भूकंप

bhookanp
bhookanp se toote raste|200px|center
vivaran	prithvi ki bahy parat mean achanak halachal se utpann oorja ke parinam svaroop ko bhookanp kahate haian.
mapan yantr	sismomitar ya sismograph
eekaee	riyektar
bhookanp ka karan	bhookanp prakritik ghatana ya manavajanit karanoan se ho sakata hai. aksar bhookanp bhoogarbhiy doshoan ke karan ate haian. bhari matra mean gais pravas, prithvi ke bhitar mukhyatah gahari mithen, jvalamukhi, bhooskhalan aur nabhikiy parikshan aise mukhy dosh haian.
bhookanp ke prabhav	bhookanp ke mukhy prabhavoan mean jhatake aur bhoomi ka phatana shamil haian, jisase imaratoan v any kathor sanrachanaoan (jaise ki baandh, pul, nabhikiy urja keandr ityadi) ko nukasan pahuanchata hai.
any janakari	vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki bharat aur tibbat ek-doosare ki taraf prati varsh do seantimitar ki gati se sarak rahe haian. is prakriya se himalay kshetr par dabav badh raha hai. yahi vajah hai ki pichhale 200 varshoan mean himalay kshetr mean chhah b de bhookanp a chuke haian.

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bhookanp (aangrezi:Earthquake) prithvi ki bahy parat mean achanak halachal se utpann oorja ke parinam svaroop ko kahate haian. yah urja prithvi ki satah par, bhookanpi tarangean utpann karata hai, jo bhoomi ko hilakar ya visthapit karake prakat hota hai. bhoogarbh mean bhookanp ke utpann hone ka praranbhik bindu ko kendr ya haeepo seantar kaha jata hai. haeepo seantar ke thik oopar zamin ke satah par jo biandu hai use adhikendr kaha jata hai. bhookanpi tarangean moolatah tin prakar ke hote haian.

1. praimari tarang (P wave)
2. sekandari tarang (S wave)
3. satahi tarangean (surface waves).

inamean se sabase khataranak aur kshatikarak satahi tarangean hi hote haian.

bhookanp ki utpatti

bhookanp ki utpatti ke bare mean samajhane ke lie zaroori hai prithvi ke aandarooni sanrachana ke bare mean samajhana. dharati ki oopari parat futab aaul ki paratoan ki tarah apas mean ju di huee hai ya kahean ki ek aande ki tarah se hai jisamean dararean hoan. upari satah se lekar antarbhag tak, prithvi, kee paratoan mean bani huee hai. prithvi ki bahari satah kee kathor khandoan ya vivartanik plet mean vibhajit hai jo kramashah kee lakh saloan ki avadhi mean poore satah se visthapit hoti hai. prithvi ka atanrik satah ek apekshakrit thos bhoopatal ki moti parat se bani huee hai aur sabase andar hota hai ek kor, jo ek taral bahari kor aur ek thos loha ka atanrik kor se bani huee hai. bahari satah ke jo vivartanik plet haian vo bahut dhire dhire gatiman haian. yah plet apas mean takarate bhi haian aur ek dusare se alag bhi hote haian. aisi sthiti mean gharshan ke karan bhookhand ya pattharoan mean achanak dararean phut sakati haian. is achanak tej halachal ke karan jo shakti utsarjit hoti hai, vahi bhookanp ke roop mean tabahi machati hai.

bhookanp ke karan

bhookanp prakritik ghatana ya manavajanit karanoan se ho sakata hai. aksar bhookanp bhoogarbhiy doshoan ke karan ate haian. bhari matra mean gais pravas, prithvi ke bhitar mukhyatah gahari mithen, jvalamukhi, bhooskhalan aur nabhikiy parikshan aise mukhy dosh haian.

plet simaean

plet simaean tin prakar ke hote haian.

1. roopaantarit (transform)
2. apasari (divergent)
3. abhikeandrit (convergent).

zyadatar bhookanp roopaantarit ya phir abhikeandrit simaoan par hoti hai. roopaantarit simaoan par do plet ek dusare se ghisakar jate haian. is gharshan ke karan do plet ke sima par tanav utpann hota hai. yah tanav badhate badhate aisi sthiti utpann hoti hai jab bhoogarbhiy patthar is tanav ko jhel n pane ke karan akasmat tootate haian. tanav urja ka yah achanak bahar ana hi bhookanp ko janm deta hai. abhikeandrit plet simaoan mean ek plet dusare plet se takarata hai. aise mean ya to ek plet dusare plet ke niche sarak jata hai (jo mahadvipiy aur samudriy kinare ke takarav mean hota hai) ya phir parvat-shrankhala ka janm hota hai (jo do mahadvipiy kinaroan ke takarav mean hota hai). donoan hi sthiti mean plet simaoan par bhayanak tanav utpann hota hai jisake achanak nishkasan se bhookanp hota hai. zyadatar gahare kendr vale bhookanp abhikeandrit sima par hota hai. 70 kilomitar se kam ki gaharaee par utpann hone vale bhookanp 'chhichhale-kendr' ke bhookanp kahalate haian, jabaki 70-300 kilomitar ke bich ki gaharaee se utpann hone vale bhookanp 'madhy-kendriy' bhookanp kahalate haian. sabadakshan kshetr (subduction zones) mean jahaan purani aur thandi samudri parat any tektonik plet ke niche khisak jati hai, gahare keandrit bhookanp (deep-focus earthquake) adhik gaharaee par (300 se lekar 700 kilomitar tak) a sakate haian. apasari plet simaoan par bhi jvalamukhioan ke karan bhookanp hote rahate haian. jahaan plet simayean mahadvipiy sthalamandal mean utpann hoti haian, viroopan plet ki sima se b de kshetr mean fail jata hai. mahadvipiy viroopan san andrias dosh (San Andreas fault) ke mamale mean, bahut se bhookanp plet sima se door utpann hote haian aur viroopan ke vyapak kshetr mean vikasit tanav se sambandhit hote haian.

sabhi tektonik plets mean aantarik dabav kshetr hote haian jo apani p dosi pletoan ke sath aantarkriya ke karan ya talachhati ladan ya utaraee ke karan hote haian. ye tanav upasthit dosh satahoan ke kinare viphalata ka paryapt karan ho sakate haian, ye antahplet bhookanp (intraplate earthquake) ko janm dete haian. bhookanp aksar antahplet kshetroan mean bhi jvalamukhi ke karan utpann hote haian. yahaan inake do karan hote haian, tektonik dosh tatha jvalamukhi mean lava (magma) ki gatividhi. aise bhookanp jvalamukhi visphot ki poorv chetavani bhi ho sakate haian. ek kram mean hone vale adhikaansh bhookanp, sthan aur samay ke sandarbh mean ek doosare se sambandhit ho sakate haian. mukhy jhatake se poorv ya bad bhi jhatake a sakate haian.

bhookanp ka mapan

bhookanp ka rikard ek sismomitar ke sath rakha jata hai, jo sismograph bhi kahalata hai. ek bhookanp ka pariman paranparik roop se mapa jata hai, ya sambandhit aur aprachalit riyektar pariman liya jata hai. 3 ya usase kam pariman ki riyektar tivrata ka bhookanp aksar agochar hota hai aur 7 riyektar ki tivrata ka bhookanp b de kshetroan mean ganbhir kshati ka karan hota hai. jhatakoan ki tivrata ka mapan vikasit marakaili paimane par kiya jata hai.

bhookanp dharati ki satah se gaharaee mean

vaise agar ham bhookanp ke karanoan ki bat karean to vaijnanik batate haian ki dharati ya samudr ke aandar hone vali vibhinn rasayanik kriyaoan ke karan ye bhookanp ate haian. adhikaansh bhookanpoan ki utpatti dharati ki satah se 30 se 100 kilomitar aandar hoti hai. satah ke niche dharati ki parat thandi hone aur kam dabav ke karan bhangur hoti hai. aisi sthiti mean jab achanak chattanean girati haian to bhookanp ata hai. ek any prakar ke bhookanp satah se 100 se 650 kilomitar niche hote haian. itani gaharaee mean dharati itani garm hoti hai ki siddhaantat: chattanean drav roop mean honi chahie, yani kisi jhatake ya takkar ki koee sanbhavana nahian honi chahie. lekin ye chattanean bhari dabav ke mahaul mean hoti haian. isalie yadi itani gaharaee mean bhookanp ae to nishchay hi bhari oorja bahar nikalegi.

dharati ki satah se kafi gaharaee mean utpann ab tak ka sabase b da bhookanp 1994 mean boliviya mean rik aaurd kiya gaya. satah se 600 kilomitar darj is bhookanp ki tivrata riyektar paimane par 8.3 mapi gee thi. halaanki vaijnanik samuday ka ab bhi manana hai ki itani gaharaee mean bhookanp nahian ane chahie kyoanki chattan drav roop mean hote haian. vaijnanikoan ka manana hai ki vibhinn rasayanikoan kriyaoan ke karan ye bhookanp ate hoange. atyant gaharaee mean ane vale bhookanpoan ke bare mean taza adhyayan yoonavarsiti k aaulej, landan ke minaral ais eand r aauk phiziks laiboretari mean kiya gaya hai. vaijnanikoan ne dharati ki satah ke kafi bhitar ane vale bhooankapoan ki hi tarah nakali bhookanp prayogashala mean paida karane mean saphalata paee hai. aise bhookanp amataur par dharati ki satah se saiank doan kilomitar aandar hote haian, aur vaijnanikoan ki to yah ray hai ki aise bhookanp vastav mean hote nahian haian. vaijnanikoan ne in kathit bhookanpoan ko prayogashala mean isalie paida kiya ki isake zarie dharati ki aboojh paheliyoan ko samajha ja sake. taza prayogoan se dharati par ae bhishanatam bhookanpoan mean se kuchh ke bare mean vistrit janakari mil sakegi.

bhookanp ki tivrata tatha prabhav

riktar paimane par tivrata	prabhav
0 se 1.9	sirph sijmograph se hi pata chalata hai.
2 se 2.9	halka kanpan.
3 se 3.9	koee trak apake najadik se gujar jae, aisa asar.
4 se 4.9	khi dakiyaan toot sakati haian. divaroan par tangi phrem gir sakati haian.
5 se 5.9	pharnichar hil sakata hai.
6 se 6.9	imaratoan ki nianv darak sakati hai. oopari manjiloan ko nukasan ho sakata hai.
7 se 7.9	imaratean gir jati haian. jamin ke aandar paip phat jate haian.
8 se 8.9	imaratoan sahit b de pul bhi gir jate haian.
9 aur usase jyada	poori tabahi. koee maidan mean kh da ho to use dharati laharate hue dikhaee degi. yadi samudr najadik ho to sunami ane ki poorn sambhavana.

• bhookanp mean riktar paimane ka har skel pichhale skel ke mukabale 10 guna jyada takatavar hota hai.

bhookanp ke prabhav

bhookanp ke mukhy prabhavoan mean jhatake aur bhoomi ka phatana shamil haian, jisase imaratoan v any kathor sanrachanaoan (jaise ki baandh, pul, nabhikiy urja keandr ityadi) ko kamobesh nukasan pahuanchata hai lekin ye prabhav yahaan tak hi simit nahian haian. bhookanp, bhooskhalan aur him skhalan paida kar sakata hai, jo paha di aur parvatiy ilakoan mean kshati ka karan ho sakata hai. bhookanp ke karan, kisi vidyut lain ke toot jane se ag lag sakati hai. bhookanp ke karan mitti dravikaran (Soil liquefaction) ho sakata hai jisase imaratoan aur puloan ko nuksan pahuanch sakata hai. samudr ke bhitar bhookanp se sunami a sakata hai. bhookanp se kshatigrast baandh ke karan badh a sakati hai. bhookanp se jivan ki hani, sampatti ki kshati, moolabhoot avashyakataoan ki kami, rog ityadi hota hai.

janavaroan par bhookanp ka prabhav

jab bhookanp ane ko hota hai to pashu-pakshi kuchh ajib harakatean karane lagate haian. choohe apani biloan se bahar a jate haian. agar yah sahi hai to vaijnanik pashu-pakshiyoan ki is adbhut kshamata ko bhookanp ki poorv soochana pranali mean kyoan nahian badal sakate. agar aisa sanbhav ho jae to prakriti ki is tabahi par vijay pa sakega manav. halaanki prayogashalaoan mean is par shodh kar rahe haian vaijnanik. choohe bhookanp ane ka sanket de sakate haian. japan ke shodhakartaoan ka kuchh yahi manana hai. unhoanne paya hai ki bhookanp ane se pahale jis tarah ke vidyut aur chuanbakiy kshetr banate hai agar choohoan ko un kshetroan mean rakha jae to ve ajibogarib harakatean karate haian. osaka yoonivarsiti ke prophesar takeshi yagi ka kahana hai ki choohoan ka ajib vyavahar unhoanne ath sal pahale kobe mean ae bhookanp se ek din pahale apani prayogashala mean dekha tha. is tarah ke vyavahar se bhookanp ke ane ka kuchh aandesha lagaya ja sakata hai. halaanki jiv vaijnanikoan ka manana hai ki is tarah ki harakatean ek saman nahian rahati isalie pakki bhavishyavani karana kathin ho jata hai.

bharat mean bhookanp

bharat bhookanp ke lihaz se lagatar zyada sanvedanashil isalie bhi hota ja raha hai, kyoanki isaki sab-k aauntineantal plet eshiya ke aandar ghusati chali ja rahi hai. isase jab bhi sab-k aauntineantal plet ka dabav aishiyan plet par b़dhega to natija ek b de sailab ke taur par dikhaee dega. dharati ki jo plets ya paratean jahaan-jahaan milati haian vahaan ke asapas ke samudr mean sunami ka khatara zyada hota hai.

bhookanp ki ashanka ke adhar par desh ko paanch jon mean baanta gaya hai. uttar-poorv ke sabhi rajy, jammoo-kashmir, uttarakhand tatha himachal pradesh ke kuchh hisse jon-5 mean ate haian. yah hissa sabase zyada sanvedanashil kaha ja sakata hai. uttarakhand ke kam ooanchaee vale hissoan se lekar uttar pradesh ke zyadatar hisse aur dilli jon-4 mean ate haian. inhean bhi kam sanvedanashil nahian kaha ja sakata hai. madhy bharat apekshakrit kam khatare vale hisse jon-3 mean ata hai, jabaki dakshin bharat ke zyadatar hisse simit khatare vale jon-2 mean ate haian, lekin yah ek mota vargikaran hai. dilli mean kuchh ila़ke haian, jo jon-5 ki tarah khatare vale ho sakate haian. is prakar dakshin rajyoan mean kee sthan aise ho sakate haian jo zon-4 ya zon-5 jaise khatare vale ho sakate haian. doosare zon-5 mean bhi kuchh ila़ke ho sakate haian, jahaan bhookanp ka khatara bahut kam ho aur ve zon-2 ki tarah kam khatare vale hoan. is mamale mean bihar hi ek aisa rajy hai, jahaan lagabhag sabhi bhookanpiy zon ate haian. isaki jaanch ke lie bhookanpiy maikrojoneshan ki zaroorat hoti hai. maikrojoneshan vah prakriya hai, jisamean bhavanoan ke pas ki mitti ko lekar parikshan kiya jata hai aur isaka pata lagaya jata hai ki vahaan bhookanp ka khatara kitana hai.

vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki bharat aur tibbat ek-doosare ki taraf prati varsh do seantimitar ki gati se sarak rahe haian. is prakriya se himalay kshetr par dabav badh raha hai. yahi vajah hai ki pichhale 200 varshoan mean himalay kshetr mean chhah b de bhookanp a chuke haian. inake mutabiq is dabav ko kam karane ka prakriti ke pas sirf ek hi tariqa hai aur vah hai bhookanp. isalie bhookanpoan ko rokana to kisi ke bas ki bat nahian hai, haan itana zaroor hai ki inase savadhan hokar janamal ke nuqasan ko kam zaroor kiya ja sakata hai.

sabase vinashakari bhookanp

hal ke varshoan mean bharat mean sabase vinashakari bhookanp gujarat mean aya tha. 26 janavari 2001 ko jab rashtrapati rajadhani nee dilli mean 52 ganatantr divas par salami le rahe the, tabhi vahaan se door gujarat mean 23.40 akshaans aur 70.32 deshaantar tatha bhootal mean 23.6 kimi. ki gaharaee par bhookanp ka ek tej jhataka aya. usane rashtr ki ullasamay manahsthiti ko rashtriy avasad mean badal diya. 15 agast 1950 ko asam mean ae bhookanp ke bad bharat me aya yah sabase tej bhookanp tha. uttari asam mean ae 8.5 pariman vale us bhookanp ne 11,538 logoan ki jan le li thi. sanh 1897 mean shilaang ke pathar mean ae ek any bhookanp ka pariman 8.7 tha. ye donoan bhookanp itane tej the ki nadiyoan ne apane raste badal die. itana hi nahian bhoomi ke ubhar mean sthaee taur par parivartan a gaya aur patthar oopar ki or uth ge.

savadhaniyaan evan upay

bhookamh‍p ane ke pahale

bhookamh‍p ane se pahale taiyari kar lene se apake ghar aur karobar ko hone vali kshati kam karane aur apako jivit bachane mean madad milati hai.

• ek ghareloo apatakalin yojana taiyar karean. apane ghar mean apane apatakalin bachav vash‍tuean vh‍yavasthit karean aur inaka sahi rakharakhav banae rakhean, sath hi ek sath le jane yogh‍y getave kit (bachav kit) bhi taiyar karean.
• girane, dhankane aur thamane ka abhh‍yas karean.
• apane ghar mean, sh‍kool ya karyash‍thal mean surakshit sh‍thaloan ko pahachanean.
• suraksha aur dhanarashi ke sandarbh mean apani ghareloo bima p aaulisi ki jaanch karean.
• yah sunishchit karane ke lie ki apaka ghar apani nivoan par surakshit hai, kisi yogh‍y visheshajn se salah lean.
• bhari pharnichar vash‍tuoan ko pharsh ya divar se mazabooti se jod kar rakhean.

bhookamh‍p ane ke dauran

• yadi ap kisi bhavan ke aandar haian, to kuchh kadam se adhik n chalean, khud ko giraean, dhankean aur thame rakhean. kamh‍pan tham jane tak aandar hi rahean aur bahar tabhi nikalean jab ap yah nishchit kar lean ki ab aisa karana surakshit hai.
• yadi ap kisi elivetar par haian, to khud ko giraean, dhankean aur thame rakhean. kamh‍pan thamane par najadiki pharsh par jane ki koshish karean yadi ap surakshit roop se aisa kar sakean.
• yadi ap bahar haian, to imaratoan, pe doan, sh‍tritalaitoan aur bijali ki laeenoan se kuchh kadam se adhik door n jaean, phir khud ko giraean, dhankean aur thame rakhean.
• yadi ap kisi bich par tat ke nikat haian, to khud ko giraean, dhankean aur thame rakhean aur phir tath‍kal ooanchi jamin ki or jaean yadi bhookamh‍p ke bad sunami a rahi ho.
• yadi ap vahan chala rahe haian, to kisi khuli jagah tak jaean, rookean aur vahian thaharean aur apani sitabelh‍t ko tab tak kase rakhean jab tak ki kamh‍pan n tham jaean. ek bar kamh‍pan tham jane par, savadhanipoorvak age badhean aur un puloan ya dhalanoan par n jaean jo kshatigrash‍t ho chuke ho sakate haian.
• yadi ap kisi parvatiy kshetr mean ya asthir dhalanoan ya kh di chattanoan par haian, to malaba girane ya bhooskhalan hone ke prati sachet rahean.

bhookamh‍p ane ke bad

• apane sh‍thaniy rediyo kenh‍droan ka prasaran sunean jahaan apatasthiti prabandhan karmachari, apake samuday aur paristhiti ke lie sabase upayukh‍t salah deange.
• bhookamh‍p ke bad ke jhatake mahasoos karane ke lie taiyar rahean.
• yadi chot lagi ho to apani jaanch karean aur avashh‍yak hone par prathamik chikith‍sa praph‍t karean. doosaroan ki madad karean yadi ap aisa kar sakean.
• satark rahean ki bijali apoorti bhang ho sakati hai aur phayar alarm tatha spriankalar sish‍tam bhookamh‍p ke dauran bhavan mean kam karana band kar sakate haian chahe ag n lagi ho. isaki jaanch karean aur chhoti-moti ag ho to bujha dean.
• yadi ap kisi kshatigrash‍t bhavan mean haian, to bahar ane ki koshish karean aur ek surakshit, khula sh‍than khojean. elivetaroan ke bajay sidhiyoan ka ish‍temal karean.
• bijali ki giri huee laeenoan ya tooti gais laeenoan ka dhh‍yan rakhean aur kshatigrash‍t ilake se bahar nikal jaean.
• apatakalin k aauloan ke lie laeenean khuli rakhane ke lie phon ka upayog keval chhoti, zaroori k aauloan ke lie hi karean.
• yadi apako gais ki gandh ati hai ya ap koee dhamake ya sarasarahat ki avaz sunate haian, to ek khi daki kholean, har ek ko jalh‍di se bahar nikalean aur gais band kar dean yadi ap aisa kar sakean. yadi ap chiangariyaan nikalati dekhean, toote hue tar ya bijali ke sish‍tam kshatigrash‍t ho chuke dekhean, to mukhh‍y phyooj b aaukh‍s se bijali apoorti band kar dean yadi aisa karana surakshit ho.
• apane janavaroan ko apane sidhe niyantran mean rakhean varana ve bechain hokar idhar-udhar bhag sakate haian. apane janavaroan ko khataroan se bachane aur anh‍y logoan ko apake janavaroan se bachane ke upay karean.
• yadi apaki sanpatti nashh‍t ho gee ho, to bima uddeshh‍yoan ke lie isaka vivaran likhean aur photo khianch lean. yadi apaki samh‍patti kirae ki hai, to apane makan-malik se samh‍park karean aur apani sanbandhit bima kanpani se samh‍park karean jitani jalh‍di sanbhav ho sake.

kuchh bhookanpoan ke bare mean

pragaitihasik samay se hi hamari dharati mean bhookanp hote rahe haian. har sal hazaroan bhookanp hote haian, jinamean se zyadatar ham mahasoos nahian kar pate haian. kyooanki ya to vo riyektar skel mean bahut niche hote haian ya phir aisi jagah hote haian jahaan jan mal ka koee nukasan nahian hota hai. hamean bhookanpoan ke bare mean tab pata chalata hai jab vo janabahool sthanoan mean hota hai aur jan-mal ka bhari nuksan paida karata hai. manav itihas mean kee aise bhookanpoan ke bare mean janakari hai jo keval bahut shaktishali hi nahian the balki bhayanak roop se vinashakari bhi the.

• 1 navambar 1755 (lisbon, portugal) – yah pahala bhookanp hai jisaka vaijnanik adhyayan kiya gaya tha. is bhookanp mean 70000 log mare ge the. is bhookanp ki vajah se jo sunami aee thi aur ag lagi thi usase lisbon shahar lagabhag poori tarah dhvast ho gaya tha. riyektar paimane par isaki tivrata 9 aanki gee hai.
• 1811 - 1812 (nyoo madrid, USA) – bhookanpoan ka ek aisa kram jo 16 disanbar 1811 se shuroo hua tha. us din do b de jhatake aye the riyektar paimane par jinaki tivrata 7.1 se 8.2 aanki gee hai. is bhookanp kram ka karan nyoo madrid uttar dosh bataya jata hai. shahar ke bahut sare makan dhvast ho ge the par zyada logoan ke marane ka khabar nahian hai. is jhatakoan ko lagabhag do tihaee amerika mean mahasoos kiya gaya tha.
• 31 agast, 1886 (charlsatan, dakshin karolina) – yah bhookanp ek shaktishali antahplet bhookanp tha. keval ek minat mean hi yah bhookanp 2000 makanoan ko dhvast kar diya tha (shahar ki ek chauthaee bhag) aur qarib 100 log mare ge the. riyektar paimane par isaki tivrata 6.6 se 7.3 aanki gee hai.
• 31 janavari 1906 (ikuador-kolombiya) – riyektar paimane par 8.8 aanki gee is bhookanp ko duniya ka paanchava sabase shaktishali bhookanp man jata hai. tatiy kshetr ke shahar esmeraldas ke pas aya is bhookanp se jo sunami aee thi usase tatiy kshetr mean rahane vale 500 se 1500 logoan ki maut ho gee thi. yah bhookanp najka plet aur dakshin amarikiy plet ke bich abhikeandrit sima par aya tha. is sima par najka plet dakshin amarikiy plet ke niche ja raha hai.
• 18 aprail 1906 (sain phraansisko, kaliphorniya) – riyektar paimane par isaki tivrata 7,7 se 8.2 aanki gee hai. isake jhatake oregon se lekar los eanjels tak mahasoos kiye ge the. yah bhookanp aur isaki vajah se lagi ag, amarika ke itihas ka sabase bhayanak prakritik apada ke roop mean yad kiya jata hai. qarib 300 log apane jan se hath dho baithe the.
• 1 sitambar 1923 (tokyo, japan) – dopahar se pahale aee is bhayankar bhookanp ko riyektar paimane par 8.3 aanki gee hai. japan mean aee bhookanpoan mean sabase bhayanak bhookanp tha. is bhookanp se tokyo aur yokohama shaharoan mean bhayankar tabahi machi thi. bhookanp se charoan or ag lag gee thi. pani ke nal phat jane ke karan ag bujhane mean bahut dikkatean aee thi. qarib 100000 log mare ge the. 40000 logoan ka ajatak koee ata-pata nahian mila hai. ag itana bhayankar roop dharan kar chuki thi ki hoanjo aur phukugava namak jagahoan par ek sath qarib 30000 log jal mare the. is bhookanp ko gret kaanto arthakvek (Great Kanto Earthquake) ke nam se jana jata hai.
• 4 navanbar 1952 (kamachataka, rashiya) – is bhookanp ko duniya ka chautha shaktishali bhookanp mana jata hai. riyektar paimane par 9.0 napi gee is bhookanp se aee sunami se kamachataka, kuril dvipasamooh mean kafi jan-mal ka nukasan hua tha. is bhookanp ka kendr zamin se 30 kimi niche tha.
• 22 mee 1960 (valdiviya, chili) - riyektar paimane par 9.5 aanki gee is bhookanp se 20000 log mare ge the. ise ajatak ke sabase shaktishali bhookanp mana jata hai. isake chalate jo sunami aee thi usase chili, havaee, japan, philipians, nyoojilaiand tatha aaustreliya tak prabhavit hue the. 10.7 mitar ooanchi laharoan ki vajah se chili ke tatiy ilake mean bahut tabahi machi thi. qarib 5000 se 6000 log mare ge the.
• 27 march 1964 (prians viliam, alaska) – riyektar paimane par 9.2 napi gee is bhookanp ko duniya ka tisara sabase shaktishali bhookanp mana jata hai. char minit tak chale is bhookanp mean zamin phat gee thi, makanean dhvast ho gee thi, pani ke paip phat ge the, bijali ke khambe ukhad ge the aur qarib 150 se 200 logoan ki maut huee thi. isase jo sunami huee thi usase ek gaanv ke 23 log mare ge the (us gaanv ke keval 68 log hi rahate the). tatiy bhooskhalan se ek jahaz ke 30 log ek sath mare ge the.
• 28 julaee 1976 (taangashan, chin) – bisavi sadi mean ane vale bhookanpoan mean sabase zyada log isi bhookanp mean mare ge the. isaka adhikeandr chin ke hebeee prant ke taangashan shahar ke pas tha. is audyogik shahar mean us samay qarib 10 lakh log rah rahe the, jisamean se qarib dhaee lakh logoan ke mare jane ki pushti huee thi aur qarib dedh lakh log zakhmi ho ge the. is bhookanp ko riyektar paimane par 7.8 se 8.2 aanka gaya hai.
• 26 disambar 2004 (sumatra- iandoneshiya) – is bhookanp ko duniya ka doosara sabase shaktishali bhookanp mana jata hai. riyektar paimane par is bhookanp ko 9.3 aanka gaya hai. isaka adhikeandr sumatr-iandoneshiya ke pas samudr tal mean tha. is bhookanp aur isase aye bhayankar sunami se 300000 se zyada log mare ge the. is sunami mean bharat ke poorv tatiy ilake mean bhi bhari jan-mal ka nukasan hua tha.
• 11 march 2011 (japan) - riyektar paimane par is bhookanp ko 9 aanka gaya hai. japan ki rajadhani tokyo ke uttarapoorv mean samudr tal ke 24 kimi niche utpann is bhookanp se uthi sunami laharoan se japan ke poorv tat mean sthit honshu aur seandaee shahar tatha tatavarti kee janabasti mean bhari nukasan hua hai. kee jagah ag lag jane se jan-mal ka nukasan hua hai. bhookanp se ab tak 14650 se zyada logoan ke mare jane ka aandesha lagaya ja raha hai. phukushima sthit nabhikiy urja sanyantr mean bhookanp aur sunami ki vajah se nukasan hua hai. us sanyantr ke 20 kimi dayare mean rah rahe lagabhag 200000 logoan ko doosari jagah le jaya gaya hai tatha 30 kimi dayare mean sabhi logoan ko ghar ke aandar rahane ki hidayat di gee hai taki vo paramanu vikiran se bache rahe. darasal japan aisi jagah sthit hai jahaan tin plet milakar ek abhikeandrit sima bana rahe haian. yahaan pasiphik plet, philipians plet aur uttar amariki plet ke niche ja raha hai.

vishv ke kuchh b de vinashakari bhookanpoan ka lekha-jokha

• 11 march 2011, japan ke uttari poorvi tat par 9.0 ki tivrata ke bhookanp se sunami, 10,000 se adhik logoan ki maut.
• 9 mee 2010, iandoneshiya mean 7.2 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, saik doan ki maut.
• 13 aprail 2010, chin mean 6.9 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 2500 ki maut.
• 12 janavari 2010, haiti mean 7.0 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 2 lakh logoan ki maut.
• 30 sitanbar 2009, iandoneshiya, sumatra mean 7.6 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 1100 ki maut.
• 29 sitanbar 2009, saimon dvip mean 8.3 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, saik doan ki maut.
• 10 agast 2009, aandaman nikobar mean 7.6 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, koee hatahat nahian.
• 6 aprail 2009, itali ke laikila shahar mean 6.3 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, saik doan ki maut.
• 3 faravari 2008, k aauango aur ravaanda mean zabaradast bhookanp aya, isamean 45 log mare ge.
• 6 march 2007, iandoneshiya ke sumatra dvip mean 6.3 tivrata ka bhookanp, 70 logoan ki maut.
• 27 mee 2006, iandoneshiya ke jakarta mean bhookanp, chhah hazar log mare ge aur 15 lakh beghar ho ge.
• 8 aktoobar 2005, pakistan mean 7.6 tivrata vala bhookanp, qarib 75 hazar log mare ge.
• 28 march 2005, iandoneshiya mean 8.7 tivrata vala bhookanp, lagabhag 1300 log mare ge.
• 22 faravari 2005, eeran ke keraman praant mean lagabhag 6.4 tivrata ke ae bhookanp mean lagabhag 100 log mare ge the.
• 26 disanbar 2004, 8.9 ki tivrata vale bhookanp ke karan utpann sunami ne eshiya mean hazaroan logoan ki jan gee.
• 24 faravari 2004, morakko ke tatiy ilaqe mean ae bhookanp ne 500 logoan ki jan le li thi.
• 26 disanbar 2003, dakshini eeran mean ae bhookanp mean 26 hazar se adhik logoan ki maut ho gee thi.
• 21 mee 2003, aljiriya mean bhookanp aya, do hazar logoan ki maut aur ath hazar se adhik log ghayal hue the.
• 1 mee 2003, turki ke dakshin-poorvi hisse mean ae bhookanp mean 160 se adhik logoan ki maut ho gee jisamean 83 skooli bachche shamil the.
• 24 pharavari 2003, pashchimi chin mean bhookanp, 260 log mare ge aur 10 hazar se adhik log beghar.
• 21 navanbar 2002, pakistan ke uttari diyamir zile mean bhookanp mean 20 logoan ki maut.
• 31 aktoobar 2002, itali mean ae bhookanp se ek skool ki imarat gir gee jisase ek klas ke sabhi bachche mare ge.
• 12 aprail 2002, uttari afaganistan mean do mahinoan mean ye tisara bhookanp ka jhataka tha, isamean anek log mare ge.
• 25 march 2002, afaganistan ke uttari ilaqe mean 6 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 800 se zyada log mare.
• 3 march 2002, afaganistan mean bhookanp aya, 150 log mare ge.
• 3 faravari 2002, pashchimi turki mean bhookanp mean 43 mare, hazaroan log beghar.
• 24 joon 2001, dakshini peroo mean bhookanp mean 47 log mare, bhookanp ke 7.9 tivrata vale jhatake ek minat tak mahasoos kie jate rahe.
• 13 faravari 2001, al salvador mean doosare b de bhookanp ki vajah se kam se kam 300 log mare ge, is bhookanp ko riyektar skel par 6.6 mapa gaya.
• 26 janavari 2001, bharat ke gujarat mean 7.9 tivrata ka bhookanp, tis hazar log mare ge aur qarib 10 lakh log beghar ho ge, bhuj aur ahamadabad par bhookanp ka sabase adhik asar p da.
• 13 janavari 2001, al salvador mean 7.6 tivrata ka bhookanp, 700 se bhi adhik log mare ge.
• 6 aktoobar 2000, japan mean 7.1 tivrata ka ek bhookanp, 30 log ghayal hue aur kee lapata aur qarib 200 makanoan ko nukasan pahuancha.
• 21 sitanbar 1999, taeevan mean 7.6 tivrata ka bhookanp, dhaee hazar log mare ge aur is dvip ke har makan ko nukasan pahuancha.
• 17 agast 1999, turki ke imit aur ianstabool shaharoan mean 7.4 tivrata ka bhookanp, 17000 se zyada log mare ge aur hazaroan any ghayal hue.
• 29 march 1999, uttar pradesh rajy ke uttarakashi aur chamoli mean do bhookanp. 100 se adhik log mare ge.
• 25 janavari 1999, kolanbiya ke armeniya shahar mean 6.0 tivrata ka bhookanp. qarib ek hazar log mare ge.
• 17 julaee 1998, nyoo papua gini ke uttari-pashchimi tat par samudr ke aandar aya bhookanp, ek hazar se adhik mare.
• 26 joon 1998, turki ke dakshin-pashchim mean adana mean 6.3 tivrata ka bhookanp, 144 log mare ge, ek hafte bad isi ilaqe mean do shaktishali bhookanp ae jinamean ek hazar se adhik log ghayal ho ge.
• 30 mee 1998, uttari afaganistan mean ek b da bhookanp, char hazar log mare ge.
• faravari 1997, uttar-pashchimi eeran mean 5.5 tivrata ka ek bhookanp, ek hazar log mare ge, tin mahine bad 7.1 tivrata ka bhookanp aya jisaki vajah se pashchimi eeran mean dedh hazar se adhik log mare ge.
• 27 mee 1995, roos ke poorvi dvip sakhalin mean 7.5 tivrata ka bhookanp, do hazar log mare.
• 17 janavari 1995, japan ke kobe shahar mean bhookanp, chhah hazar char sau tis log mare ge.
• 6 joon 1994, kolanbiya mean aya bhookanp, qarib ek hazar log mare ge.
• 30 sitanbar 1993, bharat ke pashchimi aur dakshini hissoan mean ae bhookanp se qarib das hazar logoan ki maut.
• 21 joon 1990, eeran ke uttari rajy gilan mean bhookanp, chalis hazar se bhi adhik logoan ki maut.
• 17 aktoobar 1989, kailiforniya mean bhookanp, 68 log mare ge.
• 7 disanbar 1988, uttar-pashchimi armeniya mean 6.9 tivrata ka bhookanp, pachchis hazar logoan ki maut.
• 19 sitanbar 1985, maiksiko mean bhookanp, isamean b di imaratean tabah ho geean aur das hazar se adhik log mare ge.
• 23 navanbar 1980, itali ke dakshini hisse mean ae bhookanp ki vajah se saiank doan log mare ge.
• 28 julaee 1976, chin ka taangashan shahar mean bhookanp, paanch lakh se adhik log mare ge.
• 27 march 1964, riyektar skel par 9.2 tivrata ke ek bhookanp ne alaska mean 25 logoan ki jan le li aur bad ke jhatakoan ki vajah se 110 aur log mare ge.
• 22 march 1960, duniya ka sabase shaktishali bhookanp chili mean aya, isaki tivrata 9.5 darj ki gee, kee gaanv ke gaanv tabah ho ge aur saiank doan mil door havaee mean 61000 log mare ge.
• 1950, bharat ke uttar-poorvi rajy asam mean bhayanak bhookanp aya. ye itana tez tha ki sesmograf ki sueeyaan toot geean. lekin sarakari taur par riyektar skel par ise 9.0 tivrata ka bataya gaya.
• 28 joon 1948, pashchimi japan mean poorvi chini samudr ko keandr banakar bhookanp aya, tin hazar se zyada log mare.
• 31 mee, 1935, kveta aur usake asapas ke ilaqoan mean bhookanp, lagabhag 35 hazar logoan ki janean geean.
• 1935, taeevan mean riyektar skel par 7.4 tivrata ka ek bhookanp aya jisaki vajah se tin hazar do sau log mare ge.
• 1931, briten ke itihas ka sabase bhayanak bhookanp, riyektar skel par isaki tivrata 5.5 thi aur isase adhik nukasan nahian hua.
• 1 sitanbar 1923, japan ki rajadhani tokyo mean aya gret kaanto bhookanp, 142,800 logoan ki maut.
• 18 aprail 1906, sain phraansisko mean kee minat tak bhookanp ke jhatake ate rahe, imaratean girane aur unamean ag lagane ki vajah se sat sau se tin hazar ke bich log mare ge.
• 1 navanbar 1755 purtagal mean 8.7 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 70,000 ki maut.
• 17 agast 1668 tarki mean 8.0 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 8000 ki maut.
• 23 janavari 1556 mean chin mean 8.0 ki tivrata ka bhookanp, 830, 000 ki maut.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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