood premachand aur jainendr ek doosare ke vicharoan mean bhinnata ka bharapoor samman karate rahe aur sath- sath chale.

samman aur puraskar

• hindustani akadami puraskar, 1929 mean 'parakh' (upanyas) ke lie
• bharat sarakar shiksha mantralay puraskar, 1952 mean 'prem mean bhagavanh' (anuvad) ke lie
• 1966 mean sahity akadami puraskar 'muktibodh' (laghu upanyas) ke lie
• padm bhooshan, 1971
• sahity akadami phailoship, 1974
• hastimal dalamiya puraskar (nee dilli)
• uttar pradesh rajy sarakar (samay aur ham-1970)
• uttar pradesh sarakar ka shikhar samman 'bharat-bharati'
• manad di. lith (dilli vishvavidyalay, 1973, agara vishvavidyalay,1974)
• hindi sahity sammelan, prayag (sahity vachaspati-1973)
• vidya vachaspati (upadhiah gurukul kaang di)
• sahity akadami ki prathamik sadasyata
• pratham rashtriy yoonesko ki sadasyata
• bharatiy lekhak parishadh ki adhyakshata
• dilli pradeshik hindi sahity sammelan ka sabhapatitv

jainendr-sa doosara nahian

hindi ke alochak pro. namavar sianh ne kaha hai ki vishv sahity mean bharatiy kahaniyoan ka apana maulik charitr hai aur vishv sahity mean jab kabhi bharatiy kahaniyoan ki bat hogi to premachand ke sath jainendr ko zaroor yad kiya jaega. unhoanne jainendr ko yad karate hue kaha ki "nee kahani se ju de logoan ne un par b de arop lagae. ek adhiveshan mean kolakata bulakar khoob kharikhoti sunaee lekin jainendr jara bhi uttejit nahian hue. aj aise kam sahityakar haian jo apani alochanaoan ko itani sahajata se sunate haian." unhoanne kaha ki vah kissagoee ke kathakar nahian the aur n hi unaki kahaniyaan ghatana pradhan hoti thian. vah to pratikriyavadi the. is mauke par unhoanne jainendr ki 'khel' aur 'nilam desh ki rajakanya' namak kahaniyoan ki yad dilaee. jainendr ke sath lanbe samay tak rahe pradip kumar ne kaha, "vah kahani kisi bhi pankti se shuroo kar dete the. kahate the- tumhian pahali pankti kah do! vah kabir ke bhakt the aur hamesha kabir ke dohe gate rahate the. kathin paristhitiyoan mean bhi sarakar se sahayata ki ummid nahian rakhate the aur n hi use svikarate the." kavi ashok vajapeyi ne kaha, "satta ke galiyaroan mean gahari paith rakhane valoan se vah barabari ka sanvad karate the aur spashtat: apani bat kahate the. vah manate the ki bhasha ho to shrriangarahin ho. unhean shabd ke sankoch ka kathakar kaha ja sakata hai."

nidhan

24 disanbar 1988 ko unaka nidhan ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• jainendr kumar ki kahaniyaan
• vah kshan -jainendr kumar

sanbandhit lekh

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