भारत सरकार अधिनियम- 1858

bharat sarakar adhiniyam (1858) ko 'bharatiy prashasan sudhar sambandhi adhiniyam' bhi kaha gaya hai. eest indiya kampani ke bharatiy shasan ke viruddh ianglaind mean asantosh ki bhavana vidyaman thi. varshoan se use samapt karane hetu andolan chal raha tha. udaravadi, sudharavadi aur sansadiy shasan ke samarthak yah maang kar rahe the ki kampani jaisi vyaparik sanstha ke hathoan mean bharat jaise vishal desh ka shasan bhar nahian sauanpa jana chahiye. sansad ne samay-samay par vichitr ekt parit kiye, jinake madhyam se kampani par sansad ka prabhavashali niyantran sthapit karane ka prayas kiya gaya. '1857 ke vidroh' ne is vicharadhara ko aur bhi gati pradan kar di thi.

parit samay

'1857 ee. ka vidroh' bharatiy itihas ki ek asadharan tatha mahattvapoorn ghatana thi. yadyapi kuchh videshi itihasakaroan ne is kranti ko sainik vidroh ki sanjna di hai, tathapi bharatiyoan ki drishti se yah 'pratham svatantrata sangram' tha. pakistani itihasakaroan ne bhi ise 'azadi ki jang' ka nam diya hai. is kranti ke phalasvaroop mugal samrajy ki rahi-sahi satta poornaroop se samapt ho gayi. maratha shakti ke punah sthapit hone ki asha par pani phir gaya aur kampani ke prashasan ki trutiyoan ka bhaanda phoot gaya. atah british sarakar ne 1858 ee. mean ek adhiniyam parit kiya, jise 'bharatiy prashasan sudhar sambandhi adhiniyam' kahate haian. is adhiniyam ke dvara bharat mean kampani ke shasan ka ant kar diya gaya aur ianglaind ki sarakar ne bharatiy pradeshoan ka prabandh sidha apane hathoan mean le liya.

karan

eest indiya kampani ki samapti ki prishthabhoomi pahale hi taiyar ho chuki thi. isake bhrasht kushasan ke viruddh ianglaind mean aansatosh charam sima par pahuanch chuka tha. kampani se briten ki sarakar ko arthik labh bhi nahian ho raha tha. kampani ne bharat ke buhat b de bhoo-bhag par adhikar kar liya tha. atah vah ek vyaparik sanstha ke sthan par rajanitik satta ban chuki thi. parinamasvaroop british shasan ke antargat ek sanvaidhanik virodhabhas utpann ho gaya tha. ianglaind ke udaravadi, sudharavadi aur sansadiy shasan ke samarthakoan ne kampani ke vyaparik ekadhikar ke vi andolan shuroo kar diya. britenavasiyoan ke sath-sath bharatavasi bhi kampani sarakar ki samapti ke lie avaz uthane lage the. unhoanne british sansad ko ek prarthana-patr bhi diya tha. is prakar, kampani ki samapti ki taiyar ho chooki thi. yahi karan tha ki 1853 ee. ke adhiniyam ke dvara kampani ke karyakal ko anishchit hi rakha gaya.

'1857 ka vidroh' kampani sarakar ki samapti ka tatkalik karan tha. vastutah yah kampani ke shasan ke viruddh bharatiyoan ka pratham svantrata sangram tha. yadyapi kranti ko nirdayatapoorvak daba diya gaya. isake parinamoan ko dekhakar british rashtr ka antahkaran jag utha aur vah is nishkarsh par pahuanch gaya ki eest indiya kampani ka ant avashy hi kar diya jaye. kith ke shabdoan mean- "vidroh ka sara uttaradayitv kampani ke mathe par madha gaya aur isake shasan ka vinash avashyambhavi ho gaya." brait ne likha ki- "is prashn par rashtr ka sadvavivek jag utha evan usane eest indiya kampani ko to d dene ka nirnay kiya."

l aaurd pamarstan ka prastav

1857 ee. mean ianglaind mean am chunav hue aur l aaurd pamarstan vahaan ke pradhanamantri ban gaye. 12 faravari, 1858 ee. ko l aaurd pamarstan ne 'haus aauph k aaumans' mean ek vidheyak prastut kiya. isamean usane dvaidh shasan pranali ke doshoan par jor diya aur eest indiya kampani ka ant kar bharatiy pradeshoan ka shasan prabandh ianglaind ki sarakar ke hathoan mean hastantarit karane ka prastav rakha. usane 'haus aauph k aaumans' mean apana ek prasiddh bhashan dete hue kaha ki- "hamari rajanitik vyavastha ka siddhant hai ki sabhi prashasakiy karyoan ko mantrimandal uttaradayittv se ju da hona chahie, jisaka arth hai sansad se janamat tatha kraun ke prati uttaradayittv? lekin is mamale mean mean bharat sarakar ke pramukh karyoan ka uttaradayittv us sanstha par hai, jo n to sansad ke prati uttaradayi hai aur n kraun ke dvara niyukt, balki un logoan dvara nirvachit hoti hai, jinaka bharat se keval itana hi sambandh hai ki kuchh pooanji mean unaka sajha hai."

pamarstan ne is bat par ashchary prakat kiya ki itana vishal aur b di janasankhya vala 'bharat' jaisa desh jan-boojhakar ek shasapatrit kampani ke dekh-rekh aur prabandh mean rakha jaye. isalie usane prastav rakha ki sanchalak mandal aur svami mandal ko samapt kar diya jaye aur usake sthan par ek-ek presideant ki niyukti ki jaye, jo sarakar ka sadasy aur mantrimandal ka aang ho. presideant ki sahayata ke lie ek parishad ki vyavastha ki jaye. is parishad mean 8 sadasy hoange, jinaki niyukti ianglaind ke samrat ke dvara ki jayegi inamean se pratyek do sadasy do varsh bad avakash grahan kareange aur unaki jagah naye sadasyoan ka chunav kiya jayega. keval vahi vyakti parishad ke sadasy chune ja sakate the, jo ya to eest indiya kampani ke nideshak rah chuke hoan ya to ek nishchit avadhi tak sainik ya asainik ke roop mean bharat mean seva kar chuke hoan ya jo kuchh nishchati varshoan tak sthaniy shasan se sambandhit hokar bharat mean rahe hoan.

je. es. mil ka tark

je. es. mil ne kampani ke paksh mean tark prastut karate hue kaha ki- "parliyameant ka niyantran sanchalak mandal ki apeksha adhik prabhavashali siddh nahian ho sakata." usaka kahana tha ki "sanchalak mandal ke sadasy anubhavi rajanitijn hote haian, jo nirdaliy hone ke karan apane kartavyoan ka palan nishpaksh roop se karate haian. isalie usane is bat ki vakalat ki ki kampani ka prashasan samrat ke kisi mantri ko hastantarit n kiya jaye."

l aaurd palarstan mil ke tarkoan se sahamat nahian hua. usane lokasabha mean in tarkoan ka niahsankoch roop se uttar dete hue kaha ki- "sansad ek uttaradayi sanstha hai aur ab yah atit ki bhaanti prabhav shoony bhi nahian hai. prashasan ke ve sare sudhar jin par kampani garv karati hai, sab parliyameant ke sadasyoan dvara kiye gaye haian. usaka kahana tha ki "bharatiy shasan ki vartaman vyavastha mean ekata, kushalata aur uttaradayittv ki bhavana ka abhav hai, jinhean sansadiy niyantran ke dvara hi laya ja sakata hai." mantrimandal ka shighr hi patan hone se pamarstan dvara prastut vidheyak usake karyakal mean parit nahian ho saka.

dijaraili ka vidheyak

26 march, 1858 ko 'haus aauph k aaumans' ke neta dijaraili ne bharat ka shasan samrat ko hastantarit karane ke lie lokasabha mean ek vidheyak prastut kiya. usane prastavit kiya ki bharat ke shasan ki jimmedari samrat ke ek mantri ke hathoan mean saup di jaye, jo 18 sadasyoan ki ek kauansil ki sahayata se shasan ka sanchal karean. adhe sadasy samrat dvara manonit hoan aur adhe sadasy ianglaind ki vibhinn vyaparik sansthaoan dvara chune jayean. dijaraili ka yah bil upahas ka vishay ban gaya aur svatah hi samapt ho gaya. ant mean 30 aprail, 1858 ko k aaumans sabha mean stainale dvara prastut 14 prastavoan ko pas kiya gaya. in prastavoan ke adhar par 1858 ee. ka vidheyak taiyar kiya gaya, jise ant mean sansad ke vidheyak ke roop mean pas kar diya. 2 agast, 1858 ee. ko ek adhiniyam ko samrajni ki anumati prapt ho gee. is prakar 1858 ee. ke adhiniyam ke phalasvaroop eest indiya kampani ke shasan ka ant hua aur sath hi shasan ke un doshoan ka bhi, jisake lie kampani buri tarah badanam thi. 1 disambar, 1858 ee. ko sanchalak mandal ki antim sabha huee aur b de hi hridayasparshi shabdoan mean bahumooly tatha vishal bharatiy samrajy upahar ke roop mean british samrajni ko arpit kar diya gaya.

visheshataean

'bharat sarakar adhiniyam (1858)' ki pramukh visheshataean is prakar thian-

1. british eest iandiya kampani ka shasan samapt kar shasan ki zimmedari british kraun ko sauanp di gayi.
2. bharat ka gavarnar-janaral ab bharat ka vayasaray kaha jane laga tha.
3. 'bord aauf dairektars' evan 'bord aauf kantrol' ke samast adhikar 'bharat sachiv' ko sauanp diye gaye. bharat sachiv british mantrimandal ka ek sadasy hota tha, jisaki sahayata ke lie 15 sadasyiy 'bharatiy parishad' ka gathan kiya gaya tha, jisamean 7 sadasyoan ki niyukti 'kort aauf dayarektars' evan shesh 8 ki niyukti british sarakar karati thi. in sadasyoan mean adhe se adhik ke lie yah shart thi ki ve bharat mean kam se kam 10 varsh tak rah chuke hoan.
4. bharat sachiv v usaki kauansil ka kharch bharatiy rajakosh se diya jayaga. sanbhavit janapad seva mean niyuktiyaan khuli pratiyogita ke dvara ki jane lagian, jisake lie rajy sachiv ne janapad ayuktoan ki sahayata se nigam banae.
5. is adhiniyam ke lagoo hone ke bad 1784 ee. ke 'pit ekt' dvara sthapit dvaidh shasan paddhati poori tarah samapt ho gayi. deshoan v rajaoan ka kraun se pratyaksh sambandh sthapit ho gaya aur dalahauzi ki 'rajy h dap niti' nishprabhavi ho gayi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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