मुग़ल काल

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mugal aur afagan (1525-1556)

[[chitr:Indus-River.jpg|thumb|sindhu nadi]] pandrahavian shatabdi mean madhy aur pashchim eshiya mean mahattvapoorn parivartan hue. chaudahavian shatabdi mean mangol samrajy ke vighatan ke pashchath taimoor ne eeran aur tooran ko phir se ek shasan ke aantargat sangathit kiya. taimoor ka samrajy volga nadi ke nichale hisse se sindhu nadi tak phaila hua tha aur usamean eshiya ka mainar (adhunik turki), eeran, traans-aksiyana, afaganistan aur panjab ka ek bhag tha. 1404 mean taimoor ki mrityu ho gee. lekin usake pote shaharookh mirza ne samrajy ka adhikaansh bhag sangathit rakha. usake samay mean samarakand aur hirat pashchim eshiya ke saanskritik kendr ban ge. pratyek samarakand ke shasak ka islami duniya mean kafi samman tha.

taimoor

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pandrahavian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean deshoan ka samman tezi se kam hua. isaka karan taimoor ke samrajy ko vibhajit karane ki parampara thi. anek taimoor riyasatean, jo is prakriya mean bani, apas mean l dati-jhag dati rahian. isase naye tatvoan ko age badhane ka mauqa mila. uttar se ek mangol jati uzabek ne traans-aksiyana mean apane qadam badhaye. uzabekoan ne islam apana liya tha. lekin taimoori unhean asanskrit barbar hi samajhate the. aur pashchim ki or eeran mean safavian vansh ka uday hua. safavi santoan ki parampara mean panape the. jo svayan ko paigambar ke vanshaj manate the. ve musalamanoan ke shiya mat ka samarthan karate the aur unhean pareshan karate the jo shiya siddhaantoan ko asvikar karate the. doosari or uzabek sunni the. isalie un donoan tatvoan ke bich sangharsh sampradayik matabhed ke karan aur bhi badh gaya. eeran ke bhi pashchim mean atoman turkoan ki shakti ubhar rahi thi. jo poorvi yoorop tatha eerak aur eeran par adhipaty zamana chahate the. is prakar solahavian shatabdi mean eshiya mean tin b di samrajy shaktiyoan ke bich sangharsh ki bhoomika taiyar ho gee.

babar

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[[chitr:Babar.jpg|thumb|babar]] 1494 mean traans-aksiyana ki ek chhoti si riyasat faragana ka babar uttaradhikari bana. uzabek khatare se bekhabar hokar taimoor rajakumar apas mean l d rahe the. babar ne bhi apane chacha se samarakand chhinana chaha. usane do bar us shahar ko fatah kiya, lekin donoan hi bar use jaldi hi chho dana p da. doosari bar uzabek shasak shaibani khan ko samarakand se babar ko khade dane ke lie amantrit kiya gaya tha. usane babar ko harakar samarakandar par apana jhanda phahara diya. usake bad jaldi hi usane us kshetr mean taimoor samrajy ke bhagoan ko bhi jit liya. isase babar ko qabul ki or badhana p da aur usane 1504 mean us par adhikar kar liya. usake bad chaudah varsh tak vah is avasar ki talash mean raha ki phir uzabekoan ko harakar apani matribhoomi par punah adhikar kar sake. usane apane chacha, hirat ke shasak ko apani or milana chaha, lekin is kary mean vah saphal nahian hua. shaibani khan ne aantatah hirat par bhi adhikar kar liya. isase safaviyoan se usaka sidha sangharsh utpann ho gaya. kyoanki ve bhi hirat aur usake as-pas ke kshetr ko apana kahate the. is pradesh ko tatkalin lekhakoan ne khurasan kaha hai. 1510 ki prasiddh l daee mean eeran ke shah ismail ne shaibani ko harakar mar dala. isi samay babar ne samarakand jitane ka ek prayatn aur kiya. is bar usane eerani sena ki sahayata li. vah samarakand pahuanch gaya. lekin jaldi hi eerani senapatiyoan ke vyavahar ke karan rosh se bhar gaya. ve use eerani samrajy ka ek gavarnar hi manate the. svatantr shasak nahian. isi bich uzabek bhi apani har se ubhar gaye. babar ko ek bar phir samarakand se khade d diya gaya aur use qabul lautana p da. svayan shah eeran ismail ko bhi atohan-samrajy ke sath huee prasiddh l daee mean har ka samana karana p da. is prakar uzabek traans-aksiyana ke nirvirodh svami ho ge. in ghatanaauan ke karan hi antatah babar ne bharat ki or rookh kiya.

dilli vijay

babar ne likha hai ki qabul jitane (1504) se lekar panipat ki l daee tak usane hindustan jitane ka vichar kabhi nahian tyaga. lekin use bharat vijay ke lie kabhi sahi avasar nahian mila tha. "kabhi apane begoan ke bhay ke karan, kabhi mere aur bhaiyoan ke bich matabhed ke karan." madhy eshiya ke kee any akramanakariyoan ki bhaanti babar bhi bharat ki apar dhan-rashi ke karan isaki or akarshit hua tha. bharat sone ki qan tha. babar ka poorvaj taimoor yahaan se apar dhan-daulat aur b di sankhya mean kushal shilpi hi nahian le gaya tha, jinhoanne bad mean usake eshiya samrajy ko sudridh karane aur usaki rajadhani ko sundar banane mean yogadan diya, balki panjab ke ek bhag ko apane kabje mean kar liya tha. ye bhag anek pidhiyoan tak taimoor ke vanshajoan ke adhin rahe the. jab babar ne afaganistan par vijay prapt ki to use laga ki in donoan par bhi usaka qanooni adhikar hai. [[chitr:Ibrahim-Lodhi.jpg|thumb|left|ibrahim lodi]] qabul ki simit ay bhi panjab paragana ko vijit karane ka ek karan thi. "usaka (babar) rajy badakhashaan, kandhar aur qabul par tha. jinase sena ki anivaryataean poori karane ke lie bhi ay nahian hoti thi. vastav mean kuchh sima prantoan par sena banae rakhane mean aur prashasan ke kam mean vyay amadani se zyada tha."
simit ay sadhanoan ke karan babar apane begoan aur parivar valoan ke lie adhik chizean upalabdh nahian kar sakata tha. use qabul par uzabek akraman ka bhi bhay tha. vah bharat ko badhiya sharan-sthal samajhata tha. usaki drishti mean uzabekoan ke viruddh abhiyanoan ke lie bhi yah achchha sthal tha.

lodi

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uttar-pashchim bharat ki rajanitik sthiti ne babar ko bharat ane ka avasar pradan kiya. 1517 mean sikandar lodi ki mrityu ho gee thi aur ibrahim lodi gaddi par baitha tha. ek kendrabhimukhi b da samrajy sthapit karane ke ibrahim ke prayatnoan ne afaganoan aur rajapootoan donoan ko savadhan kar diya tha. afagan saradaroan mean sarvadhik shaktishali saradar daulat khaan lodi tha. jo panjab ka gavarnar tha. par vastav mean lagabhag svatantr tha. daulat khaan ne apane bete ko ibrahim lodi ke darabar mean upahar dekhakar use manane ka prayatn kiya. sath hi sath vah bhira ka simant pradesh jitakar apani sthiti ko bhi mazaboot banana chahata tha. 1518-19 mean babar ne bhira ke shaktishali qile ko jit liya. phir usane daulat khaan aur ibrahim lodi ko patr aur maukhik sandesh bhejakar yah maang ki ki jo pradesh turkoan ke haian, ve use lauta die jaean. lekin daulat khaan ne babar ke doot ko lahaur mean ataka liya. vah n svayan usase mila aur n use ibrahim lodi ke pas jane diya. jab babar qabul laut gaya, to daulat khaan ne bhira se usake pratinidhiyoan ko nikal bahar kiya.

kandhar mean vidroh

1520-21 mean babar ne ek bar phir siandhu nadi par ki aur asani se bhira aur siyalakot par qabza kar liya. ye bharat ke lie mugal dvar the. lahaur bhi padakraant ho gaya. vah sambhavatah aur age badhata, lekin tabhi use kandhar mean vidroh ka samachar mila. vah ulte paanv laut gaya aur dedh sal ke ghere ke bad kandhar ko jit liya. udhar se nishchiant hokar babar ki nigahean phir bharat ki or uthian. isi samay ke lagabhag babar ke pas daulat khaan lodi ke putr dilavar khaan ke netritv mean doot pahuanche. unhoanne babar ko bharat ane ka nimantran diya aur kaha ki chooanki ibrahim lodi atyachari hai aur usake saradaroan ka samarthan ab use prapt nahian hai, isalie use apadasth karake babar raja bane. is bat ki sambhavana hai ki rana saanga ka doot bhi isi samay usake pas pahuancha. in dootoan ke pahuanchane par babar ko laga ki yadi hindustan ko nahian, to sare panjab ko jitane ka samay a gaya hai. 1525 mean jab babar peshavar mean tha, use khabar mili ki daulatakhaan lodi ne phir se apana pala badal liya hai. usane 30,000-40,000 sipahiyoan ko ikattha kar liya tha aur babar ki senaoan ko syalakot se khade dane ke bad lahaur ki or badh raha tha. babar se samana hone par daulat khaan lodi ki sena bikhar gee. daulat khaan ne atmasamarpan kar diya aur babar ne use mafi de di. is prakar siandhu nadi par karane ke tin saptah ke bhitar hi panjab par babar ka qabza ho gaya.

panipat ki l daee

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[[chitr:The-Battle-Of-Panipat.jpg|thumb|panipat yuddh]]

21 aprail, 1526

dilli ke sultan ibrahim lodi ke sath sangharsh avashyambhavi tha. babar isake lie taiyar tha aur usane dilli ki or badhana shriroo kiya. ibrahim lodi ne panipat mean ek lakh sainikoan ko aur ek hazar hathiyoan ko lekar babar ka samana kiya. kyoanki hindustani senaoan mean ek b di sankhya sevakoan ki hoti thi, ibrahim ki sena mean l dane vale sipahi kahian kam rahe hoange. babar ne siandhu ko jab par kiya tha to usake sath 12000 sainik the, parantu usake sath ve saradar aur sainik bhi the jo panjab mean usake sath mil gaye the. is prakar usake sipahiyoan ki sankhya bahut adhik ho gee thi. phir bhi babar ki sena sankhya ki drishti se kam thi. babar ne apani sena ke ek aansh ko shahar mean tika diya jahaan kafi makan the, phir doosare aansh ki suraksha usane khaee khod kar us par pe doan ki daliyaan dal di. samane usane ga diyoan ki katar kh di karake surakshatmak divar bana li. is prakar usane apani sthiti kafi mazaboot kar li. do ga diyoan ke bich usane ऎsi sanrachana banavayi, jis par sipahi apani topean rakhakar gole chala sakat the. babar is vidhi ko atoman (roomi) vidhi kahata tha. kyoanki isaka prayog atomanoan ne eeran ke shah ismaeel ke viruddh huee prasiddh l daee mean kiya tha. babar ne do achchhe nishanebaz topachiyoan ustad ali aur mustafa ki sevaean bhi prapt kar li thian. bharat mean barood ka prayog dhire-dhire hona shuroo hua. babar kahata hai ki isaka prayog sabase pahale usane bhira ke qile par akraman ke samay kiya tha. ऎsa anuman hai ki barood se bharatiyoan ka parichay to tha, lekin prayog babar ke akraman ke sath hi arambh hua.

ibrahim lodi ki kamazori

babar ki sudridh raksha-pankti ka ibrahim lodi ko koee abhas nahian tha. usane socha ki any madhy eshiyayi l dakoan ki tarah babar bhi dau d-bhag kar yuddh l dega aur avashyakatanusar tezi se age badhega ya pichhe hatega. sat ya ath din tak chhut-put jh dapoan ke bad ibrahim lodi ki sena antim yuddh ke lie maidan mean a gee. babar ki shakti dekhakar lodi ke sainik hichake ibrahim lodi abhi apani sena ko phir se sangathit kar hi raha tha ki babar ki sena ke age vale donoan aangoan ne chakkar laga kar usaki sena par pichhe aur age se akraman kar diya. samane ki or babar ke topachiyoan ne achchhi nishanebazi ki lekin babar apani vijay ka adhikaansh shrey apane tir andazoan ko deta hai. yah ashchary ki bat hai ki vah ibrahim ke hathiyoan ka ullekh nahian ke barabar karata hai. yah spasht hai ki ibrahim ko unake istemal ka samay hi nahian mila.

lodiyoan ki har

prarambhik dhakkoan ke bavajood ibrahim ki sena virata se l di. do ya tin ghantoan tak yuddh hota raha. ibrahim 5000-6000 hazar sainikoan ke sath ant tak l data raha. anuman hai ki ibrahim ke atirikt usake 15000 se adhik sainik is l daee mean mare gaye.^{{sandarbh ?}} panipat ki l daee bharatiy itihas mean ek nirnayak l daee mani jati hai. isamean lodiyoan ki kamar toot gee aur dilli aur agara ka sara pradesh babar ke adhin ho gaya. ibrahim lodi dvara agara mean ekatr khazane se babar ki arthik kathinaiyaan door ho gee. jaunapur tak ka samriddh kshetr bhi babar ke samane khula tha. lekin isase pahale ki babar is par apana adhikar sudridh kar sake use do k di l daiyaan l dani p di, ek meva d ke viruddh doosari poorvi afaganoan ke viruddh. is drishtikon se dekha jae to panipat ki l daee rajanitik kshetr mean itani nirnayak nahian thi jitani ki samajhi jati hai. isaka vastavik mahattv is bat mean hai ki isane uttar bharat par adhipaty ke lie sangharsh ka ek naya yug prarambh kiya.

panipat ki l daee mean vijay ke bad babar ke samane bahut si kathinaiyaan aeean. usake bahut se beg bharat mean lambe abhiyan ke liye taiyar nahian the. garmi ka mausam ate hi unake sandeh badh gaye. ve apane gharoan se door tak anajane aur shatru desh mean the. babar kahata hai ki bharat ke logoan ne 'achchhi shatruta' nibhaee, unhoanne mugal senaoan ke ane par gaanv khali kar die. niahsandeh taimoor dvara nagaroan aur gaanvoan ki lootapat aur qatleam unaki yad mean taza the.

babar yah bat janata tha ki bharatiy sadhan hi use ek dridh samrajy banane mean madad de sakate haian aur usake begoan ko bhi santusht kar sakate haian. "qabul ki garibi hamare lie phir nahian" vah apani dayari mean likhata hai. isalie usane dridhata se kam liya, aur bharat mean rahane ki apani ichchha zahir kar di aur un begoan ko chhutti de di jo qabul lautana chahate the. isase usaka rasta saf ho gaya. lekin isase rana saanga se bhi usaki shatruta ho gayi, jisane usase do-do hath karane ke lie taiyariyaan shuroo kar dian.

khanava ki l daee

[[chitr:Babarnama-hindi.jpg|thumb|left|babaranama (hiandi anuvad)]] poorvi rajasthan aur malava par adhipaty ke lie rana saanga aur ibrahim lodi ke bich badhate sangharsh ka sanket pahale hi kiya ja chuka hai. malava ke mahamood khilji ko harane ke bad rana saanga prabhav agara ke nikat ek chhoti-si nadi piliya khar tak dhire-dhire badh gaya tha. siandhu-ganga ghati mean babar dvara samrajy ki sthapana se rana saanga ko khatara badh gaya. saanga ne babar ko bharat se khade dane, kam-se-kam use panjab tak simit rakhane ke lie taiyariyaan shuroo kar dian.

rana saanga aur babar

babar ne rana saanga par sandhi to dane ka dosh lagaya. vah kahata hai ki rana saanga ne mujhe hindustan ane ka nyota diya aur ibrahim lodi ke khilaf mera sath dene ka vayada kiya, lekin jab maian dilli aur agara fatah kar raha tha, to usane paanv bhi nahian hilaye. is bat ki koee janakari nahian hai ki rana saanga ne babar ke sath kya samajhauta kiya tha. ho sakata hai ki usane ek lambi l daee aur kalpana ki ho aur socha ho ki tab tak vah svayan un pradeshoan par adhikar kar sakega jin par usaki nigah thi ya, shayad usane yah socha ho ki dilli ko rauand kar lodiyoan ki shakti ko kshin karake babar bhi taimoor ki bhaanti laut jayega. babar ke bharat mean hi rukane ke nirnay ne paristhiti ko poori tarah se badal diya.
ibrahim lodi ke chhote bhaee mahamood lodi sahit anek afaganoan ne yah soch kar rana saanga ka sath diya ki agar vah jit gaya, to shayad unhean dilli ki gaddi vapas mil jayegi. mevat ke shasak hasan khaan mevati ne bhi rana saanga ka paksh liya. lagabhag sabhi b di rajapoot riyasatoan ne rana ki seva mean apani-apani senaean bhejian.

jihad ka nara

rana saanga ki prasiddhi aur bayana jaisi bahari mugal chhavaniyoan par usaki prarambhik saphalataoan se babar ke sipahiyoan ka manobal gir gaya. unamean phir se sahas bharane ke lie babar ne rana saanga ke khilaf 'jihad' ka nara diya. l daee se pahale ki sham usane apane ap ko sachcha musalaman siddh karane ke lie sharab ke gh de ulat die aur surahiyaan pho d di. usane apane rajy mean sharab ki kharidafarokht par rok laga di aur musalamanoan par se sima kar hata diya.
babar ne bahut dhyan se ranasthali ka chunav kiya aur vah agara se chalis kilomitar door khanava pahuanch gaya. panipat ki tarah hi usane bahari pankti mean ga diyaan lagava kar aur usake sath khaee khod kar duhari suraksha ki paddhati apanaee. in tin pahiyoan vali ga diyoan ki pankti mean bich-bich mean bandooqachiyoan ke age badhane aur goliyaan chalane ke lie sthan chho d diya gaya.

rana saanga ki parajay

[[chitr:Gwalior-Fort-Gwalior.jpg|thumb|250px|gvaliyar ka qila]] khanava ki l daee (1527) mean zabardast sangharsh hua. babar ke anusar saanga ki sena mean 200,000 se bhi adhik sainik the. inamean 10,000 afagan ghu dasavar aur itani sankhya mean hasan khan mevati ke sipahi the. yah sankhya bhi, aur sthanoan ki bhaanti badha-badha kar kahi gee ho sakati hai, lekin babar ki sena niahsandeh chhoti thi. saanga ne babar ki dahini sena par zabardast akraman kiya aur use lagabhag bhed diya. lekin babar ke topakhane ne kafi sainik mar giraye aur saanga ko khade d diya gaya. isi avasar par babar ne kendr-sthit sainikoan se, jo ga diyoan ke pichhe chhipe hue the, akraman karane ke lie kaha. zajiroan se ga diyoan se bandhe topakhane ko bhi age badhaya gaya. is prakar saanga ki sena bich mean ghir gee aur bahut se sainik mare gaye. saanga ki parajay huee. rana saanga bach kar bhag nikala taki babar ke sath phir sangharsh kar sake parantu usake samantoan ne hi use zahar de diya jo is marg ko khataranak aur atmahatya ke saman samajhate the. is prakar rajasthan ka sabase b da yoddha ant ko prapt hua. saanga ki mrityu ke sath hi agara tak vistrit sanyukt rajasthan ke svapn ko bahut dhakka pahuancha.

khanava ki l daee se dilli-agara mean babar ki sthiti sudridh ho gee. agara ke poorv mean gvaliyar aur dhaulapur jaise qiloan ki shriankhala jit kar babar ne apani sthiti aur bhi mazaboot kar li. usane hasan khaan mevati se alavar ka bahut b da bhag bhi chhin liya. phir usane malava-sthit chanderi ke medini ray ke viruddh abhiyan chhe da. rajapoot sainikoan dvara rakt ki aantim booand tak l dakar jauhar karane ke bad chanderi par babar ka rajy ho gaya. babar ko is kshetr mean apane abhiyan ko simit karana p da kyoanki use poorvi uttar pradesh mean afaganoan ki halachal ki khabar mili.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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