तम्बाकू

thumb|250px|tambakoo ka paudha tambakoo paudhe ki pattiyoan se prapt hota hai. yah ek madak aur uttejak padarth hai, jo 'nikoshiyana" (aangrezi nam : Nicotiana) jati ke paudhe ki barik kati huee pattiyoan, jo ki khane-pine tatha sooanghane ke kam ati haian, se prapt kiya jata hai. kisi any madak ya uttejak padarth ki apeksha tambakoo ka prayog aj sabase adhik matra mean kiya ja raha hai. bharat mean tambakoo ka paudha purtagaliyoan dvara san 1608 ee. mean laya gaya tha aur tab se isaki kheti ka kshetr bharat ke lagabhag sabhi bhagoan mean phail gaya hai. bharat vishv ke utpadan ka lagabhag 7.8 pratishat tambakoo utpann karata hai.

utpatti tatha itihas

tambakoo ki utpatti kab aur kahaan huee, isaka thik pata nahian chalata. kahate haian ki, ek bar purtagal sthit phraansisi rajadoot 'j aaun nikot' ne apani rani ke pas tambakoo ka bij bheja aur tabhi se is paudhe ka pravesh prachin sansar mean hua. nikot ke nam ko amar rakhane ke liye tambakoo ka vanaspatik nam 'nikoshiyana' rakha gaya. tambakoo dakshini amerika ka paudha mana jata hai. isaki kheti aitihasi kal se hati chali a rahi hai. yadyapi tambakoo ayanavrittiy paudha hai, tathapi isaki saphal kheti any sthanoan mean bhi hoti hai, kyoanki yah apane ko vibhinn prakar ki bhoomi tatha jalavayu ke anukool bana leta hai.

vibhinn jatiyaan

ab tak sansar mean tambakoo ki 60 vibhinn jatiyaan mil chuki haian. inamean se 'nikoshiyana tabaikam' aur 'nikoshiyana rastika' ki kheti b de paimane par hoti hai. kheti tatha vyapar ki drishti se keval ye hi do jatiyaan upayogi siddh huee haian.

bharat mean tambakoo ka agaman

aisa mana jata hai ki, 17vian sadi mean purtagaliyoan dvara bharat mean tambakoo ki kheti ka praranbh hua. 17vian, 18vian sadiyoan mean yooropiy yatriyoan ne bharat mean tambakoo ki kheti aur usake upayog ka ullekh kiya hai. mugal samrat jahaangir ke samay mean tambakoo ki kheti ka prachar nahian ho paya, kyoanki unhoanne ghoshana ki thi, ki tambakoo pinevaloan ke hothoan ko kat diya jaega. vhaital aau ainsli ki likhi huee 'metiriya iandika' namak pustak mean deshi tatha yooropiy d aauktaroan dvara bharat mean dava sanbandhi prayojanoan ke liye tambakoo ke upayog ke bare mean likha hai. samajik rukavatoan ke abhav ke karan ab dhoomrapan saralata se apanaee janevali adat ban gee hai.

rajasv prapti ka sadhan

aj vishvabhar mean amerika tatha chin ke bad b de paimane par tambakoo paida karane vala tisara rashtr bharat hai. aj bharat tatha vishv mean any rashtroan ki sarakaroan ke liye tambakoo kar ke roop mean kamadhenu ke saman hai. krishak ke liye tambakoo bahut hi mukhy naqad shasy (fasal) hai. prativarsh anumanat: 45 karo d rupe tambakoo ki kheti se utpadakoan ko milate haian. isake atirikt keandriy sarakar ko 45 karo d rupaye tambakoo utpadan shulk, anumanat: do karo d niryatakar aur desh ko 16 karo d ki mooly ka videshi vinimay milata hai. thumb|300px|left|tambakoo tambakoo ki kheti karane vale nirmata, niryatak tatha anaginat madhyavarti log isase khoob labh utha rahe haian. isake atirikt tambakoo ke vibhinn udyogoan mean lakhoan vyakti jivika pa rahe haian. bharat tambakoo mean svayan samriddh hai aur apani paidavar ka 16-17 pratishat duniya ke vibhinn bhagoan ko niryat karata hai.

bharat mean tambakoo ki paidavar

sab fasaloan ka keval 0.28 pratishat bhag hi bharat mean tambakoo ki kheti hoti hai. sanh 1959 mean tambakoo ki kheti ka kshetr 8,96,000 ek d tha. isamean anumanat: 5,89,00,000 pauand tambakoo paida hua. bharat mean aandhr pradesh tambakoo utpadan ka pradhan kendr hai. yahaan tambakoo utpadan ka 66 pratishat tatha desh ke varjiniya sigaret tambakoo ka 95 pratishat paida hota hai. tambakoo paida karane vale any kshetr haian: maharashtr, gujarat, madras, uttar pradesh, pashchim bangal, bihar, haidarabad, maisoor, u disa, madhy pradesh, rajasthan tatha panjab.

bhaugolik dashaean

tambakoo ki kheti ke samay nimnalikhit bhaugolik dashaoan ki avashyakata rahati hai-

1. tapaman - tambakoo ki paidavar ka kshetr b da vistrit hai. isaka utpadan samudr ke dharatal se lekar 1800 mitar ki ooanchaee tak bhi kiya ja sakata hai. isake poorn vikas ke lie tapaman 18° se 40° selsiyas ke madhy thik rahata hai. pala tambakoo ke lie ghatak hai. atah isaki kheti vahian ki jati hai, jahaan pale ka 200 din tak bhay nahian rahata, jaise- pashchim bangal, bihar, gujarat, maharashtr evan any dakshini rajyoan mean.
2. varsha - isake lie sadharanatah 50 se 100 setimitar varsha hi chahie. isase adhik varsha vale bhagoan mean isaki kheti nahian ki ja sakati. pattiyoan ke pakane ke samay varsha ho jane se isaki kism big d jati hai. pakane ke samay svachchh akash aur tej dhoop ka hona avashyak hai. isaki j doan mean jal ekatrit nahian hona chahie, atah tambakoo ki krishi nadiyoan ki dhaloo ghatiyoan aur pathari bhagoan par adhik ki jati hai.
3. mitti - tambakoo ke lie gahari domat athava mishrit lal v kachhari mitti upayukt rahati hai. tambakoo bhoomi mean se upajaoo tatvoan ko bahut jaldi khianch leti hai, atah potash, f aausforik aisid aur lohaansh ke roop mean khad ki avashyakata p dati hai. adhikatar hari ya rasayanik khad (amoniyam salphea v f aausphet) di jati hai.
4. shram - tambakoo ke paudhe lagane, katane, pattiyoan ke sukhane aur teyar karane mean saste shramikoan ki avashyakata p dati hai.

tambakoo ki kismean

tambakoo shitakal mean paida hoti hai. jahaan sianchaee ki suvidhaean prapt haian, vahaan do fasalean bhi prapt ki jati haian. pahali fasal janavari se joon tak tatha doosari aktoobar se march tak. tambakoo ki kism mitti, apane rang, vazan aur khad par nirbhar karati hai. mausam mean halke parivartan evan pattiyoan ki chhantani aur saphaee aur taiyar karane ki vishesh vidhi ka bhi kism par prabhav p data hai. vastutah kaha ja sakata hai ki thandi nam, grishm rritu aur halki naram bhoomi hone par pattiyaan achchhe reshe vali aur madhur svad vali hoti haian, kintu jab bhoomi kathor aur tapaman ooancha rahata hai to pattiyaan moti aur tej svad vali hoti hai.

bharat mean lagabhag 60 kism ki tambakoo boyi jati hai, kintu inamean do hi mukhy haian- 'nikotina tuvaikam' aur 'nikotina rastika'. bharat mean sabase adhik kshetraphal pratham kism ke antargat hai. tuvaikam sare bharat mean boyi jati hai. isamean gulabi rang ke ke phool hote haian. isaka paudha lamba aur pattiyaan b di hoti haian. sigaret, churut, bi di, hukka tatha khane aur sooandhani banane mean isaka prayog kiya jata hai. bihar ka uttari maidan evan krishnaa-godavari delta ki jalavayu ushnardr hone ke karan ye kshetr tambakoo utpadan ki drishti se mahattvapoorn sthan rakhate haian. chooanki rastika tambakoo ko thandi jalavayu ki avashyakata hoti hai, atah yah mukhyatah uttari aur uttar-poorvi bharat mean paida ki jati hai, isaka paudha chhota, pattiyaan rookhi aur bhari hoti haian. rang kala aur mahak tej hoti hai. isaka upayog hukka, khane aur sooanghani banane mean hota hai. thumb|250px|left|tambakoo ke phool

bharat mean utpadan ke kshetr

bharat mean prativarsh lagabhag 3 lakh se 3.5 lakh hektear kshetr par tambakoo ki krishi hoti hai. desh ka lagabhag 85 pratishat tambakoo ka utpadan kshetr matr char rajyoan andhr pradesh (36 pratishat), karnatak (24 pratishat), gujarat (21 pratishat) tatha bihar (4 pratishat) mean hai. tambakoo utpadan ki drishti se andhr pradesh ka sthan pratham, gujarat ka dvitiy tatha karnatak ka tritiy sthan hai. tambakoo utpadan ka shesh kshetr tamilanadu, maharashtr aur uttar pradesh rajyoan mean hai.

andhr pradesh ke guantoor, krishnaa, poorvi aur pashchimi godavari zile tatha telangana kshetr mean tambakoo adhik paida ki jati hai, kintu do tihaee se bhi adhik kshetr guantoor zile mean hai. is kshetr ki mitti kale rang ki hai, jisamean choone ki matra kam hai. isamean jal dharan karane ki kshamata adhik hoti hai. pattiyoan ki taiyari ke samay paryapt ardrata rahati hai, jisase pattiyaan sundar aur uttam kism ki hoti haian. garam jalavayu v nam mitti tatha soory ki dhoop milane se yahaan vibhinn prakar ki varjiniya tambakoo tatha natoo, thok akoo adi ugayi jati haian. mukhyatah churut aur sigar banane k kam mean layi jati hai.

uttari bihar mean bihar ke samastipur, darabhanga, muanger aur poorniya zile tatha pashchim bangal ke jalapaeegu di, malda, hugali, koochabihar aur baharamapur zile sammilit haian. ganga ke dhaloo maidan ki upajaoo mitti isaki krishi ke lie adarsh hai. yahaan hukke ke lie upayogi en tubaikam, en rastika ki vividh kismean (vilayati, motihari aur jatti) paida ki jati haian. khane aur sooanghane ki tambakoo bhi yahaan paida ki jati hai.

gujarat rajy ke khe da zile mean anand, ghorasad, petalad aur nadiyad talluke charottar kshetr sammilit haian. is pradesh mean tambakoo ki vibhinn kismean (nikotina rastika aur varjiniya tubakaim) boyi jati hai. yahaan ki tambakoo bi di ke lie adhik upayukt hoti hai.

maharashtr ke kolhapur, saangali, miraj aur satara zile mean nipani kshetr mean mukhyatah bi di ki tambakoo ugayi jati hai. yahaan gahari kali aur gahare lal rang ki mitti mean tambakoo paida ki jati hai. karnatak ke velagavi zile mean uttam tambakoo paida ki jati hai.

uttar pradesh ke varanasi, merath, bulandashahar, mainapuri, saharanapur, kannauj aur farrukhabad zile; panjab ke amritasar, jalandhar, gurudasapur tatha firojapur zile aur hariyana ke gu dagaanv, karanal aur ambala zile tambakoo ke mukhy utpadak shahar haian. yahaan hukka ke lie tatha khane ke lie badhi़ya kism ki kalakatiya tambakoo ugayi jati hai.

tamilanadu rajy ke madurai, koyambatoor, tanjavur, diandigul, tiruchirapalli, ziloan mean isaki krishi hoti hai. isamean sigar aur churut mean bhari jane vali tatha khane aur sooanghane ki tambakoo ugayi jati hai.

vyapar

desh mean tambakoo ki ausat utpadakata 1500 se 1600 kilogram prati hektear hai. utpadan ka adhikaansh desh mean khap jata hai. niryat ke lie adhik matra nahian bach pati. phir bhi yahaan se bina taiyar ki huee tambakoo ka niryat kiya jata hai. yah niryat sanyukt rajy amarika, roos, adan, beljiyam, shrilanka, baangladesh, chin, nidaralainds, fraans, dakshin afrika, briten, misr, siangapur, japan aur haangakaang ko kiya jata hai. niryat kolakata, chennee aur mumbee bandaragahoan dvara hota hai. uchch koti ki sigaretoan mean mishran ke lie sanyukt rajy amarika mean garam vayu mean sukhayi gayi tambakoo ayat ki jati hai. kuchh tambakoo misr, pakistan aur myaanmar se bhi ayat hoti hai.

vibhinn upayog

thumb|300px|sookhate hue tambakoo ke paudhe en. rastika jati ke tambakoo ka adhikaansh bhag hukke mean pine ke liye prayukt hota hai. en. tavaikam jati ka tambakoo sigaret, bi di, suandhani aur khanevale tambakoo ke kam mean ata hai. varjiniya tambakoo, jo adhikatar aandhr pradesh rajy mean ugaya jata hai aur sigaret banane ke kam mean prayukt hota hai, vyapar ki drishti se pradhan hai. barli tambakoo ka sigaretoan mean sanmishran ke liye adhikatar upayog kiya jata hai. natoo (deshi) tambakoo, jo ki 'chutt' nam se prasiddh hai, chhote aur hath se lapete jane vale churut banane ke kam ata hai. is tambakoo ki halki tatha bhoore rang ki pattiyoan ka sasti sigaretoan ke nirman mean upayog kiya jata hai. gahare bhoore rang ki pattiyaan, paip mean pine ke tambakoo ki vibhinn kismean taiyar karane ke liye 'yoonaited kiangadam' ko niryat ki jati haian. dakshin madras ke diandukal, tiruchirapalli aur koyanvatoor ziloan mean ugaya gaya pramukh jati ka tambakoo churut aur sigar banane mean tatha khanevala tambakoo taiyar karan mean kam ata hai.

tambakoo ke vibhinn nam

yadyapi tambakoo nam se ek hi fasal ka abhas hota hai, tathapi vibhinn upayagoan mean ane vale tambakoooan ki kheti tatha sijhaee mean itana aantar hai ki, unake bhinn-bhinn nam rakh die ge haian, jaise- 'huqqa tambakoo', garam hava se sijhaya gaya 'sigaret tambakoo', dhoop mean sukhaya gaya 'sigaret tambakoo' ityadi.

paudhashala taiyar karana

tambakoo ropit fasal hai, jisaki saphalata usaki paudhashala par nirbhar hai. yadi sudridh svasth aur ek hi avastha ke paudhe nahian lagae jaeange, to fasal achchhi nahian hoti hai. paudhashala ki bhoomi ka chunav karate samay yah bat dhyan mean rakhani chahe ki, sthan ooanchaee par ho, pani ka nikas achchha ho tatha sianchaee ka sadhan nikat ho. har sal ek hi bhoomi par paudhashala nahian leni chahie. bhoomi par 4 phut chau di patariyoan par paudhashala ugani chahie. patariyoan ke bich 1.1/2 phut chau da rasta ane jane, pani nikalane aur kam karane ke liye chho dana chahie. avashyakatanusar bij ko lekar baloo ya rakh mean milakar bone ke bad hatheli se pio dena chahie tatha pani dete rahana chahie. en. tabaikam ka adha ser se ek ser tak tatha en. rastika ka do se tin ser tak bij ek ek d paudhashala ke liye paryapt hota hai.

paudh-ropan

jab paudhe 4-6 ianch b de ho jate haian, to unako achchhi tarah taiyar kie hue khetoan mean laga dete haian. tambakoo ki en. tabaikam jati ke paudhoan ko samanyat: 2.1/2 se 3 phut ki doori par tatha en. rastika ke paudhoan ko 1.1/2 phut ki doori par lagate haian. ye dooriyaan katar se katar tatha pe d se pe d ke bich rakhi jati haian. ropaee sham ko karani chahie. kahian-kahian nam khet mean ropaee ki jati hai aur kahian-kahian ropaee ke bad turant pani dete haian.

dhyan rakhane yogy tathy

tambakoo ki fasal ke sambandh mean nimnalikhit tathy mukhy roop se smaran rakhane chahie -

1. avashyakatanusar sianchaee, niraee aur gu daee karate rahana chahie.
2. tambakoo ke phooloan ko to dana ati avashyak hai, nahian to patte halake p d jaeange aur phalasvaroop upaj kam ho jaegi tatha pattiyoan ke gunoan mean bhi kami a jaegi.
3. phool to dane ke bad pattiyoan ke bich ki sahayak kaliyoan se pattiyaan nikalane lagati haian, unako bhi samayanusar to date rahana chahie.
4. bij ke liye chho de jane vale paudhoan ke phooloan ko nahian to dana chahie.

pattiyoan ko sijhana

pake hue pe doan ko j d se katakar ya paki pattiyoan ko to dakar sijhate haian. sijhane ke tarikoan mean vishesh aantar hai. sijhaee us kriya ka nam hai, jisake dvara pattiyaan sukhakar bechane yogy banaee jati haian. is kriya mean bahut se rasayanik parivartan hote haian aur nami ki matra ghatakar 12-14 pratishat rah jati hai. adhik nam tambakoo rakhane se vah s d jati hai. sijhaee huee tambakoo ko hi khane, pine ya sooandhane ke kam mean late haian. huqqa tambakoo ka danthal bhi pine ke kam ata hai. tambakoo ki bimariyoan tatha ki do ka bhi samuchit nirodh karate rahana chahie, nahian to fasal ko hani pahuanch sakati hai.

tambakoo ka taiyar mal

bharat mean tambakoo ke taiyar mal sigaret, sigar, bi di, suanghani, chabaya jane vala (khaini) tambakoo aur huqqa tambakoo haian. tambakoo ke bij se tel bhi nikalata hai. is tel ka varnish aur rang ke udyog mean labhadayak roop se upayog kiya ja sakata hai. isaki khali ka pashuoan ko khilane ya khetoan ke lie khad ke roop mean bhi upayog ho sakata hai.

madak padarth

tambakoo mean madakata ya uttejana dene vali vastu 'nikotin' hoti hai. jis tambakoo mean jitani adhik 'nikotin' hogi, vah utana hi tez hoga. bij mean nikotin nahian hota.

bharat mean vikas

ajakal bharat mean 'bharatiy keandriy tambakoo anusandhan samiti', madras dvara tambakoo ke utpadan aur vyavasay ke vikas ka kary kiya ja raha hai.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

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shodh

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