भारत की सामासिक संस्कृृति और हिन्दी का विकास -डॉ. हरदेव बाहरी
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
- lekhak- d aau. haradev bahari
bharatiy sanvidhan ki dhara 351 ka ek adesh hai jisaka abhi tak palan nahian hua, isalie avashyak jan p data hai ki isaki or dhyan dilaya jae. adesh yah hai -
‘hindi bhasha ki prasar-vriddhi karana, usaka vikas karana taki vah bharat ki samasik sanskriti ke sab tatvoan ki abhivyakti ka madhyam ban sake, tatha usaki mool prakriti ko akshunn rakhate hue hindustani aur ashtam anusoochi mean ullikhit any bharatiy bhashaoan ke roopoan, shaili aur padavali ko atmasat karake tatha jahaan avashyak ya vaanchhaniy ho vahaan usake shabdabhandar ke lie mukhyatah sanskrit se aur gaunatah in ullikhit bhashaoan se shabd grahan karake usaki samriddhi sunishchit karana sangh ka kartavy hoga.’
is ek lanbe chaude़ vaky mean kee mudde uthaye ge haian:-
- hindi ka prachar prasar karana sangh ka kartavy hoga.
- hindi ka vikas karana sangh ka kartavy hoga. kya hindi avikasit hai?
- hindi ke vikas karane ka vishesh sandarbh yah hai ki vah bharat ki samasik sanskriti ke sab aangoan ka vahan ho sakee.
- bharat ki samasik sanskriti usaki nana bhashaoan me nihit hai, jinaki ganana sanvidhan ki ashtam anusoochi mean kar di gee hai, arthat (varnakram se) asamiya, u diya, urdoo, kann d, kashmiri, gujarati, tamil, telugoo, panjabi, baangla, marathi, malayalam, sanskrit, siandhi aur hindi.
- in bhashaoan ke avashyak roopoan, shaili aur padavali ko hindi atmasat kar legi.
- sanskrit se mukhy roop se aur ukt bhashaoan se gaun roop se avashyak aur vaanchhit shabdavali lekar hindi ko samriddh karana hai.
- hindi ke shabd bhandar aur usaki abhivyaktiyoan ko samriddh karane mean is bat ka dhyan rakhana hai ki usaki mool prakriti akshunn bani rahe.
- hindustani se bhi shabd aur prayog grahan karane haian. yah samajhana kathin hai ki ‘hindustani’ ka nam kyoan liya gaya, kyoanki usamean hindi urdoo se bhinn apana kuchh hai hi nahian, to usase lena kya.
hindi ki mool prakriti kya he ? kisi bhasha ki mool prakriti usake kin tatvoan mean nihit hai ? isaka thik-thik uttar nahian milata. kya koee bhasha akshunn bani rah sakati hai ? bhasha to svatah vikasashil aur parivartanashil hoti hai. vah desh kal ki paristhiyoan ke anusar dhalati rahati hai. samaj aur sanskriti mean jitana vikas ya raddobadal hota hai, utana bhasha mean bhi avashy hota hai. pratyek samaj par kee dishaoan se kee tarah ke dharmik, rajanitik prashasanik, arthik sahityik adi prabhav p date rahate haian. jinake phalasvaroop bhasha mean parivartan anivaryatah ho jata hai. atah koee bhasha akshunn nahian rah sakati. grik, laitin, sanskrit, pali, prakrit ya apabhransh ki mool prakriti ko surakshit nahian kiya ja saka. sanskrit ke tin vachan, tin liang, ath vibhakti roop, kriya ke atmanepad, das lakar, das gan kahaan gaye ? prakrit mean svaraguchchhoan ki jo bharamar thi, vah nahian rahi. prakrit ne sabhi napuansak liang sanjnapadoan ko pulliang man liya tha; kya hindi mean bhi yah sthiti shesh hai ? sanskrit, pali aur prakrit ke kriya roopoan mean liangabhed nahian tha, parantu hindi mean kridantiy roopoan ka bahuly ho jane se liang bhed avashk ho gaya. aisa lagata hai ki bhasha ke lie kuchh bhi aparihary nahian hai, kuchh bhi purana chho da ja sakata hai ya chhoot jata hai aur kuchh bhi naya grahan kiya ja sakata hai. bharateandu yug ki hindi kya akshunn banian rahi ? mukhy bat yah hai ki hindi ki paribhasha dena hi kathin hiai. ek yug mean braj bhasha hindi thi, aj kh di boli hindi hai aur vah bhi kh di boli pradesh ki boli se bhinn ho gee hai. hamare dekhate dekhate hindi badal rahi hai. hindi ki prakriti ki talash usake dhvani gathan ya uchcharan me ki ja sakati hai ya pad rachana (vyakaran) mean ya vakyagathan mean. rri, sh, jn, ka uchcharan bilkul badal gaya hai. n, n ka koee prayog nahian rah gaya hai. poorvi hindi aur brajabhasha mean n nahian raha. ai, au ka naya uchcharan ju d़ gaya hai. sh ki dhvati hindi tak ate ate samapt ho gee thi, ab sanskrit arabi pharasi tatha aangreji ke prabhav se phir a gayi hai. yahaan tak ki ab as, saran, sikh ya sog jaise saik doan shabd mano hindi ke nahian rah gaye, inaka sthan punah asha, sharan, shiksha aur shok ne le liya hai. hamane q ko k mean, g ko g mean, kh ko kh mean tatha z ko j mean tatha f ko ph mean dhal lene ka bharasak prayatn kiya, lekin akashavani ki avazoan se lagata hai ki sabhy samaj mean in sab ne ghar kar liya hai. vartani ki bat yah hai ki abhi kuchh varsh pahale tak ‘rakkha’, ‘likkhoo’, ‘usne’, ‘usko’ adi roop chalate rahe haian. vyakaran bhi bahut kuchh badala hai. pachas sal pahale tak ‘karane pai’, ‘ghar ki naee’, ‘avaiange’ adi prayog milate the. aj ‘mere ko’, ‘mere se’, ‘tere mean’, mainean jana hai ko hindi ki prakriti ke viruddh mana jata hai, lekin ye roop chha rahe haian, aur vah din door nahian jab yahi shuddh prayog mane jaeange. pahale suandar purush ka striliang ‘suandari stri’ aur patit purush ka patita nari sahi hindi mana jata tha, ab sundar stri aur patit nari sushthu prayog hai. shrimati indira gaandhi pradhanamantri haian, shrimati manjula vishvavidyalay ki kulapati haian, shrimati saroj hindi adhikari haian, ku. sarala vyakhyata haian, ku. kaanta pulis adhikshak niyukt hueean hai, mahadevi varma kavi haian, malati devi vibhagadhyaksh haian, kamala adhivakta haian adi prayog kuchh logoan ko khatakate hoeange, parantu ab yahi hindi hai. kal adhyapika, acharya, lekhika, vasini adi roop nahian rah paeange. jaise jaise hindi prasoot hogi, isaki pravritti mean vividhita aegi aur kee pradeshik visheshataean samavisht hoangi.
bhasha vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki koee bhi bhasha avikasit nahian hoti. pratyek bhasha apane parivesh, apane samaj ki sanskriti aur us samaj ke logoan ke bhavoan aur vicharoan ko abhivyakt karane mean poornatayah samarth hoti hai. kisi tapoo jangal ya paha d par basane vale lagoan ki bhasha bhi, bhale hi hamean pichh di huee lagati ho, un logoan ke vyavahar ke lie paryapt hoti hai. jab vahaan log any sanskritiyoan ke sampark mean ate haian, tab unaki bhasha mean ne tatv ane lagate haian. jivit bhasha kisi bhi jiv ki tarah nirantar vikasit hoti rahati hai, usaka shabd bhandar, roop vidhan aur abhivyakti ka prakar age badhata rahata hai vah anavashyak tatvoan ko chho dati jati hai aur avashyak ya vaanchhaniy tatv grahan karati jati hai. parantu yah bahut kuchh nirbhar karata hai usaki saanskritik pragati par, usaki bhautik aur adhyatmik avashyakataoan par. hindi ki sthiti yah rahi hai ki pachas-sath varsh poorv tak isamean dharmik aur lalit sahity to likha jata raha, parantu upayogi aur jnan vijnan sanbandhi sahity ka abhav sa tha. hindi ko madhyam ke roop mean kahian kisi vishvavidyalay mean manyata prapt nahian thi. prashasan mean isaka koee vishesh sthan nahian tha. navajagaran ke sath aur desh ke svatantr ho jane par hindi ka uttaradayitv badha aur naye naye vishayoan par sahity likhane ki avashyakata mahasoos huee. yah uttaradayitv a p dane par aur avashkata ki poorti ke lie hindi ka shabdabhandar samriddh hone laga aur ab hota chala ja raha hai. hindi rajabhasha bani. sangh aur rajyoan ke prashasan ke lie saiank doan hajaroan shabd aur prayog a gaye. hindi pradesh ke vidyalayoan aur vishvavidyalayoan mean manaviki, vijnan, vidhi, vanijy ke vishayoan ki shiksha ke lie paribhashik shabdavali ka vikas hua. pichhale 30 varshoan mean hindi ne anumanatah dedh lakh shabd apane bhandar mean bhare haian. sansar ki kisi bhi bhasha ke itihas mean itane tho de samay mean itana bhari aur bahumukhi vikas nahian hua. bharat sarakar ke shiksha mantralay ne, vidhayi ayog aur akashavani ne bade़ b de shabd sangrah prakashit kiye, jinake adhar par saiank doan granth likhe ge haian. hindi pradesh ki sarakaroan ne apane apane star par atyant shram kiya hai. nagari pracharini sabha, rashtrabhasha prachar sabha, hindi sahity sammelan, keandriy sachivalay hindi parishad, katipay vishvavidyalayoan aur sansthanoan aur kuchh ne (in panktiyoan ke lekhak samet) apana apana aanshadan diya hai. rediyo aur samachar patroan ne is shabdavali ke bahut b de aansh ko janasadharan tak pahuanchane mean bahut yogadan diya hai.
yah nee shabdavali prayah sanskrit aur aangrezi se ayi hai. sanskrit mean upasarg aur pratyay ki itani prachurata aur arthavatta hai ki ek dhatu se pachasoan shabd banaye ja sakate haian. hindi ne sanskrit ki is samarthy ka labh uthaya hai. doosare sthan par aangreji ke shabd haian, visheshatah vijnan ke kshetr mean, jinaka vyavahar antarrashtriy star par hota hai. adhunik vijnan ka vikas pashchim mean hua hai, isalie laitin, grik aur jarman ke adhar bani shabdavali ka vyapak ho jana svabhavik hai. ise apanane mean koee hani nahian hai. bharat ke lie aangreji aitihasik majaboooori bhi hai pashchim ki bhashaoan mean hamane isi ko jana hai aur pashchim ka jnan hamean isi ke madhyam se prapt hua hai. kuchh logoan ka kahana hai ki ham sanskrit aur aangreji par avashyakata se adhik ashrit rahe haian. urdoo ke saiank doan shabd jo arabi, pharasi srot ke haian, pahale se hi paryapt haian aur hindi mean poori tarah ras bas gaye haian. sanskrit ke badhate prabhav ke karan unaka anupat kam ho gaya hai. bharat ki any bhashaoan se bahut tho de shabd apanae gaye haian, itane thode़ ki unheean uangaliyoan par gina ja sakata hai.
bharat anek sanskritiyoan ka sangam hai. yahaan ke adivasi kol, santhal, nishad adi the. ary ae, yoonani, eerani kushan, yoochi, jat, arab, turk, yooropiy adi ae aur apani apani sanskriti lae. ye sab sanskritiyaan ghul milakar ek mishrit ya samasik sanskriti ban gee haian, jisaka nam bharatiy sanskriti hai. bharatiy sanskriti ek hai, jisake anek aang ya tatv haian. isake vikas mean hindoo muslim aur eesaee ka hi nahian, yug-yug mean uthane vale sanpradayoan, visheshatah bauddh, jain aur sikh, shaiv aur vaishnav sanpradayoan ne aur shahari, gramin vyapari, vakil daॅktar, shikshak kisan, mazadoor shilpi aur any vargoan ne bhi apana apana aanshadan diya hai. bharatiy sanskriti ke itane sare aang idhar udhar bikhare p de haian. pratyek bhasha aur boli mean apane kshetr ki sanskriti ya kuchh ek vargoan ki sanskriti pratibianbit hai, parantu koee ek bhasha nahian hai, jisane sabhi aangoan ya tatvoan ko ek jagah sanjo rakha ho, yah kary hindi ko karana hai, sanvidhan ne yah uttaradayitv hiandi ko sauanpa hai, jise sachche arthoan mean rashtrabhasha banana hai aur sanvidhan ne sanghiy sarakar ka yah kartavy thaharaya hai ki vah un saanskritik tatvoan ki khoj karake hindi ke bhandar ko bhare. 33 varsh ho gaye is or dhyan nahian diya gaya. yahaan kuchh sanket, tho de se udaharan dekar prastut karane ka abhipray yah hai ki bharat ki vartaman bhashaoan mean jo shabd sanpatti p di hai usaka sarvekshan ho jana chahie. bharat ki shabd sampatti karo doan tak hai. usamean hindi vah vab kuchh grahan kare, jo usake lie avashyak aur vaanchhaniy hai.
hamane muslim sanskriti se sanbandhit saiank doan shabd apane koshoan mean bhar rakhe haian. hamari adalati shabdavali ab bhi urdoo pradhan hai. ‘hindi shabdasagar’ (11 bhag) hindi ka sabase b da kosh mana jata hai, lekin mujhe usamean ‘ammi’ (maan), baji (bahan), talavat (quran ka path), valima (bhoj) adi bisoan shabd nahian milate. urdoo mean ek sachitr paribhashik kosh hai ‘istalahat-e-peshavara’. isamean udyog dhandhoan se sanbandhit lagabhag das hajar shabd haian, jinhean hindi pradesh se sankalit kiya gaya. inamean pachas pratishat shabd hamare ‘sagar’ mean nahian hai. urdoo ka bahut sara sahity devanagari lipi mean prakashit hai. ham log mushayaroan mean b da anand lete haian. parantu abhi tak urdoo ki si aupacharikata, sankshiptata, sookshm abhivyanjana ya chasani hindi mean nahian a payi.
is nibandh ke lekhak ne bhojapuri, avadhi aur chhattisagadhi ki gramin shabdavali ka sangrah kiya hai. hariyanavi, brajabhasha aur kauravi ke paribhashik shabd hi anveshanakartaoan ne sangrahit kar lie hai. rajasthani ka kosh prakashit hai. in sangrahoan mean saik doan hajaroan shabd hindi ke abhav ki poorti kar sakate haian, lekin ham haian ki krishi jaise vishayoan ki shabdavali ka anuvad aangreji se kar rahe haian jabaki hamara desh krishi pradhan hai. hindi ko sampann karane ke lie pahale to apani upabhashaoan aur boliyoan ki shabd sanpada ka lekha jokha taiyar karana hoga.
hindi pradesh ke bahar pratyek pradesh se bahumooly samagri prapt ho sakati hai. panjab ke in gitoan ke nam tak hindi shabdakoshoan mean prapt nahian hote: gidd, tappe, dohe, mahiya, dhola, badhave, gho diyaan, suhag, kaman, chhand, chhalla, sithaniyaan, vain, siharaphi. dhadh, rabab, sarangi, aur alagoja़ panjab ke vishisht vadyayantr haian. luddi, summi, ballo, dandak de aur bhaang da vahaan ke prasiddh nrityabhed haian. bhaang da hindi pradesh mean ab jana jata hai. panjab ke kuchh gahanoan ke nam sunie-bali, chaiank, band, gajara, baladevata, hasali chhalla, phull morani, davani, nauli. panjab mean nahari bastiyoan haian jinaki paribhashik shabdavali sangrahani hai. panjabi sahity mean vir ras aur shrriangar ras ki jis dhang se huee hai, vah bhi anveshan aur sangrahan ka vishay hai. u disa mean jo khane prachalit haian- pakhal, mahur, vesar, pitha, bhaja, maandua, jirada, ye kya haian ? ham vahaan ke hirakathi, kusumajhara, jhalaka, badali, taji, kaanichav, pahud, chanasari adi gahanoan ke namoan se parichit nahian haian. vahaan ke bantu, gotipua, pallavi, tarium adi nrity haian. in nrityoan se sanbandhit uthi, bithi, thiya, chali, bu da bhasaan, bhadari, pali, chuk, chira kothi, churas adi paribhashik shabd haian. u disa mean prapt moortiyoan se sanbandhit bisoan shabd haian ham nahian janate ki panchamatrika aur saptamatrika kaun-kaun haian. hamean mandiroan ke sthapaty mean rekhadeul aur pidhareul ka parichay nahian hai. kya ap ne u disa ke in devi devataoan ke nam sune haian ? - chhayadevi, bhoodevi, svarnajalehavar, patalehavar. kya ap jagamohan mandiroan ki shaili ko samajhate haian ?
gujarati se hame jain (shraman) sanskriti aur samudri jivan tatha kap da udyog se sanbaddh bharapoor shabd aur prayog mil sakate haian. samudri jivan se sanbaddh shabdavali bangal, tamilanadu aur keral se bhi prapt ho sakati hai. tamilanadu aur keral ka nariyal udyog prasiddh hai. malayalam bahut madhur bhasha hai. usaka madhury sanjone ki apeksha hai. kann d mean muhavaroan aur lokoktiyoan ke b de b de sangrah prapt haian. dakshin ke mandiroan aur tirth sthanoan se dharmik kathaoan aur pooja vidhiyoan ka adhyayan karane ki avashyakata hai. kashmiri aur uttari paha di pradeshoan mean bahut purane arthath vaidik shabd surakshit haian. shaiv, nath aur bauddh sanpradayoan ki vishisht shabdavali ko vahaan se ekatr kar lena chahie. barph, phal-phool, vanaspati adi se sanbandhit shabdavali ka sangrah kiya ja sakata hai. bangala se hindi ne bahut kuchh grahan kiya hai. hindi ka adhunik gady aur pady sahity visheshatah bangala se prabhavit raha hai. hamane baangla ke bisoan granth anoodit kar dale haian. unamean us bhasha ke vishisht shabd aur prayog uddhrit haian. parantu ham abhi tak unhe atmasat nahian kar sake. bangala mean lalit kalaoan ke vishay mean bhashagat shailiyaan sangrahaniy haian.
hindi ke sarvagrahi vikas ke lie bharat bhar ki vishisht bhasha samagri ka sankalan karana sangh ka kartavy hai. vishisht ka arth hai aisi saanskritik aur vyavaharik samagri, jisaka abhav hai aur jo isamean khap sake. keandriy aur pradeshik mantralay abhi tak aangrezi se hindi mean anuvad karate rahe haian aur sanskrit ki urvara shakti ke bal par shabd gadhate jo date rahe haian. avashyakata hai apane desh ki niji sanpatti se labh uthane ki. sangoshthiyoan aur karyashalaoan mean niyam tay karake karyakartaoan ko prashikshit kiya jae. bharat sarakar ka hindi nideshalay do panchavarshiy yojanaoan mean karyakram nishchit karake is abhiyan ko sampann kare. isake lie rajy sarakaroan ka sahayog apekshit hoga. kshetriy paddhati mean prashikshit hindi aur satath pradesh ki boli/bhasha ke dvibhashi karyakarta isame isamean bahut sahayak ho sakeange. bad mean ye shabdavaliyaan ek kosh ke roop mean aur vishayavar alag alag shabdasangrahoan ke roop mean prakashit karaee jaean. yah kahane ki avashyakata nahian hai ki shabdoean ke sath prayogoan, shailiyoan aur abhivyaktiyoan , muhavaroan aur kahavatoan ka sangrah kar lena hoga
ab is samagri ko hindi mean pachane ki, atmasat karane ki sthiti aegi. aandhadhuandh grahan karane ya keval kosh mean shabdadi bhar lene se kya labh ? hindi mean pratyek pradesh, pratyek saanskritik vishay ke bare mean granth likhane likhavane hoange. aangrezi ka udaharan hamare samane hai. mujhe bharatiy sikke ikattha karane ka shauk hai, aangreji mean sachitr pustakean mileangi jinamean yug yug ke sikkoan ki janakari prapt hogi. apako bharat ke mandiroan ki janakari chahie, aangreji mean bharapoor sahity milega. kisi ko bharat ke meloan tyoharoan ya lok ritiyoan ke bare mean pustak chahie, ek nahian anek mil jaeangi. bharat hi kyoan sabhi deshoan ki sanskriti, lokachar, sahity, dharm, shiksha, vyapar adi se sanbanddh sahity aangreji mean upalabdh haian. tabhi to vah vishv yaha antarrashtriy bhasha kahalati hai. hindi ko kam se kam samooche desh ki bhasha banana hai, to usame desh ka jnan vijnan bhar lena hoga, use sare desh ki batean kahani hoangi, keval hindi pradesh ki nahian. yah bhi yad rahe ki keval kavy, upanyas, kahani, natak adi se koee bhasha apane pradesh ke bahar adar nahian pa sakati. skool aur kaॅlejoan ki pathyapustakoan ke dher lag jane se bhi koee bhasha apane kshetr ke bahar samadoot nahian ho sakati. sarvadeshik bhasha banane ke lie hindi mean akhil bharat mukharit hona chahie aur vishv bhasha banane ke lie usamean sara vishv pratibianbit hona chahie.
oopar kaha gaya hai ki jab hindi par vishvavidyalayoan mean shiksha ka madhyam hone ka dayitv aya, to pratyek vishay par hamane shabdavali ka vikas kiya aur pathyapuskean likhian. ab yah is akhil bharatiy uttaradayitv ka anubhav karegi, to nishchay hi isamean yah samarthy aegi. hindi mean bharapoor sahishnuta, udarata grahanashita aur pachanashakti hai. inhian gunoan se yah apane kshetr se bahar door door tak phailati rahi hai . hindi ka kshitij b da hai, isilie usaki drishti bhi vishal hai aur isi lie jo avashyak aur vaanchhaniy hai, use atmasat karane ki isame adbhut aantarik shakti hai. hai to yah kh di boli pradesh ki boli, parantu isake vikas mean sabhi boliyoan, sabhi bharatiy bhashaoan ka avashyakata anusar yogadan raha hai. ab yah matr kh di boli kshetr ki bhasha nahian rah gee hai.
shiksha, sahity, prashasan aur jnan vijnan ke kshetr me hindi ne pichhale tis varshaean mean santoshajanak pragati ki hai. ab saanskritik dharatal par uthakar aur sarvadeshik roop mean use apana vikas karana hai isase hindi ka hi nahian, sare desh ka hit hoga. bhasha ke vikas ko jo rajariti ke adhar par socha samajha jata raha hai usase desh mean vighatanakari pravrittiyaan panapian haian. rajaniti to dati hai, to sanskriti jo dati hai. sanskriti hamean ek doosare ke nikat lati hai rajaniti prithakh karati hai. hindi ka sarvadeshik roop hone par aur usamean bharatiy sanskriti ke sabhi aangoan ka samavesh ho jane par aur usamean bharatiy sanskriti ke sabhi aangoan ka samavesh ho jane par usake shabd lality aur artharsashthav mean vriddhi hogi, use ne ne alankar mileange, jinase vibhooshit hokar vah adhik suandar hogi. parantu sabase b di bat yah hogi ki bhashaoan ke bich khaee pat jaegi. vah sare desh ka pratinidhitv karegi aur usake prati bandhuutv ki bhavana jagrit hogi kyoanki tab sabhi pradeshoan ke logoan ko vah apani pratit hogi. jab desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke bhashabhashi usamean apani bhasha ke aansh paeange tab unamean hindi ke prati atmiyata badhe़gi.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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