मुग़ल काल 3
sherashah
(1540-55)
sherashah 67 varsh ki vriddhavastha mean dilli ki gaddi par baitha. usake praranbhik jivan par vishesh janakari upalabdh nahian hai. usaka vastavik nam farid khaan tha aur usaka pita jaunapur mean ek chhota zamiandar tha. farid ne pita ki jagir ki dekhabhal karate hue kafi prashasanik anubhav prapt kiya. ibrahim lodi ki mrityu aur afagan mamaloan mean halachal mach jane par vah ek shaktishali afagan saradar ke roop mean ubhara. 'sherakhaan' ki upadhi use usake sanrakshak ne ek sher marane par di thi. jaldi sherakhaan bihar ke shasak ka dahina hath ban gaya. vah vastav mean bihar ka betaj badashah tha. yah sab babar ki mrityu se pahale ghatit hua tha. is prakar sherakhaan ne achanak hi mahattv prapt kar liya tha.
sherashah aur soor samrajy
(1540-55) sherashah 67 varsh ki vriddhavastha mean dilli ki gaddi par baitha. usake praranbhik jivan par vishesh janakari upalabdh nahian hai. usaka vastavik nam farid khaan tha aur usaka pita jaunapur mean ek chhota zamiandar tha. farid ne pita ki jagir ki dekhabhal karate hue kafi prashasanik anubhav prapt kiya. ibrahim lodi ki mrityu aur afagan mamaloan mean halachal mach jane par vah ek shaktishali afagan saradar ke roop mean ubhara. 'sherakhaan' ki upadhi use usake sanrakshak ne ek sher marane par di thi. jaldi sherakhaan bihar ke shasak ka dahina hath ban gaya. vah vastav mean bihar ka betaj badashah tha. yah sab babar ki mrityu se pahale ghatit hua tha. is prakar sherakhaan ne achanak hi mahattv prapt kar liya tha.
rajasthan ke sangharsh
shasak ke roop mean sherashah ne muhammad bin tugalaq ke samay ke bad sthapit sashaktatam samrajy par rajy kiya. usaka rajy siandhu nadi se kashmir sahit bangal tak phaila hua tha. pashchim mean usane malava aur lagabhag sara rajasthan jita. us samay malava kamazor aur bikhara hua tha. atah virodh kar pane ki sthiti mean nahian tha. lekin rajasthan mean sthiti bhinn thi. maladev ne, jo 1532 mean gaddi par baitha tha, sare pashchim aur uttar-rajasthan ko apane adhikar mean kar liya tha. sherashah aur humayooan ke bich sangharsh ke samay usane apani simaoan ka aur bhi vistar kar liya tha. jaisalamer ke bhattiyoan ki madad se usane ajamer ko bhi jit liya. in vijayoan ke daur mean meva d sahit is kshetr ke shasakoan se usaka sangharsh hua. usaka antim kary bikaner ki vijay tha. l daee mean bikaner ka shasak viratapoorvak l date hue mara gaya. usake l dake kalyan das aur bhim sherashah ki sharan mean pahuanche. inamean maladev ke sanbandhi me data ke biram dev bhi the. jinhean usane jagir se bedakhal kar diya tha.
is prakar vahi sthiti utpann ho gee, jo babar aur rana saanga ke samaksh thi. maladev dvara rajasthan mean ek kendriy shasan ki sthapana ke prayatn ko dilli aur agara ke sultan ek khatara manate, aisa avashyambhavi tha. aisa vishvas tha ki maladev ke pas 50,000 sipahi the, lekin is bat ka koee praman nahian hai ki maladev ki nazar dilli ya agara par thi. poorv sangharshoan ki bhaanti is bar bhi donoan pakshoan ke bich sangharsh ka karan sainik drishti se mahattvapoorn kshetr rajasthan par adhipaty tha.
semal ki l daee
1544 mean ajamer aur jodhapur ke bich semal namak sthan par rajapoot aur afagan faujoan ke bich sangharsh hua. rajasthan mean age badhate hue sherashah ne bahut hi savadhani se kam liya. vah pratyek p dav par akasmik akramanoan se bachane ke lie khaee khod leta tha. yah spasht hai ki rana saanga aur babar ke madhy huee bhayankar parinamoan vali l daee ke bad rajapootoan ne bhi bahut si sainik paddhatiyoan ko sikh liya tha. unhoanne dridhata se surakshit sherashah ke p davoan par akraman karana manzoor nahian kiya. ek mahina iantazar karane ke bad maladev achanak hi jodhapur ki or laut gaya. tatkalin lekhakoan ke anusar aisa sherashah ki sainik chaturata se hi hua tha. usane us kshetr ke rajapoot senapatiyoan ko kuchh patr likhe the taki maladev ke man mean unaki svamibhakti ke prati sandeh utpann ho jae. chal kam aee. maladev ko jab apani galati pata chali tab tak bahut der ho chuki thi. kuchh rajapoot saradaroan ne pichhe lautane se iankar kar diya. unhoanne 10,000 sainikoan ki chhoti si sena lekar sherashah ki sena ke kendriy bhag par akraman kar diya aur usamean bhagad d macha di. lekin sherashah shaant raha. jaldi hi behatar afagan topakhane ne rajapootoan ke akraman ko rok diya. rajapoot ghir ge lekin akhiri dam tak l date rahe. unake sath bahut afagan sainik bhi mare gaye.
sherashah ki mrityu
semal ki l daee ne rajasthan ke bhagy ki kuanji ghuma di. isake bad sherashah ne ajamer aur jodhapur par ghera dal diya aur unhean jit kar maladev ko rajasthan ki or khade d diya. phir vah meva d ki or ghooma. rana muqabala karane ki sthiti mean nahian tha. usane chittau d ke qile ki chabiyaan sherashah ke pas bhijava dian. sherashah ne mauant aboo par chauki sthapit kar di.
is prakar das varsh ki chhoti-si avadhi mean hi sherashah ne lagabhag sare rajasthan ko jit liya. usaka aantim abhiyan kalianjar ke qile ke viruddh tha. yah qila bahut mazaboot aur bundelakhand ka dvar tha. ghere ke dauran ek top phat gee, jisase sherashah ganbhir roop se ghayal ho gaya. vah qile par fatah ka samachar sunane ke bad maut ki niand so gaya.
sherashah ke uttaradhikari
sherashah ke bad usaka doosara putr islamashah gaddi par baitha aur usane 1553 tak rajy kiya. islamashah ek yogy shasak aur senapati tha. lekin usaki adhikaansh shakti apane bhaiyoan aur usake sath kee afagan saradaroan ke vidrohoan ko kuchalane mean kharch ho gee. isake aur hamesha se bane hue mugaloan ke phir se akraman karane ke khatare ke karan islamashah apane samrajy ka aur vistar nahian kar saka. yuvavastha mean hi usaki mrityu ho jane ke karan usake uttaradhikariyoan mean grih-yuddh chhi d gaya. isase humayooan ko bharat ke samrajy ko phir se prapt karane ka avasar mil gaya, jisaki vah pratiksha kar raha tha. 1555 ki do zabaradast l daiyoan mean usane afaganoan ko parajit kar diya aur dilli tatha agara ko phir se jit liya.
sherashah ka mahattv aur yogadan
soor samrajy ko anek prakar se dilli saltanat ki nirantarata aur parinam samajha jana chahie. jabaki babar aur humayooan ka agamal ek antaral hai. sherashah ke mukhy yogadanoan mean se ek yah hai ki usane apane sampoorn samrajy mean qanoon aur vyavastha ko phir se sthapit kiya. vah chauroan, dakuoan aur un zamiandaroan se sakhti se pesh aya jo bhoo-rajasv dene se ya sarakar ke adesh manane se iankar karate the. sherashah ka itihasakar abbas khaan saravani kahata hai ki zamiandar itana dar gaye the ki koee usake khilaf vidroh ka jhanda uthana nahian chahata tha aur n kisi ki yah himmat p dati thi ki apani jagir se gujarane vale rahagiroan ko pareshan kare.
vyapar ki unnati aur avagaman ke sadhan
sherashah ne vyapar ki unnati aur avagaman ke sadhanoan ke sudhar ki or bahut dhyan diya. sherashah ne purani shahi s dak, jise graand trak rod kaha jata hai, (us samay yah marg us samay s dak-e-azam kahalata tha). jo siandhoo nadi se bangal ke sonar gaanv tak hai phir se khola. usane agara se jodhapur aur chittau d tak ki s dak ka nirman karavaya aur use gujarat ke bandaragahoan se ju di s dakoan se milaya. usane lahaur se multan tak tisari s dak ka nirman karavaya. multan us samay pashchim aur madhy eshiya ki or jane vale karavaoan ka prarabhiank bindu tha. yatriyoan ki suvidha ke lie sherashah ne in s dakoan par pratyek do kos (lagabhag ath) kilomitar par sarayoan ka nirman karaya. saray mean yatriyoan ke rahane-khane tatha saman surakshit rakhane ki vyavastha hoti thi. in sarayoan mean hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke rahane ke lie alag-alag vyavastha hoti thi. hindoo yatriyoan ko bhojan aur bistar dene ke lie brahmanoan ki niyukti hoti thi. abbasakhaan kahata hai ki in sarayoan mean yah niyam tha ki jo bhi ata tha use sarakar ki or se usake pad ke anusar bhojan aur usake janavaroan ko dana-pani milata tha. in sarayoan ke asapas gaanv basane ka prayatn kiya gaya aur kuchh jamiann sarayoan ka kharch poora karane ke lie alag kar di gee. pratyek saray mean ek shahana (suraksha adhikari) ke adhin kuchh chaukidar hote the.
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"kisan nirdosh hai, ve adhikariyoan ke age jhuk jate haian, aur agar maian un par zulm karooan to ve apane gaanv chho dakar chale jayeange, desh barbad aur viran ho jayega aur dobara samriddh hone ke lie use bahut lanba vaqt lagega."-sherashah
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dak vyavastha
kaha jata hai ki sherashah ne kul 1700 sarayoan ka nirman karavaya. inamean se kuchh ab bhi kh di haian. jisase pata chalata hai ki ve kitani mazaboot banayi gee thian usaki s dakoan aur sarayoan ko 'samrajy ki dhamaniyaan' kaha jata hai. bahut si sarayoan ke as-pas qasbe ban gaye, jahaan kisan apani upaj bechane ke lie ate the. sarayoan ko dak-chaukiyoan ke roop mean bhi istemal kiya jata tha. dak-chaukiyoan ki vyavastha ke vishay mean ek poorv adhyay mean charcha ki ja chuki hai. inake madhyam se sherashah ko vishal samrajy ki ghatanaoan ki janakari milati-rahati thi.
yatriyoan aur vyapariyoan ki suvidha
sherashah ne apane gavarnaroan aur amiloan ko is bat ka adesh diya ki ve logoan ko yatriyoan aur vyapariyoan se achchha vyavahar karane aur unhean kisi bhi prakar ki hani n pahuanchane ke lie vivash karean. agar kisi vyapari ki mrityu ho jati thi to usake saman ko lavaris man kar zabt nahian kiya jata tha. sherashah ne unhean shekh nizami ka sootr diya tha ki "yadi tumhare desh mean kisi vyapari ki mrityu hoti hai, to usaki sampatti ko hath lagana vishvasaghat hota hai." kisi vyapari ko yadi marg mean koee nuqasan hota tha to sherashah gaanv ke mukhiya ya zamiandar ko uttaradayi thaharata tha. vyapariyoan ka saman chori ho jane par muqadama ya zamiandar ko choroan ya luteroan ke addoan ka pata batana p data tha. isamean asaphal rahane par svayan vah saza bhugatani p dati thi jo choroan ya luteroan ko mil sakati thi. margoan par hatya ki varadat ho jane par bhi yahi qanoon lagoo hota tha. aparadhi ke sthan par niraparadh ko uttaradayi thaharana barbar qanoon avashy tha, lekin lagata hai ki isaka kafi prabhav p da. abbas saravani ki chitramay bhasha mean "ek jarjar boodhi aurat bhi apane sir par jevarat ki tokari rakh kar yatra par ja sakati thi, aur sherashah ki saza ke dar se koee chor ya lutera usake nazadik nahian a sakata tha."
mudra sudhar
sherashah ke mudra sudharoan se bhi vyapar aur shilpoan ki unnati mean sahayata mili. usane khot mile mishrit dhatuoan ke sikkoan ke sthan par sone, chaandi aur taanbe ke badhiya manak sikke dhalavaye. usaka chaandi ka sikka itana pramanik tha ki vah shatabdiyoan bad tak manak sikke ke roop mean prachalit raha. manak baantoan aur mapoan ko sampoorn samrajy mean lagoo karane ka usaka prayatn bhi vyapar mean bahut sahayak siddh hua.
sherashah ne saltanatakal se chali a rahi prashasakiy ikaeeyoan mean koee parivartan nahian kiya. paragana ke aantargat kuchh gaanv hote the. paragana ek shiqadar ke adhin hota tha. shiqadar ka kam qanoon aur vyavastha tatha prashasan ka kary dekhana tha evan muansif ya amil bhi usake adhin hota tha, jo bhoo-rajasv ikattha karata tha. lekha farasi tatha sthaniy bhashaoan donoan mean rakha jata tha. paragana ke oopar shiq athava sarakar hota tha, jisaki dekhabhal shiqadar-e-shiqadaran aur muansif-e-muansifan karate the. aisa lagata hai ki adhikariyoan ke pad nam hi nahian the. anyatha poorv kaloan mean bhi paragana aur sarakar donoan prashasan ki ikaiyaan the.
bhoomi aur rajasv
kee sarakaroan ko milakar prant ka nirman hota tha, parantu sherashah ke samay ke prantiy prashasan ki paddhati ki koee vishesh janakari nahian hai. aisa lagata hai ki prantiy gavarnar kee kshetroan mean bahut shaktishali the. bangal jaise kshetroan mean vastavik adhikar prajatiy-saradaroan (qabile ke saradaroan) ke pas hi hote the aur prantiy gavarnaroan ka un par dhila-dhala adhikar hi hota tha.
vastutah sherashah ne saltanatakal se chali a rahi kendriy prashasan vyavastha ko hi banaye rakha. parantu is vishay mean adhik janakari upalabdh nahian hai.
sherashah vaziroan ke hath mean adhikar dene mean vishvas nahian rakhata tha. vah subah se der rat tak rajy ke karyoan mean vyast rahata tha aur k da parishram karata tha. vah praja ki halat janane ke lie aksar desh ka bhraman karata tha. lekin koee bhi vyakti chahe vah kitana hi parishrami kyoan n ho, bharat jaise brihad desh ke kamoan ko akela nahian sanbhal sakata tha. sherashah dvara prashasan ki ati kendrikrit paddhati apanakar adhikaansh adhikar apane hath mean rakhane ki pravritti ki kamazoriyaan usaki mrityu ke bad hi ubhar kar aeean.
sherashah ne bhoo-rajasv pranali, sena aur nyay par bahut dhyan diya. apane pita ki zagir ka kam anek varshoan tak sanbhalane aur phir bihar ke shasan ki dekhabhal karane ke karan sherashah bhoo-rajasv pranali ke pratyek star ke kary se bhali-bhaanti parichit tha. kuchh yogy prashasakoan ki madad se usane sari pranali ko thik kiya. upaj ki matra ka anuman nahian lagaya jata tha, n hi upaj ko khetoan ya khalihanoan mean hissoan mean baanta jata tha. daroan ki ek pranali (jise ray kaha jata tha) nikali gee, jisake aantargat alag-alag kismoan par rajy ke bhag ki dar alag-alag hoti thi. usake bad alag-alag kshetroan mean bazar-bhavoan ke anusar us bhag ki qimat tay ki jati thi. rajy ka bhag ek-tihaee hota tha. bhoomi ko bhi uttam, madhyam aur nimn kotiyoan mean baanta jata tha. unaki ausat upaj ka hisab laga kar usaka ek tihaee bhag rajasv ke roop mean liya jata tha. yadyapi vah rajyakar ka bhugatan naqadi mean chahata tha parantu yah kisanoan par nirbhar karata tha ki ve kar naqad dean ya anaj ke roop mean.
kisanoan ke lie vyavastha
is prakar boaee karane ke bad kisan ko yah pata chal jata tha ki use kitana kar dena hai. boaee ka kshetraphal, fasal ki qism aur kisan dvara dey kar ek patte par likh liya jata tha aur kisan ko usaki soochana de di jati thi. kisi ko kisan se usase adhik lene ka adhikar nahian tha. nap-jokh karane vale daloan ke sadasyoan ka parishramik bhi nirdharit tha. akal jaisi prakritik vipadaoan ka muqabala karane ke lie prati bigha dhaee ser anaj atirikt kar ke roop mean liya jata tha.
sherashah kisanoan ke kalyan ka bahut khayal rakhata tha. vah kaha karata tha :- "kisan nirdosh hai, ve adhikariyoan ke age jhuk jate haian, aur agar maian un par zulm karooan to ve apane gaanv chho dakar chale jayeange, desh barbad aur viran ho jayega aur dobara samriddh hone ke lie use bahut lanba vaqt lagega."
us kal mean kheti yogy bahut bhoomi upalabdh thi aur zulm hone par kisanoan dvara gaanv chho dakar chala jana ek bahut b da khatara tha aur is sthiti ke karan hi shasakoan dvara kisanoan ka shoshan karane par ek aankush rahata tha.
sainy netritv
sherashah ne apane vishal samrajy ki suraksha ke lie ek mazaboot sena taiyar ki. usane jatiy mukhiyaoan ke netritv mean rajy ki seva mean nishchit matra mean sainik upalabdh karane ki paddhati ko samapt kar diya aur charitr-pushti ke adhar par sainikoan ki sidhi bharti shuroo ki. har sainik ka khata (chehara) darj hota tha, usake gho de par shahi nishan laga diya jata tha taki ghatiya nasl ke gho de se use badala n ja sake. sambhavatah gho doan ko dagane ki parampara sherashah ne alauddin khilaji se apanayi. jisane sainik sudharoan ke aantargat is vidhi ko shuroo kiya tha. sherashah ki apani sena mean 1,50,000 paidal sipahi, 25,000 ghu dasavar jo dhanushoan se lais hote the, 5,000 hathi aur ek topakhana tha. usane samrajy ke vibhinn bhagoan mean chhavaniyaan banavayian aur pratyek mean ek mazaboot tuk di ko tainat kiya.
nyay vyavastha
sherashah nyay par bahut bal deta tha. vah kaha karata tha ki "nyay sabase badhiya dharmik kary hai, aur ise kafiroan aur musalamanoan donoan ke raja saman roop se svikar karate haian." vah zulm karane valoan ko kabhi kshama nahian karata tha chahe ve b de saradar hoan ya apani jati ke log ya nikat sanbandhi hi kyoan n hoan. qanooni vyavastha ke lie vibhinn sthanoan par qaziyoan ki niyukti ki jati thi. lekin pahale ki bhaanti, gaanv panchayatean aur zamiandar bhi sthaniy star par divani aur faujadari muqadamoan ki sunavaee karate the.
nyay pradan karane ke lie sherashah ke putr aur uttaradhikari islamashah ne ek aur b da qadam uthaya. islamashah ne qanoon ko likhit roop dekar islami qanoon ki vyakhyaoan ke lie kuchh vishesh vyaktiyoan par nirbhar rahane ki avashyakata ko samapt kar diya. islamashah ne saradaroan ke adhikaroan aur visheshadhikaroan ko bhi kam karane ka prayas kiya, aur usane sainikoan ko naqad vetan dene ki parampara bhi prarambh ki. lekin usaki mrityu ke sath hi usaki adhikaansh vyavasthaean bhi samapt ho geean.
bhavan nirman
isamean koee sandeh nahian hai ki sherashah ka vyaktitv asadharan tha. usane paanch sal ke shasan ki chhoti si avadhi mean prashasan ki sudridh pranali sthapit ki. vah mahanh bhavan-nirmata bhi tha. sasaram sthit sherashah ka maqabara, jo usane apane jivan-kal mean nirmit karavaya tha, sthapaty kala ka ek shanadar namoona mana jata hai. ise poorvakalin sthapaty shaili aur bad mean vikasit sthapaty shaili ke praranbhik bindu ka mishran mana jata hai.
kuchh any visheshataean
- sherashah ne dilli ke nikat yamuna ke kinare par ek naya shahar bhi basaya. isamean se ab keval purana qila aur usake andar bani ek suandar masjid hi shesh hai.
- sherashah vidvanoan ko sanrakshan bhi deta tha. malik muhammad jayasi ke "padmavat" jaisi hindi ki kuchh shreshth rachanaean usi ke shasanakal mean likhi geean.
- sherashah mean dharmik madandhata nahian thi. usaki samajik aur arthik nitiyaan isaka praman haian.
- sherashah aur usaka putr islamashah mean se koee bhi ulemaoan par nirbhar nahian rahata tha, yadyapi vah unaka bahut adar karate the. kabhi-kabhi rajanitik karyoan ko nyayasangat thaharane ke lie dharmik nare diye jate the. shapath par vishvas karake malava ke rayasen ke qile se bahar ane par pooranamal aur unake sathiyoan ka vadh, isaka ek udaharan hai. ulemaoan ne yah spashtikaran diya ki kafiroan ke sath vishvas banaye rakhana zaroori nahian hai, aur kaha ki pooranamal ne musalaman striyoan aur purushoan par zulm kiya tha. lekin sherashah ne koee nayi udar niti shuroo nahian ki.
- hinduoan se "jaziya" kar liya jata raha aur usake saradaroan mean lagabhag sabhi afagan the.
is prakar sooroan ke adhin rajy rakt aur jati par adharit afagan sanstha hi raha. akabar ke uday ke bad hi isamean moolabhoot parivartan hue.
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