मौर्यकालीन कला

[[chitr:Sarnath-Stupa.jpg|thumb|saranath stoop]] kala ki drishti se h dappa ki sabhyata aur maury kal ke bich lagabhag 1500 varsh ka aantaral hai. is bich ki kala ke bhautik avashesh upalabdh nahian hai. mahakavyoan aur bauddh granthoan mean hathidaant, mitti aur dhatuoan ke kam ka ullekh hai. kintu maury kal se poorv vastukala aur moortikala ke moort udaharan kam hi milate haian. maury kal mean hi pahale-pahal kalatmak gatividhiyoan ka itihas nishchit roop se prarambh hota hai. rajy ki samriddhi aur maury shasakoan ki prerana se kalakritiyoan ko protsahan mila.

is yug mean kala ke do roop milate haian. ek to rajarakshakoan ke dvara nirmit kala, jo ki maury prasad aur ashok stanbhoan mean paee jati hai. doosara vah roop jo parakham ke yaksh didaraganj ki chamar grahini aur vesanagar ki yakshini mean dekhane ko milata hai. rajy sabha se sambandhit kala ki prerana ka srot svayan samrat tha. yaksh-yakshiniyoan mean hamean lokakala ka roop milata hai. lokakala ke roopoan ki parampara poorv yugoan se kashth aur mitti mean chali aee hai. ab use pashan ke madhyam se abhivyakt kiya gaya.

rajakiy kala

rajakiy kala ka sabase pahala udaharan chandragupt ka prasad hai, jisaka vishad varnan eriyan ne kiya hai. usake anusar rajaprasad ki shan-shauqat ka muqabala n to soosa aur n ekabetana hi kar sakate haian. yah prasad sambhavatah vartaman patana ke nikat kumrahar gaanv ke samip tha. kumrahar ki khudaee mean prasad ke sabha-bhavan ke jo avashesh prapt hue haian usase prasad ki vishalata ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. yah sabha-bhavan khambhoan vala hal tha. sanh 1914-15 ki khudaee tatha 1951 ki khudaee mean kul milakar 40 pashan stanbh mile haian, jo is samay bhann dasha mean haian. is sabha-bhavan ka farsh aur chhat lak di ke the. bhavan ki lambaee 140 phut aur chau daee 120 phut hai. bhavan ke stanbh balua patthar ke bane hue haian aur unamean chamakadar palish ki gee thi. fahyan ne atyant bhav-pravan shabdoan mean is prasad ki prashansa ki hai. usake anusar, "yah prasad manav kriti nahian hai varanh devoan dvara nirmit hai. prasad ke stanbh pattharoan se bane hue haian aur un par sundar ukeran aur ubhare chitr bane haian." fahyan ke vrittant se pata chalata hai ki ashok ke samay is bhavan ka vistar hua. [[chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg|thumb|ashok stambh, vaishali]] megasthaniz ke anusar pataliputr, son aur ganga ke sangam par basa hua tha. nagar ki lambaee 9-1/2 mil aur chau daee 1-1/2 mil thi. nagar ke charoan or lak di ki divar bani huee thi jisake bich-bich mean tir chalane ke lie chhed bane hue the. divar ke charoan or ek khaee thi jo 60 phut gahari aur 600 phut chau di thi. nagar mean ane-jane ke lie 64 dvar the. divaroan par bahut se burz the jinaki sankhya 570 thi. patana mean gat varshoan mean jo khudaee huee usase kashth nirmit divar ke avashesh prapt hue haian. 1920 mean bulandibag ki khudaee mean prachir ka ek aansh upalabdh hua hai, jo lambaee mean 150 phut hai. lak di ke khamboan ki do panktiyaan paee gee haian. jinake bich 14-1/2 phut ka aantar hai. yah aantar lak di ke sliparoan se dhaka gaya hai. khambhoan ke oopar shahatir ju de hue haian. khambhoan ki ooanchaee zamin ki satah se 12-1/2 phut hai aur ye zamin ke andar 5 phut gahare ga de ge the. yoonani lekhakoan ne likha hai ki nadi-tat par sthit nagaroan mean prayah kashthashilp ka upayog hota tha. pataliputr ki bhi yahi sthiti thi. sabha-mandap mean shila-stanbhoan ka prayog ek nee pratha thi.

maury kal ke sarvotkrisht namoone, ashok ke ekashmak stanbh haian joki usane dhamm prachar ke lie desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean sthapit kie the. inaki sankhya lagabhag 20 hai aur ye chunar (banaras ke nikat) ke balua patthar ke bane hue haian. lat ki ooanchaee 40 se 50 phut hai. chunar ki khanoan se pattharoan ko katakar nikalana, shilpakala mean in ekashmak khambhoan ko kat-tarashakar vartaman roop dena, in stanbhoan ko desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean pahuanchana, shilpakala tatha ianjiniyari kaushal ka anokha udaharan hai. in stanbhoan ke do mukhy bhag ullekhaniy haian-(1) stanbh yashti ya gavadum lat (tapering shaft) aur shirsh bhag. shirsh bhag ke mukhy aansh haian ghanta, joki akhamini stanbhoan ke adhar ke ghantoan se milate-julate haian. bharatiy vidvanh ise avaangamukhi kamal kahate haian. isake oopar gol aand ya chauki hai. kuchh chaukiyoan par char pashu aur char chhote chakr aankit haian (jaise saranath stanbh shirsh ki chauki par) tatha kuchh par hansapakti aankit hai. chauki par sianh, ashv, hathi tatha bail asin haian. ramapur mean natuva bail lalit mudra mean kh da hai. saranath ke shirsh stanbh par char sianh pith satae baithe haian. ye char sianh ek chakr dharan kie hue haian. yah chakr buddh dvara dharm-chakr-pravartan ka pratik hai. ashok ke ekashmak stanbhoan ka sarvotkrisht namoona saranath ke sihanstanbh ka shirshak hai. maury shilpiyoan ke roopavidhan ka isase achchha doosara namoona aur koee nahian hai. oopari sianhoan mean jaisi shakti ka pradarshan hai, unaki phooli nasoan mean jaisi svabhavikata hai aur unake niche ukeri akritiyoan mean jo pranavan vastavikata hai, usamean kahian bhi arambhik kala ki chhaya nahian hai. shilpoan ne sianhoan ke roop ko prakritik sachchaee se prakat kiya hai.

stanbhoan ki-visheshatah saranath stanbh ki-chamakili palish, ghantakriti tatha shirsh bhag mean pashu akriti ke karan pashchaty vidvanoan ne yah mat vyakt kiya hai ki kala ko prerana akhamini eeran se mili hai. chauki par hansoan ki ukeri gee akritiyoan aur any sajjaoan mean yoonani prabhav bhi dikhaee deta hai.

bharatiy vidvanoan ke anusar ashok ke stanbh ki kala ka srot bharatiy hai. maury stanbh-shirshoan ki pashu-moortiyaan, saranath ka sianhastanbh, ramapurava ka bail prachin siandhu ghati se pravahaman parampara ke anukool hai. kintu vasudev sharan agraval ne mahabharat aur apastamb sootr se praman prastut kie haian, jinase siddh hota hai ki chamakili palish utpann karane ki kala eeran se kahian pahale bharat mean jnat thi. maury kal se poorv aur ek had tak maury kalin sthanoan par jo kali palish vale mridabhaand pae ge haian unase pratit hota hai ki desh ke itihas mean ek yug aisa tha jab opadar chamak mean ruchi li jati thi. yah bhi siddh hota hai ki palish ka rahasy keval rajashilpiyoan tak simit nahian tha. pianparahava stoop se mili sphatik manjoosha, pataliputr ke do yaksh aur didaraganj ki yakshi mean bhi yah palish paee jati hai. saranath ke dharmachakr ki kalpana nitaant bharatiy hai.

eerani stanbhoan aur maury stanbhoan mean spasht bhed haian. svatantr stanbhoan ki kalpana bharatiy hai. eerani stanbh nalidar haian jabaki bharatiy stanbh sapat haian. eerani stanbh alag-alag pashan-khandoan ke bane hue haian kintu ashok stanbh ek hi patthar ke haian. stanbh ke shirsh bhag ko ghanta kaha gaya hai. kintu bharatiy vidvanoan ke anusar yah avaangamukh kamal athava poornaghat hai jo bahar ki or laharati huee kamal ki pankhu diyoan se dhaka hua hai. yadi kuchh samay ke lie ise ghanta man bhi liya jae to yah eerani ghante se bhinn hai. tathakathit maury ghanta ghatapallav ya poornaghat ke abhipray ke sadrish banaya gaya hai. isake alava eerani aur maury stanbh shirshakoan ke alankaranoan mean bhi aantar hai. maury kalin shilpiyoan ne chiraparichit parampara ko apanaya aur apani pratibha se use navin akar pradan kiya.

yadi eerani prabhav ko man bhi liya jae, to bhi ashok stanbhoan ki sangat rashi moortikala tatha alankaran ko akhamini, eerani ya yoonan ki moolakritiyoan ki naqal matr nahian mana ja sakata. videshi kala-lakshanoan ka samyakh adhyayan karake bharatiy kalakaroan ne apani pratibha se roopatanran kiya hai aur unhean apane dhang se kalakritiyoan mean abhivyakt kiya hai.

ashok ne stoop nirman ki parampara ko bhi protsahan diya. bauddh anushruti ke anusar ashok ne 8,400 stoop banavae. saanchi tatha bharahut ke stoopoan ka nirman mool roop mean ashok ne hi karavaya tha. shuangoan mean saanchi stoop ka vistar hua.

ashok ne vastukala ke itihas mean ek nee shaili ka prarambh kiya, arthat chattanoan ko katakar kandaraoan ka nirman kiya. gaya ke nikat barabar ki paha diyoan mean ashok ne apane rajyabhishek ke 12vean varsh mean sudama guha ajivak bhikshuoan ko dan mean di. is gupha mean do koshth haian. ek gol vyas hai jisaki chhat-ardhavritt ya kharabooziya akar ki hai. usake bahar ka mukhamandap ayatakar hai kintu chhat golakar hai. donoan koshthoan ki bhittiyoan aur chhatoan par shishe jaisi chamakati huee palish hai. isase jnat hota hai ki chaity grih ka maulik vikas ashok ke samay mean hi prarambh ho gaya tha aur is shaili ka poorn vikas maharashtr ke bhaja, kanheri aur karle chaityagrihoan mean parilakshit hota hai. ashok ke putr dasharath ne nagarjuni paha diyoan mean ajavikoan ko 3 guphaean pradan kian. inamean se ek prasiddh gupha gopi gupha hai. inaka vinyas surang jaisa hai. isake madhy mean dholakar chhat aur donoan shiroan par do gol mandap haian, jinamean se ek ko garbhagrih aur doosare ko mukhamandap samajhana chahie. isamean ashokakalin grihashilp ki poornatah raksha huee hai.

lok kala

maury kal ki lok kala ka jnan un mahakay yaksh-yakshi moortiyoan ke dvara hota hai, jo mathura se pataliputr, vidisha, kaliang aur pashchim soorparak tak paee jati hai. in yaksh-yakshiyoan ki moortiyoan ki apani niji shaili hai, jisaka theth roop dekhate hi alag pahachana ja sakata hai. atimanaviy mahakay moortiyaan khule akash ke niche sthapit ki jati thian. is sambandh mean parakham gram se prapt yaksh moorti, patana se prapt yakshamoorti-jis par opadar chamak hai aur ek lekh bhi hai-patana shahar mean didaraganj se prapt chamaragrahini yakshi-jis par bhi maury shaili ki chamak hai-aur besanagar se prapt yakshi vishesh ullekhaniy hai. ye moortiyaan mahakay haian aur maansapeshiyoan ki balishthata aur dridhata unamean jivant roop se vyakt huee hai. ve prithakh roop se kh di hai par unake darshan ka prabhav sammukhin hai, manoan shilpi ne unhean sammukh darshan ke lie hi banaya ho. unaka vesh hai sir par pag di, kandhoan aur bhujaoan par uttariy, niche dhoti jo kati mean mekhala se kayabandhan se bandhi hai. kanoan mean bhari kuandal, gale mean kantha, chhati par tikona har aur bahuoan par aangad hai. moortiyoan ko tho da ghatodar dikhaya gaya hai, jaise parakham ki moorti mean dekhane ko milata hai.

guha vastu

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guha vastu bharatiy prachin vastukala ka ek bahut hi sundar namoona hai. ashok ke shasan kal se guhaoan ka upayog avas ke roop mean hone laga tha. gaya ke nikat barabar paha di par aisi anek gufaean vidyaman haian, jinhean samrat ashok ne avas yogy banavakar ajivakoan ko de diya tha. ashokakalin guhayean sade kamaroan ke roop mean hoti thian, lekin bad mean unhean avas evan upasanagrih ke roop mean stambhoan evan moortiyoan se alankrit kiya jane laga. yah kary vishesh roop se bauddhoan dvara kiya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sambandhit lekh

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