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भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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panchaang
vivaran panchaang din ko namankit karane ki ek pranali hai. panchaang ke chakr ko khagoliy tatvoan se jo da jata hai.
hindoo vikram sanvat
rashtriy rashtriy shake
ismalik hijari sanvat
itihas ee. poo. 46 mean jooliyas sizar ne ek sanshodhit panchaang nirmit kiya tha jisamean prati chauthe varsh 'lip varsh ki vyavastha thi. parantu us panchaang ki gananaean sahi nahian rahian, kyoanki sanh 1582 mean 'vasantik vishuv' 21 march ko n hokar 10 march ko hua tha.
adhunik panchaang adhunik panchaang mean sanvat, varsh, mas, din tatha any dharmik evan samajik ruchipoorn batean sammilit haian. chandr mas 29½ din se kuchh adhik tatha ayanavrittiy varsh 365¼ dinoan se kuchh kam hota hai.
sanbandhit lekh roman kalॅndar, sidaral mas, sanvat, maya kaileandar, muslim tithipatr, manvantar, kalp, shak sanvat
any janakari gujarat evan uttari bharat (pashchim bangal ko chho dakar) mean 'vikram sanvat', dakshin bharat mean 'shak sanvat' aur kashmir mean 'laukik sanvat' ka prayog hota hai.

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panchaang din ko namankit karane ki ek pranali hai. panchaang ke chakr ko khagoliy tatvoan se jo da jata hai. barah mas ka ek varsh aur 7 din ka ek saptah rakhane ka prachalan vikram sanvat se shuroo hua. mahine ka hisab soory v chandrama ki gati par rakha jata hai. ganana ke adhar par hindoo panchaang ki tin dharaean haian- pahali chandr adharit, doosari nakshatr adharit aur tisari soory adharit kaileandar paddhati. bhinn-bhinn roop mean yah poore bharat mean mana jata hai. ek sal mean 12 mahine hote haian. pratyek mahine mean 15 din ke do paksh hote haian- shukl aur krishna. pratyek sal mean do ayan hote haian. in do ayanoan ki rashiyoan mean 27 nakshatr bhraman karate rahate haian.

arth

  • lok-jivan mean dharmik utsavoan evan jyotishiy jnan ke hetu, pahale se hi dinoan, masoan evan varsh ke sambandh mean jo vidhipoorvak granth ya sangrah banata hai use "panchaang" ya panjika ya panji kahate haian.
  • vratoan evan utsavoan ke sampadan ke samyak kaloan tatha yajn, upanayan, vivah adi dharmik krityoan ke lie uchit kaloan ke parijnan ke lie hamean panji ya panchaang ki avashyakata p dati hai.

panchaang ke prakar

thumb|250px|panchaang

  • bharat mean eesaiyoan, parasiyoan, musalamanoan evan hinduoan ke dvara sambhavat: tis panchaang vyavahar mean lae jate haian.
  • ajakal hinduoan dvara kee prakar ke panchag prayog mean laye jate haian. inamean se kuchh panchaang 'soory siddhant' par, kuchh 'ary siddhant' par aur kuchh apekshakrit pashchatkalin granthoan par adharit haian.
  • kuchh panchag 'chaitr shukl pratipada' se, kuchh 'kartik shukl pratipada' se arambh kie jate haian. kuchh aise sthan haian, jaise-
  • halar prant, jahaan par varsh ka arambh 'ashadh shukl pratipada' se hota hai. gujarat evan uttari bharat, bangal ko chho dakar, mean 'vikram sanvat', dakshin bharat mean 'shak sanvat' aur kashmir mean 'laukik sanvat' ka prayog hota hai.
  • uttari bharat evan telangana mean mas 'poornimant' arthath poornima se samapt hote haian.
  • bangal, maharashtr evan dakshin bharat mean 'amant' arthath amavasya se ant hone vale hote haian.

parinamat: kuchh upavas evan utsav, jo bharat mean sarvabhaum roop mean prachalit haian, jaise - ekadashi evan shivaratri ke upavas evan shri krishna janm sambandhi utsav vibhinn bhagoan mean vibhinn sampradayoan ke dvara do vibhinn dinoan mean hote haian aur kuchh utsavoan ke dinoan mean to ek mas tak ka antar p d jata hai. jaise - 'poornimant' manyata se koee utsav 'ashvin krishna paksh' mean ho to vahi utsav 'bhadrapad krishna paksh' mean 'amant' ganana ke anusar ho sakata hai aur vahi utsav ek mas ke uparant manaya ja sakata hai. ajakal to yah vibhramata bahut badh gayi hai. kuchh panchaang, jo navik panchaang par adharit haian, is prakar vyavasthit hai ki grahan jaisi ghatanaean usi prakar ghatean jaisa ki log apani aankhoan se dekh lete haian. dakshin bharat mean bahut-si panjikaean haian.

tamilanadu mean do prakar ki panjikaean haian-
  1. ek drikh-ganit par adharit aur
  2. doosari vaky-vidhi[1] par adharit.
  • pudukottaee panchaang, jo vaky vidhi vale hai, usi nam vale rajaoan ke dvara prakashit hote haian.
  • shrirangam panchaang, jo vaky prakar vale haian, ramanujiy vaishnavoan dvara vyavahar mean laye jate haian, kintu madhvoan[2] ke lie ek any prakar ka panchaang many hai.
  • smartoan dvara kanjanoor panchaang vyavahrit hote haian, jo atyadhik prachalit hai aur vaky panchaang hai. smart shankarachary ki manyata se prakashit drik-panchaang ko vyavahar mean nahian late haian.
  • telugu log ganesh daivajn ke 'grahalaghav', jo sanh 1520 mean nirmit hai, par adharit 'siddhant-chandr' panchaang ka prayog karate haian.
  • malavar mean 'drikh-panchaang' ka prayog kiya jata haian kintu vah parahit nam vali malavar-paddhati par adharit hai, tamiloan dvara prayukt drikh-panchaang par nahian.
  • telugu log 'chandr ganana' karate haian aur 'chaitr shukl' se 'yugadi' namak varsh ka arambh manate haian. isase alag tamil 'saur ganana' ko manate haian aur apane chaitr ka arambh 'mesh vishuv' se karate haian aur unake vrat evan dharmik kary, jo tithiyoan par adharit haian, chandrabhan ke anusar manaye jate haian.
  • bangali 'saur mas' evan 'chandr dinoan' ka prayog karate haian, jo malamas ke milane se trivarshiy anukoolan ka dyotak hai.

panchaang ke siddhaant

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panchaang ke mukhyat: tin siddhant prayog mean laye jate haian, -

  1. soory siddhant - apani vishuddhata ke karan sare bharat mean prayog mean laya jata hai.
  2. ary siddhant - travanakor, malavar, karnatak mean madhvoan dvara, madras ke tamil janapadoan mean prayog kiya jata hai, evan
  3. brahmasiddhant - gujarat evan rajasthan mean prayog kiya jata hai.
vishesh

brahmasiddhant siddhant ab soory siddhant siddhant ke paksh mean samapt hota ja raha hai. siddhantoan mean mahayug se gananaean ki jati haian, jo itani klisht haian ki unake adhar par sidhe dhang se panchaang banana kathin hai. atah siddhantoan par adharit 'karan' namak granthoan ke adhar par panchaang nirmit kie jate haian, jaise - bangal mean makarand, ganesh ka grahalaghav. grahalaghav ki talikaean dakshin, madhy bharat tatha bharat ke kuchh bhagoan mean hi prayog mean layi jati haian.

  • siddhantoan mean antar ke do mahattvapoorn tattv mahattvapoorn haian -
  1. varsh vistar ke vishay mean. varshaman ka antar keval kuchh vipaloan ka hai, aur
  2. kalp ya mahayug ya yug mean chandr evan grahoan ki chakr-gatiyoan ki sankhya ke vishay mean.
  • yah keval bharat mean hi paya gaya hai. ajakal ka yooropiy panchaang bhi asantoshajanak hai.

panchaang ka itihas

ee. poo. 46 mean jooliyas sizar ne ek sanshodhit panchaang nirmit kiya tha jisamean prati chauthe varsh 'lip varsh ki vyavastha thi. parantu us panchaang ki gananaean sahi nahian rahian, kyoanki sanh 1582 mean 'vasantik vishuv' 21 march ko n hokar 10 march ko hua tha. pop gregori 13vean ne ghoshana ki thi ki 4 aktoobar ke bad 15 aktoobar hona chahie aur das dinoan ko samapt kar diya gaya. usane bataya ki jab tak 400 se bhag n lag jae tab tak shati varshoan mean 'lip' varsh nahian hona chahie. at: 1700, 1800, 1900 eesvi mean atirikt din nahian hoga, keval 2000 ee. mean hoga. kiantu usamean bhi truti rah hi gayi, 33 shatiyoan se adhik varshoan ke uparant hi ek din ghataya jaega. adhunik jyotishashastr ki ginati se gregori varsh '26 sekend' adhik hai. sudharavadi protestent ianglaiand ne sanh 1740 ee. tak pop gregori ke sudhar ko manyata nahian di, jabaki qanoon bhi bana ki 2 sitanbar ko 3 sitanbar n man kar 14 sitanbar mana jae aur 11 din chho d die jaean. phir bhi yooropiy panchaang mean dosh rah gaya. yooropiy panchaang mean mas mean 28 se 31 din hote haian, ek varsh ke bad mean 90 se 92 din hote haian; varsh ke donoan ardhaanshoan, janavari se joon aur julaee se disambar mean kram se 181 (ya 182) evan 184 din hote haian; mas mean karm din 24 se 27 hote haian tatha varsh evan mas vibhinn saptah-dinoan se arambh hote haian. vratoan ka raja eestar sanh 1751 ke uparant 35 vibhinn saptah dinoan mean arthath 22 march se 25 aprail tak p da, kyoanki eestar 21 march par ya usake uparant p dane vali poornima ka pratham ravivar hai.

adhunik panchaang

adhunik panchaang mean sanvat, varsh, mas, din tatha any dharmik evan samajik ruchipoorn batean sammilit haian. manushy ko yug, varsh, mas ke vistaroan ka jnan bahut bad mean hua. chandr mas 29½ din se kuchh adhik tatha ayanavrittiy varsh 365¼ dinoan se kuchh kam hota hai. ye visham avadhiyaan haian. sadharan jivan evan panchaangoan ke lie poorn, sam vibhakt dinoan ki avashyakata hoti hai aur varsh evan mas ka arambh bhali-bhaanti vyakhyayit hona chahie, aur unamean rrituoan evan kisi sanvat ka prayog atyant avashyak hai. ye hi panchaang ki avashyakataean haian.

any panchaang

thumb|250px|maya kaileandar
Mayan Calendar

  • musalamanoan ne ayanavrittiy varsh ke vistar par dhyan nahian diya aur chandr ko kal ka mapak manakar is jatilata ka samadhan kar liya. unaka varsh vishuddh 'chandr varsh' hai. isaka parinam yah hua ki musalamani varsh keval 354 dinoan ka ho gaya aur lagabhag 33 varshoan mean unake sabhi utsav varsh ke sabhi masoan mean ghoom jate haian.
  • prachin misr mean chandr ko kal ke mapak roop mean nahian mana aur unake varsh mean 365 din the, 30 dinoan ke 12 mas evan 5 atirikt din. unake purohit-gan 3000 varshoan tak yahi vidhi apanate rahe; unake yahaan atirikt varsh ya malamas nahian the.
  • rrigved[3] mean bhi atirikt mas ka ullekh hai, kintu yah kis prakar vyavasthit tha, vedaang jyotish ne paanch varshoan mean do mas jo d die haian. prachin kal mean masoan ki ganana chandr se evan varshoan ki soory se hoti thi. log pahale se sahi jan lena chahate the ki vrat evan utsavoan ke lie poornima ya pariva (pratipada) kab p degi, kab varsha hogi, sharad kab ayegi aur kab bij dalean jaean aur ann ke paudhe kate jaeange. yajnoan ka sampadan vasant rritu mean ya any rrituoan mean, pratham tithi ya poornima ko hota tha.
  • chandr varsh ke 354 din saur varsh ke dinoan se 11 kam p date the. atah yadi keval chandr varsh ki ganana ho to rrituoan ko pichhe hatana p d jaega. isilie kee deshoan mean adhik mas ki yojana nishchit huee.
  • yoonaniyoan mean 'aauktaeteris'[4] ki yojana thi, jisamean 99 mas the, jinamean tisara, paanchavaan evan athavaan malamas the. isake uparant 19 varshoan ka metanik vritt bana, jisamean 7 adhik mas (19×12+7=235) nirdharit hue.
  • olmastid[5] ka kathan hai ki bebilon mean malamas-vritt ath varshoan ka tha, jise yoonaniyoan ne apanaya tha.
  • phadirangham[6] ka kahana hai ki bebiloni malamas – paddhati ee. poo. 528 tak asanyamit thi tatha yoonan mean ee. poo. paanchavian evan chauthi shatiyoan mean avyavasthit thi.[7]

bharat mean sanvat ka prayog

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharat mean janm-patrikaoan mean sanvato ka prayog lagabhag 2000 varshoan se adhik prachin nahian hai. sanvat ka prayog hindoo-sithiyanoan dvara, jinhoanne adhunik afaganistan evan uttar-pashchimi bharat mean lagabhag ee. poo. 100 evan 100 ee. ke bich shasan kiya, unake vrittantoan mean hua. yah bat keval bharat mean hi nahian payi gayi, pratyut misr, bebilon, yoonan evan rom mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog bahut bad mean jakar prarambh hua.

  • jyotirvidabharan mean[8] kaliyug ke 6 vyaktiyoan ke nam ae haian, jinhoanne sanvat chalaye the, yatha-
  1. yudhishthar
  2. vikram
  3. shalivahan
  4. vijayabhinandan
  5. nagarjun evan
  6. kalki
  • yah kram se 3044, 135, 18000, 10000, 400000 evan 821 varshoan tak chalate rahe. prachin deshoan mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog nahian tha, keval shasan-varsh hi prayukt hote the.

vikram sanvat

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

vikram sanvat ke udbhav evan prayog ke vishay mean kuchh kahana mushkil hai. yahi bat shak sanvat ke vishay mean bhi hai. kisi vikramadity raja ke vishay mean, jo ee. poo. 57 mean tha, sandeh prakat kie ge haian. is sanvat ka arambh gujarat mean kartik shukl pratipada se (navambar, ee. poo. 58) hai aur uttari bharat mean chaitr krishna pratipada (aprail, ee. poo. 58) se. bita hua vikram varsh eesvi sanh+57 ke barabar hai. kuchh arambhik shilalekhoan mean ye varsh krit ke nam se aye haian[9].

shak sanvat

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

500 ee. ke uparant sanskrit mean likhit sabhi jyotiahshastriy granth shak sanvat ka prayog karane lage. is sanvat ka yah nam kyoan p da, is vishay mean vibhinn ek mat haian. ise kushan raja kanishk ne chalaya ya kisi any ne, is vishay mean antim roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja saka hai. yah ek katin samasya hai jo bharatiy itihas aur kal nirnay ki atyant kathin samasyaoan mean mani jati hai.

kal ki avadhiyaan

thumb|maya aank
Mayan Numbers sabhi deshoan mean kal ki maulik avadhiyaan saman hi haian, jaise - din, mas, varsh, jisamean rrituean bhi haian. varsh 'yug athava kal' ke aansh ya bhag hote haian jo kal-kramoan evan itihas ke lie b de hi mahattvapoorn haian. halaanki kal ki avadhiyaan saman haian phir bhi masoan evan varshoan ki vyavastha mean dinoan ke kram mean antar paya jata hai. dinoan ki avadhiyaan, din ke arambh-kal, rrituoan evan masoan mean varshoan ka vibhajan, pratyek mas evan varsh mean dinoan ki sankhya aur vibhinn prakar ke masoan mean antar paya jata hai. kal ke b de mapak haian soory evan chandr. saman dhuri par prithvi ke ghoomane se din ka nirman hota haian. mas pramukhatah chandr ganana par adharit hai aur varsh soory ki pratyaksh gati hai kintu vastut: yah soory ke chaturdik prithvi ka bhraman hai. 'ayanavrittiy varsh' soory ke 'vasantik vishuv' se agrim vishuv tak ka samay hai. ayanavrittiy (tropical) varsh, nakshatriy varsh[10] arthath saidariyal varsh se apekshakrit chhota hota hai aur yah kami 20 minatoan ki hai, kyoanki vasantik vishuv ka bindu prati varsh 50 sekend pashchim ki or ghoom jata hai.[11]

kal ya yug

  • vaidik granthoan mean varsh ke kee nam the, jaise - sanvatsar, sama, varsh.
  • naradasanhita[12] mean kaha gaya hai ki kal ke nau prakar ke man the, -
  1. brahm - brahma ka,
  2. daiv - devoan ka,
  3. manush - manav,
  4. pitry -pitaroan ka,
  5. saur,
  6. savan,
  7. chandr,
  8. nakshatr evan
  9. barhaspaty, kintu samany bhautik karyoan mean inamean keval paanch hi prayukt hote haian.[13]
  • vedaang-jyotish ne char prakar die haian, kyoanki usamean aya hai ki ek yug (paanch varshoan ke) mean 61 savan mas, 62 chandr mas, 67 nakshatr mas hote haian.
  • hemadri[14] ne keval tin varsh-man bataye haian, yatha chandr, saur evan savan.
  • madhav[15] ne do aur likhe haian, yatha nakshatr evan barhaspaty.
  • vishnudharmottar ne char ka ullekh kiya hai. (barhaspaty chho d diya hai.)
  • hemadri dvara varnit tin adhikatar dharmik evan laukik karyoan mean prayukt hote rahe haian.

chandr varsh

ek amavasya se doosari amavasya tak ki avadhi ko chandr mas kahate haian. aise 12 masoan se 354 dinoan vala ek chandr varsh banata hai. ise ek chandroday se doosare chandroday tak ki avadhi 'lyooneshan' bhi kahate haian. chandr mas ki avadhi 29.246 se 29.817 dinoan tak ki hoti hai, kyoanki chandrakaksha ke tho de jhukav[16] evan any karanoan se kuchh-n-kuchh antar p d jata hai, kintu madhyam lambaee hai 29.53059 din.

saur varsh

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

saur mas us avadhi ka soochak hai jo soory dvara ek rashi ko par karane se banati hai.

savan varsh

savan varsh 30 dinoan ke 12 masoan ka hota hai aur din ki ganana ek sooryoday se doosare sooryoday tak hoti hai.

nakshatr varsh

nakshatr mas vah hai jisamean 27 nakshatroan mean chandr ke gaman ki avadhi poori hoti hai.

barhaspaty varsh

barhaspaty varsh vah hai jo ek rashi mean brihaspati ke bhraman se banata hai[17]. ajakal ki ganana ke anusar brihaspati soory ke charoan or 11.86 varshoan mean chakkar laga leta hai. ye char ya paanch kal-vibhag prarambhik granthoan mean nahian varnit haian. yahaan tak ki pashchatkalin ganana mean char vibhagoan ka upayog nahian hua hai, yadyapi jyotiahshastriy granthoan mean unaka ullekh avashy hua hai.

  • kautily[18] ne vyakhya di hai ki shramikoan ka mas 30 ahoratr[19] ka hota hai, saur mas 1 din b da hota hai[20], chandr mas mean 1 din kam 29½ din, nakshatr mas mean 27 din, malamas mean 32 din[21]. jo log gho doan ko charate haian ya rakhavali karate haian unake mas mean parishramik ke lie 35 din tatha hastivahakoan[22] ke mas mean parishramik ke lie 40 din hote haian.[23]

saur ganana

chandr ganana

chandr ganana se tithiyoan, karanoan, malamas, mas ya kshayamas, ratri ke krityoan ka jnan hota hai.

savan ganana

savan ganana se yajnoan, savanoan (tin som yajnoan), grah-gatiyoan, upavasoan, janan-maran-ashauchoan, chikitsa, prayashchittoan tatha any dharmik krityoan ka jnan milata hai.[25]

adhunik kal mean varsh ganana

barhaspaty man

  • vishnudharmottar[37] ka kathan hai ki shashtyabd ka prabhav namak pratham varsh magh shukl se arambh hua, jab soory evan chandr dhanishtha nakshatr mean the aur brihaspati se unaka yog tha.
  • brihaspati sanhita[38] mean shashtyabd ke vibhav se 60vean kshay tak ke phaloan ka ullekh hai.[39]. shashtyabd ke pratyek varsh ke sath 'sanvatsar' shabd ju da hua hai. dakshin mean pratyek varsh ke arambh mean barhaspaty nam sada parivartit raha hai; kintu uttar bharat mean 'prabhav' ke sthan par 'vijay' shabd raha hai. barhaspaty varsh ka vistar 361. 9267 dinoan ka hai aur yah nakshatr varsh se 4.23 din kam haian. isaka parinam yah hai ki 85 nakshatr varshoan mean 86 barhaspaty varsh haian aur 85 varshoan ke uparant ek varsh ka kshay ho jata hai.

mas

masoan ka vishay atyant jatil hai. bharatiyoan ne adi kal se hi chandr saur panchaang ka prayog kiya hai aur yahi bat bebilon, chaldiya ke logoan, yahoodiyoan evan chiniyoan ke bich payi gayi hai. atah sabhi ne malamas ka sahara liya hai. kintu bharatiyoan mean kshay mas bahut viral tha, jisaka any deshoan mean abhav tha. yah antar soory evan chandr ki gatiyoan evan sthanoan ki ganana ke vibhinn dhangoan ke karan upasthit hua. adhik mas ki anivaryata par kuchh shabd yahaan par die jate haian. saur varsh chandr varsh se 11 dinoan se tho da adhik b da hota hai. yah adhikata lagabhag 32 masoan mean se ek chandr mas ki hoti hai. bebiloniyoan ke 19 varshoan ke ek vritt 7 malamas arthath sab milakar 235 chandr mas the. isi vritt ko yoonan mean 'atheniyanivasi metan' ke nam par 'metanik saikil' (vritt) kaha gaya. isi ke adhar par yahoodi evan eesaee panchaang bane, visheshatah eestar se sambandhit.

  • vedaang-jyotish se prakat hai ki ek yug (paanch varshoan ke vritt) mean do malamas hote the, ek tha dhaee sau varshoan ke uparant, doosara ashadh aur doosara yug ke ant mean doosara paush. yahi bat kautily ne kahi hai.
  • puranoan mean malamas ki vividh avadhiyoan ka ullekh hai.
  • ek apekshakrit adhik nishchit niyam yah hai ki vah chandr mas, jisamean sankranti nahian hoti, adhik kahalata hai aur age ke mas ke nam se, jo shuddh ya nij ya prakrit kahalata hai, dyotit hota hai.
  • yadi ek saur mas mean do amavasya p dati ho tab malamas hota hai.
  • chandr mas mean jab do sankrantiyaan hoti haian to do mas ho jate haian, jinamean pratham svikrit hota hai aur doosara chho d diya jata hai. yah doosara kshayamas kahalata hai. isaka tatpary yah hai ki jab ek mas mean do sankrantiyaan hoti haian to kshayamas hota hai. vah chandr mas jisamean soory mesh rashi mean pravisht hota hai, chaitr tatha jisamean vah vrishabh rashi mean pravesh karata hai vah vaishakh kahalata hai.
  • adhik evan kshay mas phalgun se ashvin tak ke sat mas keval adhik ho sakate haian, kshay nahian.
  • kartik evan margashirsh adhik evan kshay donoan ho sakate haian, kintu aisa bahut kam hota hai. mas adhik ho sakata hai, kintu yah adhik ya kshay kabhi nahian hua hai.[40], kintu shuddhikaumudi[41] mean aya hai ki shak sanvat 1397 mean 'magh mas ka kshay' hua tha.
  • malamasatattv[42] mean uddharan aya hai ki magh malamas ho sakata hai, kintu paush nahian.
  • ketakar[43] ke mat se paush ke adhik mas hone ki sambhavana nahian hai kintu vah margashirsh ki apeksha kshay mas hone ki adhik sambhavana rakhata hai. kshay mas samanyatah adhik mas ke poorv ya uparant (turant uparant nahian) hota hai, atah jab kuchh varshoan mean kshay mas hota hai to do adhik mas paye jate haian.[44]
  • mahabharat, shantiparv[45] ne sanvatsaroan, masoan, pakshoan evan divasoan ke kshay ka ullekh kiya hai. jab kshayamas hota hai to isake poorv ka adhik mas any sadharan masoan ke saman pavitr rahata hai, arthath usamean dharmik krity karana mana nahian hai, tatha vah adhik mas jo kshayamas ke uparant ata hai, dharmik krityoan ke lie varjit ghoshit kiya gaya hai.

udaharan - yadi chaitr amavasya ko mesh sankranti hai, aur amavasya se age ki tithi se doosari amavasya (jo vaishakh hai) tak koee sankranti nahian hai, aur tab usake uparant pratham tithi mean vrishabh sankranti hai, to aisi sthiti mean vah mas jisamean sankranti nahian haian adhik vaishakh kaha jaega., aur vah mas jisamean vrishabh sankranti p dati hai, shuddh vaishakh hoga.

kshayamas ka udaharan lean - yadi bhadrapad amavasya ko kanya sankranti hai, usake uparant adhik ashvin ke bad shuddh ashvin ata hai, jisaki pratham tithi par tula sankranti hai, isake uparant kartik shukl pratipada ko vrishchik sankranti hai, aur margashirsh shukl pratipada ko dhanu sankranti hai aur usi mas ki amavasya ko makar sankranti p dati hai. aisi sthiti mean do sankrantiyoan (dhanu evan makar) vala mas kshayamas hoga aur tab paush (margashirsh evan paush se bane) ka ek mas hoga. jab magh amavasya ko kumbh sankranti hai to phalgun adhik mas hoga aur shuddh phalgun shukl pratipada ko min sankranti hogi. is prakar us varsh mean, jisamean kshayamas hota hai, ab bhi 13 mas hote haian aur usake din 390 se tho de kam hote haian.

  • krityaratnakar mean aya hai[46], dharmashastr mean nakshatr mas ki avashyakata nahian p dati, yah keval jyotish shastr mean hi chalata hai. panchaang samanyatah pratyek varsh ke lie banate haian. unamean 12 (ya 13, jab malamas hota hai) ke do pakshoan ke prithakh prishth hote haian.
  • bharatiy panchaang ke paanch mahattvapoorn bhag haian -
  1. tithi
  2. saptah
  3. din
  4. nakshatr
  5. yog evan karan.
  • muhoortadarshan[47] ke mat se isamean rashiyoan ke samavesh se chhah tatha grahoan ki sthitiyoan ke ullekh se sat bhag hote haian. ek sooryoday se doosare sooryoday tak ek var (din) hota hai.
  • barah mahinoan evan unake do-do gathit 6 rrituoan ka ullekh bahut prachin hai.[48].
  • masoan ke vaidik nam haian-
  1. madhu
  2. madhav
  3. shukr
  4. shuchi
  5. nabhash
  6. nabhasy
  7. ish
  8. oorj
  9. sahash
  10. sahasy
  11. tapash evan
  12. tapasy.
  • brahmanoan mean nakshatroan se jnapit chandr masoan ka ullekh hai. isi se kuchh log saur evan chandr rrituoan ka bhi ullekh karate haian. saur mas min rashi ya mesh rashi se arambh hote haian tatha chaitr adi (ya shesh vale) kahalate haian.
  • panini ne masoan ki vyutpatti ki hai, yatha chitrayukt paurnamasi se chaitr, aur spasht roop se[49] agrahayani, phalguni, shravan, kartiki evan chaitri[50] ke nam die haian. 'paurnamasi' poornamas se vyutpann hai[51]. pushy nakshatr vali paurnamasi tithi 'paushi' kahi gee hai[52].
  • is prakar vikas ke tin star hai -
  1. 27 nakshatroan ke roop prakat hue aur unake nam vaidik sanhitaoan mean hi prachalit ho ge;
  2. isake uparant paurnamasi chaitri paurnamasi kahi gee adi, kyoanki is tithi par chandr chitra nakshatr mean tha, adi;
  3. isake uparant masoan ke nam yoan p de - chaitr, vaishakh adi, kyoanki unamean chaitri ya vaishakhi paurnamasi thi. yah sab panini ke bahut pahale prachalit hua. age chalakar saur mas madhu, madhav adi chaitr, vaishakh adi chandr masoan se dyotit hone lage aur samanarthi ho ge. yah kab hua, kahana kathin hai. kintu eesa ke bahut pahale aisa hua. paurnamasi ke din chandr bhale hi chitra ya shravan nakshatr mean ya usake pas n ho kintu mas tab bhi chaitr ya shravan kahalata hai.
  • prachin brahman kaloan mean mas poornimant (poornima se ant hone vale) the. yahaan tak ki kanishk evan huvishk jaise uttar bharat ke videshi shasakoan ke vrittantoan mean poornimant masoan ka prayog paya jata hai, kintu kahian-kahian maisidoni nam bhi ae haian.
  • eesa poorv ke shilalekhoan mean masoan[53] ke nam bahut kam ae haian. prachalit dhang tha rritu, taduparant rritu mean namarahit mas tatha divas ka ullekh. kahian-kahian keval rritu, pakshoan ki sankhya evan din ke nam ae haian. kabhi-kabhi mas ka nam aya hai, kintu paksh ya dinoan ke nam lagatar (1 se 30 tak) nahian ae haian. yah sthiti, arthath pakshoan evan dinoan ki varnan rahitata, 9vian shati tak chali gee. ajakal log sudi, vadi ya vady ka prayog karate haian, unamean pratham (arthath sudi) shukl din (ya divas) ya shuddh din ka chhota roop hai tatha doosara (vadi) bahul din ya divas (v ya b parivartit hote rahate haian) ka chhota roop hai. vady ka arth spasht nahian ho pata. yah nahian samajh mean ata ki eesa ke poorv evan uparant ke bahut-se shilalekhoan mean 'paksh' shabd ka ullekh kyoan nahian hua hai, jabaki brahmanoan evan upanishad jaise prachin granthoan mean usaka ullekh hua hai.
  • dakshin bharat mean masoan ke nam rashiyoan par adharit haian, yatha - min-mas, mesh-mas adi. yahi prayog panday desh mean bhi prachalit tha.

adhik mas

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • adhik mas kee namoan se vikhyat hai - adhimas, malamas, malimluch, sansarp, aanhaspati ya aanhasaspati, purushottamamas. inaki vyakhya avashyak hai. yah drashtavy hai ki bahut prachin kal se adhik mas nindy thaharaye ge haian.
  • aitarey brahman[54] mean aya haiah 'devoan ne som ki lata 13vean mas mean kharidi, jo vyakti ise bechata hai vah patit hai, 13vaan mas phaladayak nahian hota.'
  • taitariy sanhita mean 13vaan mas 'sansarp' evan 'aanhaspati'[55] kaha gaya hai.
  • rrigved mean 'aanhash' ka tatpary pap se hai. yah atirikt mas hai, atah adhimas ya adhik mas nam p d gaya hai. ise malamas isalie kaha jata hai ki manoan yah kal ka mal hai.
  • atharvaved[56] mean 'malimluch' aya hai, kintu isaka arth spasht nahian hai.
  • kathasanhita[57] mean bhi isaka ullekh hai.
  • pashchatkalin sahity mean 'malimluch' ka arth hai 'chor'.[58].
  • malamasatattv[59] mean yah vyutpatti haiah 'mali sanh mlochati gachchhatiti malimluchah' arthath 'malin (ganda) hone par yah age badh jata hai'. 'sansarp' evan 'aanhasaspati' shabd vajasaneyi sanhita[60] mean tatha 'aanhasaspatiy vajasaneyi sanhita[61] mean ae haian.[62].
  • 'aanhasaspati' ka shabdik arth hai 'pap ka svami'. pashchatkalin lekhakoan ne 'sansarp' evan 'aanhasaspati' mean antar vyakt kiya hai. jab ek varsh mean do adhimas hoan aur ek kshay mas ho to donoan adhimasoan mean pratham 'sansarp' kaha jata hai aur yah vivah ko chho dakar any dharmik krityoan ke lie nindy mana jata hai. aanhasaspati kshay mas tak simit hai. kuchh puranoan mean[63] adhimas purushottam mas (vishnu ko purushottam kaha jata hai) kaha gaya hai aur sambhav hai, adhimas ki nindyata ko kam karane ke lie aisa nam diya gaya hai.
  • dharmashastriy granthoan mean adhimas ke vishay par bahut kuchh likha hua hai-
  • agni puran[64] mean aya hai - vaidik agniyoan ko prajvalit karana, moorti-pratishtha, yajn, dan, vrat, sankalp ke sath ved-path, saan d chho dana (vrishotsarg), choo dakaran, upanayan, namakaran, abhishek adhimas mean nahian karana chahie.
  • hemadri[65] ne varjit evan many krityoan ki lambi-lambi soochiyaan di haian.[66].
  • samany niyam yah hai ki malamas mean nity karmoan evan naimittik karmoan (kuchh vishisht avasaroan par kie jane vale karmoan) ko karate rahana hi chahie, yatha sandhya, pooja, panchamahayajn (brahmayajn, vaishvadev adi), agni mean havi dalana (agnihotr ke roop mean), grahan-snan (yadyapi yah naimittik hai), antyeshti karm (naimittik). yadi shastr kahata hai ki yah krity (yatha som yajn) nahian karana chahie to use adhimas mean sthagit kar dena chahie. yah bhi samany niyam hai ki kamy (nity nahian, vah jise kisi phal ki prapti ke lie kiya jata hai) karm nahian karana chahie. kuchh apavad bhi haian, yatha kuchh karm, jo adhimas ke poorv hi arambh ho ge hoan (yatha 12 dinoan vala prajapaty prayashchit, ek mas vala chandrayan vrat), adhimas tak bhi chalae ja sakate haian. yadi dubhiksh ho, varsha n ho rahi ho to usake lie 'kariri ishti' adhimas mean bhi karana mana nahian hai, kyoanki aisa n karane se hani ho jane ki sambhavana rahati hai. ye batean kalanirnay-karikaoan (21-24) mean varnit haian.[67]
  • kuchh batean malamas ke lie hi vyavasthit haian, yatha pratidin ya kam se kam ek din brahmanoan ko 33 apoopoan (poooan) ka dan karana chahie.
  • kuchh aise karm haian jo shuddh masoan mean hi karaniy haian, yatha vapi evan t dag (bavali evan talab) khudavana, koop banavana, yajn karm, mahadan evan vrat.
  • kuchh aise karm haian jo adhimas evan shuddh mas, donoan mean kie ja sakate haian, yatha garbh ka krity (puansavan jaise sanskar), byaj lena, parishramik dena, mas-shraddh (amavasya par), ahnik dan, antyeshti kriya, nav-shraddh, magha nakshatr ki trayodashi par shraddh, solah shraddh, chandr evan saur grahanoan par snan, nity evan naimittik krity[68].
  • jis prakar hamare yahaan 13vean mas (malamas) mean dharmik krity varjit haian, pashchim deshoan mean 13vian sankhya abhagyasoochak mani jati hai, visheshatah mej par 13 chizoan ki sankhya.

saur din

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

donoan sooryodayoan ke bich ki kalavadhi atyant mahattvapoorn avadhi mani jati hai. yah saur din hai aur lok-din bhi. kintu tithi to kal ka chandr vibhag hai jisaka saur din ke vibhinn digh-vibhagoan mean ant hota hai. 'din' shabd ke do arth hai-

  1. sooryoday se sooryast tak,
  2. sooryoday se sooryoday tak.
  • rrigved[69] mean 'ahah' shabd ka din ke 'krishna' bhag (ratri) evan 'arjun' (chamakadar ya shvet) bhag ki or sanket hai[70]. rrigved mean ratri shabd ka prayog utana nahian hua hai jitana ki 'ahanh' ka, kintu 'din' ka samasik prayog adhik hua hai, yatha - sudinatv', 'sudin', madhyandin.'

saptah

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • bharatiy panchaangoan ke paanch aangoan mean ek saptah-din bhi hai. atah dinoan evan saptah-dinoan par sankshep mean likhana avashyak hai.
  • saptah keval manav nirmit vyavastha hai. isake pichhe koee jyotiahshastriy ya prakritik yojana nahian hai.
  • spen akraman ke poorv meksiko mean paanch dinoan ki yojana thi.
  • sat dinoan ki yojana yahoodiyoan, bebiloniyoan evan dakshin amerika ke ianka logoan mean thi.
  • lokatantrik yug mean romanoan mean ath dinoan ki vyavastha thi, misriyoan evan prachin atheniyanoan mean das dinoan ki yojana thi.
  • old testament mean aya hai ki eeshvar ne chhah dinoan tak srishti ki aur satavean din vishram karake use ashish dekar pavitr banaya. - jenesira[71], eksodas[72] evan deuteronami[73] mean eeshvar ne yahoodiyoan ko chhah dinoan tak kam karane ka adesh diya hai aur ek din (satavean din) aram karane ko kaha hai aur use eeshvar ke saibbath (vishramavasar) ke roop mean pavitr manane ki ajna di hai.
  • yahoodiyoan ne saibbath (jo ki saptah ka antim din hai) ko chho dakar kisi din ko nam nahian diya hai; use ve ravivar n kahakar shanivar manate haian.
  • old testament mean saptah-dinoan ke nam (vyaktivachak) nahian milate. aisa pratit hota hai ki nyoo testament mean bhi saptah-din keval sankhya se hi dyotit haian[74]. saptah mean koee n koee din katipay deshoan evan dharmik sampradayoan dvara saibbath (vishramadin) ya pavitr mana gaya hai, yatha - somavar yoonani saibbath din, mangal parasiyoan ka, budh asiriyoan ka, brihaspati misriyoan ka, shukr musalamanoan ka, shanivar yahoodiyoan ka evan ravivar eesaeeyoan ka pavitr vishramadin hai.
  • t aaulmi ne apane 'tetrabillas' mean saptah ka jyotishiy-prayog nahian diya hai. aj ke dinoan ke nam grahoan par adharit haian, jaise-
  1. soory
  2. chandr
  3. mangal
  4. budh
  5. brihaspati
  6. shukr evan
  7. shani namak sat grahoan par adharit haian. kee karanoan se ravivar saptah ka pratham din hai; ek karan yah hai ki usi din srishti ka arambh hua. jis prakar dinoan ka kram hai, usamean grahoan ki doori, unake gurutv, prakash evan mahatta ka koee samavesh nahian hai.
  • yajnavalky smriti[75] ne grahoan ka kram is prakar diya hai-
  1. soory
  2. chandr
  3. mangal
  4. budh
  5. brihaspati
  6. shukr
  7. shani
  8. rahu evan
  9. ketu.

sandarbh pustakean

  • jo log bharatiy jyotishashastr (aistranomi) ke vishay mean janakari prapt karana chahate haian ve nimn granthoan evan lekhoan ko padh sakate haian—
  1. varen ka kal sankalit; sooryasiddhant (hvitani dvara anoodit);
  2. varahamihir ki panjasiddhantika (thibo evan sudhakar dvivedi dvara anudit);
  3. je. bi. javis krit 'indien metraloji';
  4. shankar balkrishna dikshit ka indien kailendar (1896 ee.);
  5. sevel krit 'indien konographi' (1912 ee.);
  6. sevel krit 'siddhantaz end indien kailendar;
  7. lokamany tilak krit 'vedik kronojoji end vedaangajyotish' (1925);
  8. divan bahadur svamakinnoo pillee krit 'indien ephimeris' (sat jildoan mean);
  9. vi. bi. ketakar krit 'jyatirganitamh, ketaki, vaijayanti, grahaganit, evan endien end pharen kronolozi;
  10. jaikovi ke lekh (epigraifiya indika, jild 1, pri. 403-460; jild 2, pri. 487-498; jild 12, pri. 47, vahi, pri. 158);
  11. sevel ke lekh (e. i., jild 14, pri. 1, 24; jild 15, pri. 159; jild 16, pri. 100-221; jild 17, pri. 17, 173, 205;
  12. indien hist aaurikal kvartarali, jild 4, pri. 483-511, jild 10, pri. 332-336);
  13. natikal elmainek (1935);
  14. pro. senagupt krit 'aianshyent indiyan kronol aauji' 1947, kalakatta vishvavidyalay;
  15. d aau. ke el. daftari krit 'karan-kalpalata', sanskrit mean;
  16. 'bharatiy jyoshi-shastr nirikshan', marathi mean;
  17. d aau. meghanath saha ka lekh 'ripharm aauph di indiyan kailendar', saians end kalchar, kalakatta, 1952, pri. 57-68, 109-123);
  18. riport aauph d kailendar riph aaurm kamiti, bharat sarakar dvara prakashit, 1955, yah bahut labhadayak granth hai.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi
  1. ↑ aryabhat, par adharit madhyakal ki gananaean, jo apekshakrit kam thik phal prakat karati haian
  2. ↑ vaishnavoan ke ek sampraday ke logoan
  3. ↑ rrigved - 1.25.8
  4. ↑ ath varshoan ke vritt
  5. ↑ amerikan jarnal aauph semetik laiangvejez, jild 55, 1938, pri. 116
  6. ↑ jarnal aauph helenistik stadiz, jild 39, pri. 179
  7. ↑ kailendar riph aaurm kamiti ki riport, pri. 175-176.
  8. ↑ yah pashchatkalin rachana hai, jisamean yah aya hai ki yah gatakali 3068 arthath eesa sanvath se 33 varsh poorv mean nirmit hua
  9. ↑ nand-yoop shilalekh mean 282 krit varsh; tin yoopoan ke maukhari shilalekhoan mean 295 krit varsh; vijayagadh stambh-abhilekh mean 428; mandasaur mean 461 tatha gadadhar mean 480
  10. ↑ ek hi achal tare par soory ki lagatar ek ke uparant ek do bar pahuanch ke bich ka samay
  11. ↑ prithvi ki do gatiyoan (apani dhuri par isaki pratidin ki gati ya chakkar aur soory ke chaturdikh isake varshik chakkar) ke atirikt ek tisari gati bhi hai jise log bhali-bhaanti nahian janate haian. prithvi poornatah golak nahian hai, isaka nirakshiy arthath bhoomadhy rekhiy vyas isake dhruviy vyas se b da hai. jisaka phal yah hota hai ki bhoomadhy rekha par padarth-samooh ubhara hua hai, jo us sthiti se adhik hai jab ki prithvi poornaroopen gol hoti. prithvi ki dhuri par ek halki soochyakar chakkar mean ghoomane vali gati hai, jo lattoo ke saman hai aur vah 25,8000 varshoan mean ek chakkar laga pati hai. yah varshik hatana 50".2 sekend ka hai, jo soory evan chandr ke nirakshiy ubhar par khianchav ke karan hota hai. isi se sthir tare, yahaan tak ki dhruv tara bhi ek shati ke uparant doosari shati ya doosare kal mean apane sthanoan se parivartit drishtigochar hote haian. - n aaurman l aaukar evan hikki
  12. ↑ naradasanhita 3|1-2
  13. ↑

    brahman daivan manushan ch pitryan sauran ch savanamh.
    chandramarksh gurormanamiti manani vai nav..
    eshaan tu navamanaan vyavaharoatr panchabhiah.
    teshaan prithakh-prithakh kary vakshyate vyavaharatah.. narad-sanhita (3|1-2).
    kalp brahma ka din hai (sooryasiddhant 1|20)!;
    ek manav-varsh devoan ke ek din ke barabar hai (ekan va etadh devanamaho yatsanvatsarah. taittiriy brahman, 3|9|22|1);
    ek manav-mas pitaroan ka ahoratr hai (manu 1|66).
    manushaman (manav man) vimishr (mishrit) hai kyoanki log vibhinn upayogoan ke lie char man prayukt karate haian, jaisa ki si0 shi0 (1|30-31) mean ullikhit hai -
    jneyan vimishran tu manushyamanan manaishcharbhirvyavaharavritteah..
    varshayanartuyugapoorvakamatr sauranh masastatha ch tithayastuhinaanshumanath.
    yatkrichchhrasootak chikitsivasaradyan tatsavanachch ghatikadakimarkshamanath..) kintu usane age kaha hai (1|32) ki grahoan ke man manav man se kie jate haian (grahastu sadhya manujaiah svamanath)

  14. ↑ kal, pri. 9
  15. ↑ kalanirnayakarika 11-12
  16. ↑ vipathagamita
  17. ↑ lagabhag 361 din ka varsh
  18. ↑ arthashastr, 2|120, pri. 108
  19. ↑ din-ratr
  20. ↑ ek mas mean 30½ din
  21. ↑ ya 32vean mas mean yah ghatit hota hai
  22. ↑ pilavanoan
  23. ↑

    trianshadahoratrah prakarmabhasah.
    sardhasaurah (sardhah saurah).
    ardhanyoonashchandramasah.
    saptarvishatirnakshatramasah.
    dvartrishadh malamasah.
    panchartrishadashvavahayaah.
    chatvarrishaddhastivahayaah. arthashastr (2|20, pri. 108).
    mahabhashy (panini 4|2|21 ke vartik 2 par) le bhritakamas (vetan vali naukari ke mas) ka ullekh kiya hai jo prakarmamas ka parichayak-sa hai.

  24. ↑ brihatsanhita 2|4, pri. 40 par utpal dvara uddhrit
  25. ↑ vishnudharmottar (1|72|26-27).
  26. ↑ taittiriy brahman 1|1|2|13; kaushitaki brahman 5|1; shaankhayan brahman 19|3; tandy brahman 5|9|7-12 adi).
  27. ↑ kalanirnay pri. 61
  28. ↑ smritichandrika shraddh, pri. 377
  29. ↑ uttar bharat
  30. ↑ vedaangajyotish 1|5
  31. ↑ paanch varsh
  32. ↑ sachau 2, pri. 8-9
  33. ↑ kautily, arthashastr 2|6, pri. 63
  34. ↑ mahabharat, vanaparv130|14-16
  35. ↑ mahabharat. anushasan, 106|17-30
  36. ↑ krityaratnakar pri. 452
  37. ↑ vishnudharmottar (1|82|8)
  38. ↑ brihaspati sanhita 4|27|-52
  39. ↑ vishnudharmottar (1|82|9), agni puran (adhyay 139) evan bhavishy puran (jyotistattv, pri. 692-697 mean uddhrit
  40. ↑ ketakar ka granth, indiyan end pharen kronolaji, pri. 40
  41. ↑ shuddhikaumudi pri. 272
  42. ↑ malamasatattv pri. 774
  43. ↑ ketakar ka granth, indiyan end ph aauren kronolaji pri. 40
  44. ↑ kailendar riph aaurm kamiti riport, pri. 246-252.
  45. ↑ mahabharat, shantiparv 301|46-47
  46. ↑ krityaratnakar pri. 80
  47. ↑ muhoortadarshan 1|44
  48. ↑ taittiriy sanhita (4|2|31), vajasaneyi sanhita (13|25
  49. ↑ panini, ashtadhyayi 4|2|22
  50. ↑ panini, ashtadhyayi 4|2|23
  51. ↑ vartik 2, pa0 4|3|35
  52. ↑ panini, ashtadhyayi 4|2|2 evan 4|2|31
  53. ↑ ee0 poorv doosari shati ke menendar ke kharoshthi abhilekh mean kartik chaturdashi ka ullekh hai
  54. ↑ aitarey brahman 3|1
  55. ↑ taitariy sanhita 1|4|4|1 evan 6|5|3|4
  56. ↑ atharvaved 8|6|2
  57. ↑ kathasanhita 38|14
  58. ↑ rrigved 10|136|2, vajasaneyi sanhita (22|30), shaankhayan shrautasootr (6|12|15
  59. ↑ malamasatattv pri. 768
  60. ↑ vajasaneyi sanhita 22|30 evan 31
  61. ↑ vajasaneyi sanhita 7|31
  62. ↑ taitariy sanhita (1|4|14|1 evan 6|5|3|4
  63. ↑ padm puran, 6|64
  64. ↑ agni puran 175|29-30
  65. ↑ hemadri, kal, pri. 36-63
  66. ↑ nirnayasindhu (pri. 10-15) evan dharmasindhu (pri. 5-7
  67. ↑

    kamyarambhan tatsamaptian vivarjayeth.
    arabdhan malamasath prakh krichchhran chandradikan tu yath.
    tatsamapyan savanasy manasyanatilanghanath..
    arambhasy samapteshch madhye syachchenmalimluchah.
    pravrittamakhilan kamyan tadanushtheyamev tu..
    kariryadi tu yatkamyan tasyarambhasamapane karyakalavilambasy pratikshaya asambhavath..
    ananyagatikan nityamagnihotradi n tyajeth.
    gatyantarayutan nityan somayagadi varjayeth.. - kalanirnay-karika (21-24).

  68. ↑ hemadri, kal, pri. 52; samay prakash, pri. 145
  69. ↑ rrigved 6|9|1
  70. ↑ ahashch krishnamahararjunan ch vi vartete rajasi vedyabhiah
  71. ↑ jenesira 2|1-3
  72. ↑ eksodas 20|8-11,23|12-14
  73. ↑ deuteronami 5|12-15
  74. ↑ maithyoo, 28|1; mark, 16|9; lyook, 24|1
  75. ↑ yajnavalky smriti 1|293
  76. ↑ vishnupuran 1|12|92

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