बंगाल (आज़ादी से पूर्व)

12vian shatabdi ke antim dashak mean 'ikhtiyaruddin muhammad bin bakhtiyar khilaji' ne bangal ko dilli saltanat mean milaya. bich mean bangal ke svatantr hone par balaban ne ise punah dilli saltanat ke adhin kiya. balaban ke uparant usake putr bugara khaan ne bangal ko svatantr ghoshit kar liya. gayasuddin tugalaq ne bangal ko tin bhagoan- ‘lakhanauti, ‘sonaragaanv’ tatha ‘satagaanv’ mean vibhajit kiya. muhammad bin tugalaq ke antim dinoan mean fakharuddin ke vidroh ke karan bangal ek bar punah svatantr ho gaya. 1345 ee. mean haji iliyas bangal ke vibhajan ko samapt kar 'shamsuddin iliyas shah' ke nam se bangal ka shasak bana.

iliyasashah (1342-1357 ee.)

apane shasanakal mean isane 'tirahut' tatha u disa par akraman kar use bangal mean mila liya. firozashah tugalaq ne iliyasashah ke viruddh abhiyan kiya, kintu asaphal raha. usane sonaragaanv tatha lakhanauti par bhi akraman kiya aur us par adhikar kar liya. 1357 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gayi. isaki mrityu ke bad sikandarashah shasak bana.

sikandarashah (1357-1398 ee.)

isake shasanakal mean firozashah tugalaq ne bangal par akraman kiya, kintu asaphal raha. usane paandua mean ‘adina masjid’ ka nirman karavaya.

gayasuddin ajamashah(1389-1409 ee.)

sikandar shah ke bad agale shasak ke roop mean gayasuddin ajamashah bangal ka shasak bana. vah apani nyay priyata ke lie prasiddh tha. prasiddh farasi kavi ‘haphij shiraji’ evan anek viddhano se usaka sampark tha. usane apane samakalin chin ke ‘migavansh’ ke samrat 'chuee-li' se kootanitik sambandh qayam kie. 1409 ee. mean chini samrat ne sultan gayasuddin se bauddh bhikshuoan ko chin bhejane ka prarthana ki thi. 1410 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

1410 ee. mean gayasuddin ki hatya ke bad usake kamazor uttaradhikariyoan ko uthakar ek hindoo zamiandar raja ganesh ne 1415 ee. me bangal ki gaddi par adhikar kar liya. farasi paandulipiyoan mean raja ganesh ko ‘kes’ nam se jana jata hai. usane ‘danujamardan’ ki upadhi dharan ki. 1418 ee. me usaki mrityu ho gee. isi varsh pandua aur chatagaanv se ‘chandi ke upasak mahendradev’ namak raja dvara bangala-aksharaankit sikke chalaye gaye. sambhavatah vah ganesh ka chhota beta tha. raja ganesh ek hindoo shasak tha. isalie vahaan ke soofi santoan aur ulemaoan ne usaka virodh kiya tha. is arajakata ki sthiti se nipatane ke lie ganesh ke putr jadusen ko islam dharm mean dikshit kar 'jalaluddin' ke nam se bangal ka shasak banaya gaya. 1431 ee. mean jalaluddin ki mrityu ho gayi. jalaluddin ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr shamasuddin ahamad bangal ki gaddi par baitha. shamasuddin ke shasanakal mean jaunapur ke ibrahim sharki ne bangal par akraman kar diya. shamasuddin ne 1442 ee. tak shasan kiya.

nasiruddin abul mujaphphar mahamood (1442-1448 ee.)

isane bangal mean 'iliyas shahi rajavansh' ki sthapana ki. isane 1458 ee. tak shasan kiya aur gau d ko apani rajadhani banaya.

rooknaddin barabak shah (1459-74 ee.)

rooknaddin barabak shah ek yogy shasak tha. isane apane shasan kal mean prasaravadi niti apanaee tatha rajy ki simaean ganga nadi ke uttar mean baranar tatha dakshin mean jaissor khulana tak badhaee. is niti mean usane abisiniyaee sainikoan ki sahayata prapt ki 1794 ee. mean abisiniya ke senapati saifuddin firoj ne bangal ki satta par adhikar kar liya. ruknuddin barabak ke samay mean maladhar basu ne 'shrikrishna vijay' namak granth likha. barabak shah ne maladhar basu ko gunaraj khan ki upadhi se sammanit kiya.

alauddin husainashah (1493-1519 ee.)

bangal ke amiroan ne 1493 ee. mean muslim sultanoan mean yogy alauddin husainashah ko bangal ki gaddi par baithaya. usane apani rajadhani ko paandua se gau d sthanantarit kiya. hinduo ko ooanche padoan jaise- vazir, mukhy chikitsak, mukhy aangarakshak evan takasal ke mukhy adhikari ke pad par niyukt kiya gaya. vah ek dharm nirapeksh shasak tha. chaitany mahaprabhu alauddin ke samakalin the. usane ‘satyapir’ namak andolan ki shuruat ki. usake samay mean bangali sahity kafi vikasit hua. do vidvanh vaishnav bhaee roop evan sanatan usake pramukh adhikari the. ahomo ke sahayog se sultan kamataraja ko nasht kiya. hindoo log use krishna avatar manate the. usane ‘nripati tilak’ evan ‘jagatabhooshan’ adi ki upadhiyaan dharan kian. 1518 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

nusaratashah (1519-1532 ee.)

alauddin ka putr nasib khaan nasiruddin nusarat shah ki upadhi se sianhasan par baitha. usake samay mean ‘mahabharat’ ka baangla bhasha mean anuvad karavaya gaya. usane gau d mean b da sona evan qadam rasool masjid ka nirman karavaya. 1533 ee. mean nusaratashah ki mrityu ho gee. is vansh ke antim shasak gayasuddin mahamoodashah ko 1538 ee. mean sherashah ne bangal se bhagakar samast bangal par adhikar kar liya.

sthapaty kala mean yogadan

bangal shaili ke antargat nirmit adhikaansh imaratoan mean patthar ke sthan par eeant ka prayog kiya gaya hai. bangali sthapaty kala ki kuchh mahattvapoorn visheshataean nimnalikhit thian-

1. chhote-chhote khambhoan par nukili meharabean banavaee gee thian.
2. baans ki imaratoan se li gayi hindoo mandiroan ki lahariyedar karnisoan ki paramparagat shaili ka musalamanoan dvara anukaran kiya gaya.
3. kamal jaise sundar khudaee ke hindoo sajavat ke pratik chihyean ko apanaya gaya.

is samay mean nirmit kuchh mahattvapoorn imaratean nimnalikhit haian-

• pandua ki adina masjid- is masjid ka nirman 1364 ee.mean sultan sikandarashah ne karavaya tha. is masjid ke namaz ada karane vale bhavan ka mukhy kaksh sarvadhik alankrit hai. masjid ki pichhali divar aur uttar hal se sate vargakar kaksh mean sultan sikandarashah ki qabr hai. is masjid ko bangal mean sansar ke ashcharyoan mean gina jata hai. is vishal masjid mean hazaroan log ek sath namaz padh sakate the.
• jalaluddin muhammadashah ka maqabara- pandua mean sthit is maqabare ko ‘lakkhi maqabare’ ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. hindoo bhavanoan ki eeanto se nirmit yah maqabara ek gumbad ki vargakar imarat hai. isamean meharab aur dharan ka bakhoobi istemal kiya gaya hai.
• dakhil daravaza gau d mean sthit yah daravaza bharatiy shaili ke antargat eeant se nirmit imaratoan mean sarvotkrit mana jata hai. isaka nirman 1465 ee. mean hua. gau d mean sthit firoj minir jisame bangali shaili ke antargat nukili chhat ka prayog kiya gaya hai, 5 manjiloan ki 84 phit ooanchi minar hai. kuchh any nirman kary is prakar haian- gau d sthit ‘chhota sona masjid’ (1510 ee.), gau d ki ‘tantipura masjid’ (1475 ee.), b da sona masjid (1526 ee.), lotan masjid (1480 ee.), darasavari masjid (1480 ee.), qadam rasool masjid, ‘chakakatti masjid’ adi. chhota sona masjid ka nirman husainashah ke shasan kal mean vali muhammad ne karaya tha. b da sona masjid evan qadam rasool masjid ka nirman kary nusaratashah dvara karavaya gaya. chooanki bangal mean patthar ka abhav tha, isalie yahaan ki adhikaansh imaratoan ka nirman eeantoan se kiya gaya. yahi karan tha ki, in imaratoan ki ayu bahut kam rahi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh