पाण्ड्य राजवंश

pandy rajavansh ka prarambhik ullekh panini ki ashtadhyayi mean milata hai. isake atirikt ashok ke abhilekh, mahabharat evan ramayan mean bhi pandy samrajy ke vishay mean janakari milati hai. megasthanij pandy rajy ka ullekh ‘mabar‘ nam se karata hai. usake vivarananusar pandy rajy par ‘hairakt‘ ki putri ka shasan tha, tatha vah rajy motiyoan ke lie prasiddh tha. pandyoan ki rajadhani 'madura' (maduree) thi, jisake vishay mean kautily ke arthashastr se janakari milati hai. madura apane kimati motiyoan, uchchakoti ke vastroan evan unnatishil vyapar ke lie prasiddh tha. 'irithriyan si' ke vivaran ke adhar par pandyoan ki prarambhik rajadhani 'korakee' ko mana jata hai. sambhavatah pandy rajy maduree, ramanathapuram, tirunelveli, tiruchirapalli evan trankor tak vistrit tha. pandyoan ka rajachihn matsy (machhali) tha. pandy rajy ko 'minavar', 'kabooriyar', 'panchavar', 'tennar', 'marar', 'valudi' tatha 'seliyar' namoan se jana jata hai.

pramukh shasak

pandy rajavansh ke nimn shasak pramukh roop se ullekhaniy haian-

rajanitik dasha

dakshin bharat ke cher, chol tatha pandy rajyoan ke udbhav ke sandarbh mean sabase mahattvapoorn bat yah hai ki, ye rajy kul sangh pratit hote haian. is prakar ke rajy uttari bharat mean bhi the, jinhean kautily ne kul sangh kaha hai.

sangamakalin shasan ka svaroop rajatantratmak th. raja ka pad vanshanugat evan jyeshthata par adharit tha. prashasan ka samast adhikar raja ke pas hota tha, isalie usaki pravritti mean nirankushata ka samavesh hota tha. raja ka mukhy adarsh tha- digvijay karana, praja ka putravat palana karana evan nishpaksh bhav se shasan ke karyoan ka sanchalan karana. raja pratyek din apani sabha (nalavai) mean praja ki kathinaiyoan ko sunata tha. rajy ka sarvochch nyayalay manaram hota tha, jisaka sarvochch nyayadhish raja hota tha. raja ka janmadin prativarsh manaya jata tha jise 'peroonal' bhi kaha jata tha. pratinidhi parishadean raja ki nirankushata par aankush lagati thian, sath hi vah prashasan mean raja ka sahayog karati thian. in parishadoan ke sadasy janapratinidhi, purohit, jyotishi, vaidy evan mantrigan hote the. is parishad ko 'panchavaram' ya 'panchamahasabha' bhi kaha jata tha. inamean-

mantri - amiyachar
purohit - purohitar
senanayak - senapatiyar
doot ya rajadoot - dootar
guptachar - orrar

sainy vyavastha

sangamakalin shasakoan ke pas peshevar sainik hote the. rath, hathi gho de ev paidal sainik hi sena ke mahattvapoorn aang the. hathiyar ke roop mean talavar, dhanush ban (bil kol), bhala (bel), kh dag (bal), baghambar adi ka prayog kiya jata tha. yuddh ke samay sthapit kiye jane vale shiviroan ka vishesh mahattv hota tha. samay ke vishay mean janakari jal gh di dvara milati thi. raja ke mahal par sashastr mahilaoan ka pahara hota tha. sena ke kaptan ko 'enadi' ki upadhi di jati thi. sena ki agr tuk di 'tusi' aur pichh di tuk di 'kulai' kahalati thi. chol aur pandy donoan ke shasan kal mean nagarik aur sainik padoan par bellal (dhani kisan) niyukt kie jate the. kalavaramh sangam tamiloan ki ek vishisht sanstha thi. mantriyoan ke bad dootoan ka prashasan mean vishesh mahattv hota tha. shasan mean guptachar bhi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhate the, unhean 'orrar' ya 've' kaha jata tha.

nagar vibhajan

prashasanik suvidha ke lie rajy ya mandalam 'nadu' mean tatha nadu 'ur' mean vibhajit tha. 'pattinam' samudr tatiy kasbe ko kahate the. b de gaanv ko 'peroor', chhote gaanv ko 'siroor' tatha purane gaanv ko 'mudoor' kahate the. avai chhote gramoan ki sabha thi, jo vivadoan v vyapar tatha rozagar adi se sambandhit thi. salai pramukh s dak ko kahate the. teroo nagar ke pramukh gvale the. pediyal sarvajanik sthal ko kaha jata tha. pediyan gram prashasan ki sabase chhoti eekaee thi. manaram ki gramin evan nagar prashasan mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi. nagaramh shabd varnik gramoan hetu prayukt hua hai.

rajakiy ay ke srot evan kar vyavastha

sangam kalin rajakiy ay ke mahattvapoorn srotoan mean krishi tatha vyapar par lagane vale kar the. bhoomi par lagane vale kar ko 'karaee' tatha samantoan dvara diye jane vale kar evan loot dvara prapt dhan ko 'eeraee' kaha jata tha. sima shulk dvara prapt dhan ko 'ulgoo' ya 'sangam' kaha jata tha. rajy ki or se dhan ke atirikt maang evan zabaran lie gaye upahar ko 'iraboo'. ma ya velli bhoomi ki prasiddh map thi. aangul raikhik map ki eekaee thi. kalam taral map ki eekaee thi. kadamai ya padu raja ko ada kiya jane vala kar tha. kar ada karane vale kshetr ki eekaee variyamavari thi. bhoomi ke is ikaee se kar vasool karane vala adhikari 'variyar' kahalata tha.

arthik sthiti

sangam kal mean mahattvapoorn krishi utpadan ke roop mean ganna, ragi, chaval evan kapas ka utpadan kiya jata tha. cher rajy katahal, kali mirch, bhaians evan haldi ke lie prasiddh tha. pari jaise kam kshetraphal vale rajy mean anek prakar ke anaj, katahal, anek tarah ke kandamool, phal adi ki paidavar hoti thi. tamil desh ki bhoomi apani urvarata ke lie prasiddh thi. sangam kaviyoan ke ye ullekh- “hathi ke letane ke lie jitani bhoomi ki zaroorat p dati hai, usase sat vyaktiyoan ke pet bharane ka anaj mil jata hai” tatha “ek velli bhoomi mean ek sahasr kalam chaval paida hota hai”. is pradesh ki urvarata ke dipt praman haian. krishakoan mean sangam kal mean 'vellal' varg ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. vellal varg do bhagoan mean bante the-

sampann krishak ya vellal varg- inaki niyukti sena evan prashasakiy karyo ke lie ki jati thi.
vipann krishak ya mazadoor krishak varg- inake pas apani svayan ki zamin nahian hoti thi aur ye sampann vellaloan ki zamin par kam karake apana jivan-yapan karate the. inaki sankhya sangam yug mean adhik thi. inake pramukh ko 'velari' kaha jata tha. adhikaansh vyapar vastu vinimay dvara hota tha. anaj (dhan) vinimay ka madhyam tha.

vyapar

sangam sahity mean vyapari varg ko 'venigar' kaha gaya hai. is varg ke log hi aantarik evan videshi vyapar ka sanchalan karate the. sangamakalin videshi vyapar ka adhikaansh bhag puhar bandaragah se sanchalit hota tha, isalie yahaan ke nivasi kafi sampann the. pandy desh ke 'shaliyoor' aur cher desh ke 'bakandar' nagar ke sarvadhik mahattvapoorn bandaragah the. puhar, tondi, mushir evan vajji sthaloan ki khudaee se aise avashesh mile haian, jinase yah pramanit hota hai ki, yahaan yavan log b di sankhya mean rahate the. cheroan ki prarambhik rajadhani 'kuroor' mean kiye gaye utkhanan mean roman surahiyoan ke tuk de evan roman tamr sikke mile haian. yavan log 'mukhiri' bandaragah par apane jahajoan par sona ladakar late the aur badale mean yahaan se kali mirch evan aisi vastuean le jate the, jo unake yahaan upalabdh nahian hoti thi. puhar ka kaveri pattanam ek vishal vanijy kendr tha, jisaka talmi ne khaberis ke rooph mean ullekh kiya hai. nir peyaoo ek any samudr bandaragah tha, jahaan par pashchim se gho de aur uttar se utpadit vastuean lae jati thi. manigramam, nanadesis, valanjiyar, valangai, ilangai adi pramukh vyaparik sangh the.

pura sakshyoan se praman

puratatvik sakshyoan se yah pramanit hota hai ki tatkalin nagar 'arikamedu' ek prasiddh vyaparik kendr tha. jahaan par vastuoan ko ekatr kar bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean bheja jata tha. roman samrat 'aaugastas' tatha 'riveriyas' ke muhar vale sone ke sikke mujiris, puhar evan arikamedu se mile haian. mujiris mean roman samrat 'aphagastas' ka mandir romanoan dvara banavaya gaya tha. 'virukampuliyar' namak sthan chol, cher evan pandy tinoan rajyoan ke sangam sthal ke roop mean prasiddh tha. uraiyoor sooti kap doan ke vyapar ke lie prasiddh tha. yahaan ke mahin sooti kap doan ki vishv ke bazaroan mean b di khapat thi. puhar ek sarvadeshiy nagar tha, jahaan vividh bhashaean bolane vale desh-videsh ke nagarik ek sath sauhardapoorvak rahate the. yahaan mukhy niryatak vastuyean thian- kali mirch, hathi daant, moti, malamal, reshami kap de, qimati ratn, hire, nilam, qimati patthar adi. yahaan ki ayat ki jane vali mukhy vastuaian thian, kaanch, praval, mooanga, sharab, sona, taanba, chaandi, sikke, adi. roman samrajy ke logoan ke atirikt tamil pradesh ke logoan ka vyapar misr, arab, chin evan malay dvip se tha. pashchimi tat ke pramukh bandaragah naura (kainnaur), tondi, mushiri aur nailsianda adi the. sangam yugin rajyoan ke kuchh bhagoan se nira (54-68 ee.) ke sone evan chaandi ke sikke mile haian. streboan ke anusar aaugastas-sijar ke darabar mean kisi pandy naresh ne lagabhag doosari sadi ee.poo. mean do dootamandal bheje the. sambhavatah isaka uddeshy vyaparik sambandhoan ko pragaandh banana tha. sangam kal ke any vyavasayik varg the- 'pulaiyan' (rassi banane vala), charavahe, eniyar (shikari), machhuare, kumhar, luhar, svarnakar, badhee adi. 'malavar' nam ke logoan ka vyavasay daka dalana tha. 'avanam' sangam kal mean bazar ko kahate the. is kal ke vyapar ke vishay mean vistrit janakari pahali sadi mean kisi ajnat rachayita dvara likhi gayi pustak 'periplas aauf di erithriyan si' se milati hai. is samay vyaparik karavaan ka netritv karane vale sthal sarthavah ko 'masattuvan' evan samudri sarthavah ko 'manamikanh' kaha jata tha.

samajik sthiti

sangamakalin samaj vyavastha poori tarah se ek vyavastha ke anusar hi vyavasthit ki gee thi-

varn evan jati vyavastha

tamil pradesh mean uttar bharat ki tarah chaturvarn vyavastha manyata prapt nahian ho saki thi. sangam sahity mean samaj ko paanch vargoan mean vibhakt kiye jane ke praman milate haian, jo is prakar haian-

1. brahman (purohit varg) - inhean samaj mean uchch sthan prapt tha. inaka padarpan tamil pradesh mean sangam kal mean hua.

2. arasar (shasak varg) - rajaparivar se ju de ye log rajanitik drishti se pratishthit hote the.

3. venigar (vanikh varg) - ye log tamil pradesh ke antarik evan bahm vyapar ka sanchalan karate the.

4. vellal (b de krishak evan shasak varg) - tamil granth 'purananooroo' ke ullekh ke adhar par yah jnat hota hai ki, yah varg shasak varg ke saman hi pratishthit tha. inaki niyukti sena mean uchch padoan par ki jati thi. chol sena mean is varg ko 'arashu' evan 'bel' tatha pandy sena mean inhean 'kavidi' kaha jata tha.

5. bellar (mazadoor krishak varg) - inaka mukhy vyavasay krishi karana tha. inake mukhiyoan ko 'vellari' kaha jata tha. das pratha ka prachalan sangam kal mean nahian tha.

vaidik sanskrit ke prachalan ke karan rajadarabaroan mean brahmanoan tatha purohitoan ki pratishtha punah sthapit ho gayi. rajadarabar mean kavi ke roop mean brahanoan ko rakha jata tha. raja karikal ne ek kavi ko 1,60,000 svarn mudraoan se puraskrit kiya tha. tamil bhoomi mean brahman ka darshan pahale sangam yug mean hota hai. vellal chauthi jati ke antargat ate the. adhikatar bhoomi inhian ke pas rahati thi. khet-mazadoor ka kam sabase nichale varg ke log karate the, jinhean 'kadaisiyar' kaha jata tha. periyar log khet-mazadoor ke atirikt pashu khal ya charm ka kam karate the. eniyar baghikoan (shikariyoan) ki jati thi. malavar aur kalavar namak do jatiyaan tamil pradesh ke uttari sima par rahati thian. loot-pat karana inaka mukhy pesha tha. maruvar dhani yavan logoan ke nivas sthal ko kahate the.

vivah

sangamakalin granth tolkappiyam mean athoan prakar ke vivahoan ka ullekh milata hai. vaise ek patni pratha ka prachalan tha, parantu sampann varg ke log ek se adhik patni rakhate the. sangamayugin granthoan mean prem vivah ko ‘panchatinai‘, ek pakshiy prem ko ‘kaikkinai‘ evan anuchit prem ko perundinai‘ kaha gaya hai.

striyoan ki sthiti

sangam kal mean striyoan ki sthiti bahut santoshajanak nahian thi, l daki ke janm ko ashubh mana jata tha. parivar pitrisattatmak hota tha. nimnavarg ki stri khetoan mean kam karati thian. uchch varg ki kuchh striyaan, jaise ovaiyar evan nachcheliyar ne ek saphal kavayitri ke roop mean apane ko sthapit kiya aur is varg ki striyaan shiksha prapt karati thian. vidhivaoan ki sthiti itani badatar thi ki, ve svechchha se sati hona adhik saral samajhati thian. svaichchhik sati pratha ka prachalan sangamakalim samaj mean tha. sangamakalin samaj mean ganikaoan evan nartakiyoan ke roop mean kramashah 'parattiyar' v 'kanigaichar' ka ullekh milata hai. ye veshyavriti dvara jivanayapan karati thian.

manoranjan

prayah kavita path sangit, gayan, vadan, nrity kala, natak adi dvara manoranjan kiya jata tha. 'yal' namak kisi vady yantr ka zikr milata hai. manoranjan ke any sadhan bhi the jaise- 'shikar khelana', 'kushti l dana', 'pasa khelana', 'goli khelana' adi. periyal, phlaee-yal tatha senagotritapal jaise vibhinn prakar ke vady yantroan ka bhi varnan milata hai.

dharmik sthiti

vaidik dharm v brahman dharm ka prachalan tamil pradesh mean adhik tha. brahman, raja ke purohit ka kam karate the aur badale mean dan prapt karate the. sangam kal mean tamil pradesh mean murugan, shiv, balaram ev krishna ki upasana ki jati thi. inamean se marugan ya murakan ki upasana, sarvadhik purani thi. kalantar mean murugan ko 'subrahmanyam' kaha gaya aur skand-kartikey se is devata ka ekikaran kiya gaya. murugan ka ek any nam 'vellan' bhi milata hai. vellan ka sambandh bel se hai, jisaka arth vahi hai. yah is devata ka pramukh astr tha. kisan log marudam indr dev ki pooja karate the. puhar ke varshik utsav mean indr ki vishesh prakar ki pooja hoti thi. kaurralai vijay ki devi thi. skand-kartikey ko uttar bharat mean shiv-parvati ke putr ke roop mean jana jata hai. tamil pradesh mean murugan ka pratik murga (kukkat) ko mana gaya hai, jise parvat-shikhar par kri da karana pasand hai. murugan tamiloan ke sarvashreshth devata the. sangam kal mean tamil pradesh mean bali pratha ka prachalan tha.

dharmik vishvas

manimekhalai mean shaiv dharm mean ‘'palik' sampraday ka varnan milata hai. bauddh dharm ke prachalan ka bhi ullekh hamean sangam sahity se milata hai. 'shilappadikaram' tatha 'manimekhalai' mahakavyoan tatha kaveripatnam se bhi bauddh dharm tatha jain dharm ke sansthanoan ke ullekh milate haian. 'mariyamma' (parashuram ki mata) chechak se sanbandhit shitala mata thi, jabaki velamma sima ki devi thi. sangamakalin mandiroan mean vibhinn devataoan ke anek mandiroan ka vishesh ullekh hua hai. mandir nagar, koil, kottam, puraee ya devalay kahalate the. van devi (kuduraikaradabalu) ki tulana prayah durga ke sath tulana ki jati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah