नील

chitr:Disamb2.jpg nil

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- nil (bahuvikalpi)

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nil (aangrezi: Indigo) ek prakar ka ranjak hai, jo sooti kap doan mean pilepan se nizat pane ke lie prayog kiya jata hai. yah choorn tatha taral donoan roopoan mean prayukt hota hai. yah padapoan se taiyar kiya jata hai, kintu ise kritrim roop se bhi taiyar kar sakate haian. bharat mean nil ki kheti bahut prachin kal se hoti aee hai. isake alava nil ranjak ka bhi sabase pahale bharat mean hi nirman evan upayog kiya gaya.

parichay

nil ka paudha do-tin hath ooancha hota hai. pattiyaan chameli ki tarah tahani ke donoan or pankti mean lagati haian, par chhoti-chhoti hoti haian. phool manjariyoan mean lagate haian. lanbi-lanbi babool ki tarah phaliyaan lagati haian. nil ke paudhe ki 300 ke lagabhag jatiyaan hoti haian, par jinase rang nikala jata hai, ve paudhe bharat kai haian aur arab, misr tatha amerika mean bhi boe jate haian. bharatavarsh hi nil ka adisthan hai aur yahian sabase pahale rang nikala jata tha. 80 eesavi mean siandh nadi ke kinare ke ek nagar se nil ka bahar bheja jana ek prachin yoonani lekhak ne likha hai. pichhe ke bahut-se videshiyoan ne yahaan nil ke boe jane ka ullekh kiya hai.

eesa ki padrahavian shatabdi mean jab yahaan se nil yoorop ke deshoan mean jane laga, tab se vahaan ke nivasiyoan ka dhyan nil ki aur gaya. sabase pahale halaiand valoan ne nil ka kam shuroo kiya aur kuchh dinoan tak ve nil ki rangaee ke liye yoorop bhar mean nipun samajhe jate the. nil ke karan jab vahaan kee vastuoan ke vanijy ko dhakka pahuchane laga, tab fraans, jarmani adi desh kanoon dvara nil ki amad band karane par vivash hue. kuchh dinoan tak ianglaiand mean bhi log nil ko vish kahate rahe, jisase isaka vahaan jana band raha. bad ke samay mean belajiyam se nil ka rang banane vale bulae ge, jinhoanne nil ka kam sikhaya. pahale pahal gujarat aur usake asapas ke deshoan mean se nil yoorop jata tha; bihar, bangal adi se nahian. eest iandiya kanpani ne jab nil ke kam ki aur dhyan diya, tab bangal, bihar mean nil ki bahut-si kothiyaan khul geean aur nil ki kheti mean bahut unnati huee.

kheti

bhinn-bhinn sthanoan mean nil ki kheti bhinn-bhinn rrituoan mean aur bhinn-bhinn riti se hoti hai. kahian to phasal tin hi mahine tak khet mean rahati haian aur kahian atharah mahine tak. jahaan paudhe bahut dinoan tak khet mean rahate haian, vahaan unase kee bar katakar pattiyaan adi li jati haian. par ab phasal ko bahut dinoan tak khet mean rakhane ki chal uthati jati hai. bihar mean nil phalgun, chaitr ke mahine mean boya jata hai. garami mean to phasal ki badhat ruki rahati hai, par pani p date hi jor ke sath tahaniyaan aur pattiyaan nikalati aur badhati haian. atah ashadh mean pahala kalam ho jata hai aur tahaniyaan adi karakhane bhej di jati haian. khet mean keval khooantiyaan hi rah jati haian. kalam ke pichhe phir khet jot diya jata hai, jisase vah barasat ka pani achchhi tarah sokhata hai aur khooantiyaan phir badhakar podhoan ke roop mean ho jati haian. doosari kataee phir kvar mah mean hoti hai.

rang nikalana

nil se rang do prakar se nikal jata hai—hare paudhe se aur sookhe podhe se. kate hue hare paudhoan ko g di huee naandoan mean dabakar rakh dete haian aur oopar se pani bhar dete haian. barah chaudah ghante pani mean p de rahane se usaka ras pani mean utar ata hai aur pani ka rang dhani ho jata hai. isake pichhe pani doosari naand mean jata hai jahaan dedh do ghante tak lak di se hilaya aur matha jata hai. mathane ka yah kam mashin ke chakkar se bhi hota hai. mathane ke pichhe pani thirane ke liye chho d diya jata hai jisase kuchh der mean mal niche baith jata hai. phir niche baitha hua yah nil saph pani mean milakar ubala jata hai. ubal jane par yah baans ki phattiyoan ke sahare tanakar phailae hue mote kap de (ya kanavas) ki chaandani par dhal diya jata hai. yah chaandani chhanane ka kam karati hai. pani to nithar kar bah jata hai aur saph nil leee ke roop mean laga rah jata hai. yah gila nil chhote chhote chhidroan se yukt ek sandook mean, jisamean gila kap da madha rahata he, rakhakar khoob dabaya jata hai jisase usake sat ath aangul moti tah jamakar ho jati hai. isakai katare katakar ghore dhire sookhane ke liye rakh die jate haian. sookhane par in kataroan par ek pap di si jam jati hai jise saph kar dete haian. ye hi katare nil ke nam se bikate haian.

nil ki kheti aur champaran satyagrah

chanparan bihar ke uttar-pashchim mean sthit haian. dhan ki bhari upaj hone ke vajah se aangrez shasan ke dauran kee bar ise "chaval ka katora" bhi kaha jata tha. chanparan ke kee ilakoan mean jal jamav ki samasya rahati thi. nil ki kheti ke lie is prakar ka khushk vatavaran varadan tha aur is vajah se yahaan ke kisanoan se jabaradasti nil ki kheti bhi karavaee jati thi. chanparan mean nil ki kheti ke lie do alag alag vyavasthayean prachalit thian. jerait aur asamidar. jerait vibhagiy kheti hoti thi, niji dekh-rekh mean. asamidar kisan kirayedar ki tarah hota tha, jahaan use nil ki kheti hi karani hoti thi. bhoo-bhag ka ek chauthaee hissa jerait ke lie avantit tha tatha tin chauthaee asamidari ke lie. isi karan is vyayavastha ko 'tinahathiya' bhi kahate the. asamidar kisan jerait khetoan mean mazadoor ka kam bhi karate the ya yooan kahie begari karate the.

19vian sadi ke uttarardh mean 47000 ek d se jyada mean nil ki kheti hoti thi. behatarin jarman nil se pratispardha ki vajah se 1914 tak nil-ropan takariban 8100 ek d tak hi simit rah gayi thi. pratham vishv yuddh ke vajah aangrez hukoomat nean jarmani se nil ka ayat band kar diya tha. is vajah se nil ki maang phir badhane lagi aur champaran nil ki kheti ke lihaj se phir se prasaangik hone laga. sarakar aur jaminadaroan ne nil utpad kshetraphal vistrit karana aranbh kar diya. isake alava shashan vyavastha aur zamiandaroan ne ek 'tin kathia' sistam laga rakha tha, jisamean ek bighe mean tin katthe nil ki kheti arakshit hote the. ek champarani bigha ke aandar 20 katthe hote the. phalasvaroop isaka nam 'tin kathia' p da. 1967 ke pahale in zaminoan par paanch katthe arakshit hote the nil kheti ke lie. phaiktriyoan mean phasal dene ke dauran bhi khetiharoan par anek tarah ke kar lagate the, jisamean bapahi-putahi, maravach aur sagaura pramukh the. in sab karoan ke bavajood phaiktriyaan phasaloan ka galat moolyaankan karati thian aur kisanoan ko phasal adayagi kabhi samay par nahian hota tha.in paristithiyoan mean bhi nil kanpaniyoan ke bahikhatoan ko sudharane ke lie aangrez hukoomat nean ne karoan ko lagane aur purane karoan ko badhane ki izazat de di. us vaqt ye kampaniyaan kisanoan se jabaran vasooli ke lie 'khalifa' rakha karati thian. san 1914 ke dauran khalifaoan ke sath-sath akal bhi kisanoan ke daravaje par dastak dene lage the.

1914 mean pipara mean nil ki kheti karane valoan kisanoan ne anubandhit mazadooroan ke sath milakar is naiansaphi ka virodh kiya. yah ahiansa par adharit ek asahayog tha. khalifaoan ke chhitaput daman par bhi unaka asahayog hiansa se door raha. pet ki ag ne anan-phanan mean is asahay asahayog aandolan ko nibata zaroor diya, par kisanoan-mazadooroan ko ek rasta dikh chuka tha. san 1916 mean punah turakauliya mean ek ahiansak asahayog aandolan aranbh hua. yah aandolan ek b de paimane par tha aur kuchh lanba bhi khiancha. sv-nirvah ke karan isaka tootana bhi lajimi tha aur vahi hua. itana avashy tha ki donoan aandolan ke dauran kisanoan, mazadooroan par daman hone ke bavajood hiansa nahian huee. shayad itihas ne kabhi in karunamay magar advitiy parasthitiyoan ko mahatam ki nigah se nahian dekha, lekin yah ek b di ghatana thi jo mahatma gaandhi ke ahiansa ke vicharoan se panktibaddh thi aur shayad isi ne mahatma gaandhi ko chanparan ane ke lie prerit bhi kiya.

disanbar, 1916 mean lakhanoo mean ayojit 31vean kaangres adhiveshan mean rajakumar shukl kee kaangresi netaoan se mile. unhoanne sabhi b de netaoan ko champaran ke nil kisanoan-mazadooroan ki badahali aur nil kanpaniyoan ki dalali ke bare mean avagat karaya taki yah mudda k aaunstitooeant aseanbali mean uthe. unhoanne gaandhiji ko bhi is masale par vistar se bataya. poori tanmayata se sunane ke bad bhi mahatma gaandhi ne vishesh ruchi nahian dikhayi. bihar mean kaangres ki tulanatmak pak d aur phir chanparan jaise pichh de ilake mean savinay aandolan ki prishthabhoomi mahatma gaandhi ke vishisht manasik patal par shayad jagah nahian bana pa rahi thi. rajakumar shukl svayan ek jamiandar the aur unake mukh se kisanoan, mazadooroan ki badahali ke vivaran ne gaandhiji ko prabhavit kiya tha. aantatah jab shukl ji ne pipara aur turakauliya mean kisanoan, mazadooroan dvara kiye ge ahiansak asahayog ke bare mean bataya to mahatma gaandhi turant raji ho ge champaran chalane ke lie. shayad ahiansak asahayog ke udaharan ke prastuti ka vah adbhut sanyog tha ki jisaki parikalpana mahatma gaandhi apane zahan mean kar rahe the.

san 1917 ke arambh mean gaandhiji kalakatta (kolakata) ge, par sanvad ke abhav mean unaka rajakumar shukl ji se sanpark nahian ho paya. rajakumar shukl ne prayas zari rakha. aprail mean mahatma gaandhi phir kalakatta ae aur 10 aprail ko champaran ke zila mukhyalay motihari pahuanche. unake avabhagat ke lie achary kripalani, mahadev desaee, din bandhu si. eph. eandrayoo, ech. es. pol aauk, d aau. rajendr prasad, brijakishor prasad, anugrah narayan sianh, ramashri dev trivedi, dharanidhar prasad tatha bihar ke any ganamany vyakti bhi maujood the. mahatma gaandhi ke chanparan ane ke bad ek ne itihas ki kayavat ka lekha taiyar hone lagi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• nil kraanti ke bare mean janie
• yatana dekar nil ki kheti karate the aangrej