यहूदी धर्म

yahoodi dharm
yahoodi dharm ka pratik chihn|200px|center
vivaran	'yahoodi dharm' ek 'ekeshvaravadi' dharm hai. is dharm ki yah manyata hai ki eeshvar apana sandesh paigambaroan ke madhyam se preshit karata hai.
sansthapak	ibrahim
dharmasootr	yahoodi dharm mean 10 dharmacharanoan ka vishesh mahattv hai, jinaka palan karane par 'yahova' ki anupam kripa prapt hoti hai.
dharm granth	'tora', 'talamud', 'ilaka', 'agada', 'tanaka'.
paigambar	yahoodi log 'abraham', 'eesak' aur 'jekab' ko apana pitamah; 'moosa' ko mukhy paigambar tatha 'elija', 'ayos', 'hosiya', 'ijiya', 'hajakiya', 'ijakil', 'jaremiya' adi ko any paigambar manate haian.
vishesh	yahoodiyoan ke purohit ko 'rabi' tatha mandir ya poojasthal ko 'sinagaug' kaha jata hai.
any janakari	yahoodi dharm 'ekeshvaravad' par adharit hai. unaka eeshvar 'yahova', amoort, nirgun, sarvavyapi, nyayapriy, kripalu aur kathor anushasanapriy hai. apani ajnaoan ke ullanghan hone par vah dand bhi deta hai.

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yahoodi dharm (aangrezi: Judaism) yahoodiyoan ka ekeshvaravadi dharm hai, jo yah manata hai ki eeshvar ki upasthiti ka anubhav manav gatividhiyoan aur itihas dvara hota hai. yah upasthiti kuchh manyataoan aur moolyoan ki abhivyakti hai, jo karm, samajik vyavastha aur sanskriti mean drishtigochar hoti hai.

manyata

yahoodi dharm ka manana hai ki yahoodi samuday ka divy ke sath pratyaksh samana hota hai aur sthapit hone vala yah sanbandh, berit (anubandh), atoot hai aur yah samoochi manavata ke lie mahattvapoorn hai. eeshvar ko 'tora pradayak', yani divy pradayak ke roop mean dekha jata hai. apane paranparik vyapak roop mean 'hibroo granth' aur yahoodi maukhik paranparaean, dharmik manyataean riti-rivaj aur anushthan, aitihasik punarsankalan aur isake adhikarik granthoan ki vivechana hai. eeshvar ne divy ashish ke lie yahoodiyoan ka chunav karake unhean manavata tak ise pahuanchane ka madhyam bhi banaya aur unase tora ke niyamoan ke palan aur vishv ke any logoan ke gavah ke roop mean kam karane ki apeksha ki.

rabi

yahoodiyoan ke purohit ko rabi kahate haian.

sinagaug

yahoodiyoan ke mandir ya poojasthal ko sinagaug kahate haian.

dharmapitak

dharmapitak sinagaug mean rakha kikat ki lak di ka svarnajatit ek pitak hai, jisamean das dharmasootroan ki prati rakhi hoti hai. ise dharm pratijna ki nauka bhi kahate haian.

itihas

samajha jata hai ki yahoodi dharm ke sansthapak ibrahim 20vian shatabdi ee. poo. ke madhy mean uttari mesopotamiya se kanan) chale ge the. vahaan se ibrahim ke arddh khanabadosh vanshaj aur unake putr isak aur jekab, jo tab tak 12 yahoodi parivar ban chuke the, misr chale ge, jahaan unhean kee pidhiyoan tak gulam banakar rakha gaya aur ee.poo 13vian shatabdi mean ve vahaan palayan karake izaraili kanan laute. yahoodi dharm ki tarah dharmadhyakshoan ka dharm bhi yugoan-yugoan tak vividh videshi vicharo ke sanpark mean aya, inamean mari, ugarit, bebiloniya, mesopotamiya aur misr ke prabhav sammilit haian. izaraili eeshvar ko vishv ka srijanahar mana jata hai, jisaki khoj ibrahim ne nahian ki thi, parantu vah eeshvar ke sath pratijnabaddh hue the. eeshvar ne ibrahim ke sath apane vayade mojez ke madhyam se poore kie, jinhoanne palayan ka netritv kiya aur mauant sinaee mean izarail par aur pratijnaoan ka dayitv rakha aur apane sathiyoan ko kanan le ae. dharmadhyakshoan ki kahaniyoan ke anusar, kanan mean basana eeshvar dvara pratijna palan ka abhinn aang hai. misr mean gulam bane rahane ke anubhav se keval ukt manyata ki nahian, isaki bhi pushti huee ki izaraili eeshvar kshetriy simaoan se pare samoochi prithvi ka eeshvar hai.

yahoodi aur yahoodat

prachin mesopotamiya mean sami mool ki vibhinn bhashaean bolane vale akkadi, kainani, amori, asuri adi kee khanabadosh kabile raha karate the. inhian mean se ek kabile ka nam hibroo tha. ve yahova ko apana eeshvar aur abraham ko adi-pitamah manate the. unaki manyata thi ki yahova ne abraham aur unake vanshajoan ke rahane ke lie istrail pradesh niyat kiya hai. prarambh mean goshan ke mistriyoan ke sath hibruoan ke sambandh achchhe the, parantu bad mean donoan mean tanav utpann ho gaya. at: mistri pharaoan ke atyacharoan se pareshan hokar hibroo log moosa ke netritv mean istrail ki or chal p de. is yatra ko yahoodi itihas mean 'nishkraman' kaha jata hai. istrail ke marg mean sinaee parvat par moosa ko eeshvar ka sandesh mila ki yahova hi ekamatr eeshvar hai, at: usaki ajna ka palan karean, usake prati shraddha rakhean aur 10 dharmasootroan ka palan karean. moosa ne yah sandesh hibroo kabile ke logoan ko sunaya. tatpashchath any sabhi devi-devataoan ko hatakar sirf yahova ki aradhana ki jane lagi. is prakar yahova ki aradhana karane vale 'yahoodi' aur unaka dharm 'yahoodat' kahalaya.

yahoodiyoan ke paigambar

yahoodi dharm ki manata hai ki eeshvar apana sandesh paigambaroan ke madhyam se preshit karata hai. yahoodi log abraham, eesak aur jekab ko apana pitamah paigambar, moosa ko mukhy paigambar tatha elija, ayos, hosiya, ijiya, hajakiya, ijakil, jaremiya adi ko any paigambar manate haian. yahoodi dharm ekeshvaravad par adharit hai. unaka eeshvar 'yahova' amoort, nirgun, sarvavyapi, nyayapriy, kripalu aur kathor anushasanapriy hai. apani ajnaoan ke ullanghan hone par vah dand bhi deta hai. itana hi nahian, yahoodi log yahova ki ajnaoan mean sainy krityoan ka bhi sandesh pate haian. yahova unako dharm raksha ke lie sainy sangharsh ka bhi adesh deta hai.

das dharm sootr

yahoodi dharm mean 10 dharmacharanoan ka vishesh mahattv hai, jinaka palan karane par yahova ki anupam kripa prapt hoti hai. ye das dharm sootr nimn haian-

1. maian svami hooan tera eeshvar, tujhe mistr ki dasata se mukt karane vala.
2. mere siva too kisi doosare devata ko nahian manega.
3. too apane svami aur apane prabhu ka nam vyarth hi n lega.
4. sabath (avakash) ka din sadaiv yad rakhana aur use pavitr rakhana. chh: din too kam karega, apane sab kam, kintu satavaan din sabath ka din hai. yad rakhana ki chh: din tak tere prabhu ne akash, prithvi aur sagar tatha un sabamean vidyaman sabhi kuchh ki rachana ki, phir satavean din vishram kiya tha. at: yah prabhu ke vishram ka din hai. is din too koee bhi kam nahian kar sakata.
5. apane mata-pita ka samman kar, unhean adar de taki prabhu pradatt is bhoomi par too dirghayu ho sake.
6. too hatya nahian karega.
7. too parastri, parapurush gaman nahian karega.
8. too chori nahian karega.
9. too apane p dosi ke khilaf jhoothi gavahi nahian dega.
10. too apane p dosi ke makan, p dosi ki patni, p dosi ke naukar ya naukarani, usake bail, usake gadhe par buri nazar nahian rakhega.

dharmagranth

yahoodiyoan ke bich anek dharmagranth prachalit haian, jisamean kuchh pramukh haian-

1. tora, jo baibil ke pratham paanch granthoan ka samoohik nam hai aur yahoodi log ise sidhe eeshvar dvara moosa ko pradan ki gee thi,
2. talamud, jo yahoodiyoan ke maukhik achar v dainik vyahar sanbandhi niyamoan, tikaoan tatha vyakhyaoan ka sankalan hai,
3. ilaka, jo talamud ka vidhi sangrah hai,
4. agada, jisamean dharmakary, dharmakathaean, kisse adi sangrahit haian,
5. tanaka, jo baibil ka hibroo nam hai, adi.

manyataean

yahoodi dharm ke any tattv mojez ke sath ubhare. inamean yah mool manyata bhi shamil hai ki naitik chayan ki kushalata hi manav jati ko paribhashit karati hai. isilie sabhi vyakti eeshvar ke sath ek pratijna dvara ju de haian. yah ek aisa sanbandh hai, jise yahoodi udaharan aur praman dvara samane rakhate haian. manushy ke pas eeshvar ke qanoon ke ajnapalan (achchhaee) aur ajna ka ullanghan (buraee), do vikalp haian aur isi sandarbh mean vah kisi ek ka naitik chunav karata hai. pap ko qanoon ya tora ka jan-boojhakar kiya gaya ullanghan mana jata hai aur tora ki or punah vapas jana ek vimarshit chayan kaha jata hai. yahi nahian, manushy ki naitik pravritti nyayapoorn samaj ki sthapana tak vistrit aur usase guanthi hai. kanan par vijay ko 'palayan' hetu eeshvar ke hastakshep aur sahayata ke ek aang ke roop mean dekha jata hai. tab filistin jaise ne shatru samane ae aur 'nyayadhishoan ki pustak' mean ullikhit parivartan ke daur ki shuruat huee. izarail ki 12 bikhari huee janajatiyoan ko bujurgoan ya mat ke dridh samarthakoan ke netritv mean ekajut hone ka avasar mila. j aaurdan nadi ke donoan or bahut se pooja sthal aur vediyaan sthapit ki geean aur pratijnapatr ki manjoosha, jise aksar shilo mean hi rakha jata tha, chal vastu mani gee thi.

yerushalam

nyayadhishoan ke kal ke dauran nirantar netritv ki avashyakata ko dekhate hue rajashahi ki maang samane aee. rudhivadi dharmik logoan ke virodh ke bavajood lagabhag 1021 ee. poo. mean s aaul ko raja banaya gaya, kiantu 1000 ee. poo mean devid ke shasan kal ki shuruat tak rajashahi ke prati dharmik apattiyaan hoti rahian. devid ne hi yerushalam par vijay prapt ki aur ise rashtriy rajadhani banaya aur manjoosha (ark) ko yahaan rashtriy eeshvar ke devalay ke roop mean lae. devid ke putr s aauloman ne pahala mandir banavaya. s aauloman dvara rajashahi ko aantarrashtriy mahattv ki samratashahi mean vikasit karane ka dharmik aur laukik virodh hua aur lagabhag 922 ee. poo. mean uttari janajatiyoan ne sanbandh vichchhed kar liya.

rajaoan ki pustak ke anusar, agale 200 varsh ke dauran videshi sanpradayoan ne yahoodi dharm par asar dala, uttari rajy (izarail) ke viruddh vishesh roop se avaz uthaee gee. jahaan yerushalam ki pratidvandvita mean dharmik rajadhani samadiya sthapit ki gee. jab raja ahab ne apani siriyaee patni jezebal ko izarail mean apane videshi eeshvar ki pooja karane ki anumati di, to paiganbar elija ne samooche uttar ko adharmi ghoshit kar diya. unaka dava tha ki tin varsh ka sookha, eeshvar ke hit mean n rahane ke pap ka samriddhi-kshati ke pahale dand ke roop mean tha.

dharm-yuddh

nauvian se athavian shatabdi ee. poo tak izarail, asam ke sath chali a rahi purani l daee mean ulajha raha, parinamasvaroop izarail mean muthti bhar amiroan aur garib janata ke bich dhravikaran ho gaya. is sthiti se sahityik ya jnanavan paiganbaroan ki shuruat huee, jinamean se pahale amos the. unhoanne yah soch aranbh kiya ki pratijnapatr ke samajik naitik niyamoan ke ullanghan se eeshvar samuday ke viruddh ho jaega. athavian shatabdi ke aant mean jab asiriya ne izarail ka virodh kiya, to paiganbar hosiya ne kaha ki eeshvar ko bhula dene ke karan nee musibatoan ki shuruat huee hai. jooda ke raja ehaz ke asiriya ke samane samarpan se aize aur maik paiganbaroan ko yahoodi bhavishyavani mean yugaantak vichar shamil karana p da, jisamean sahi mayanoan mean bhavi pavitr dharmik samuday ki bat ki gee, jo prithvi par ek ek adarsh shasak ke netritv mean ek samany samajik rajanitik ikaee ke roop mean kam kare. bebiloniya dvara jooda par vijay aur bad mean yahoodiyoan ke nirvasan (597 ee. poo. se) se is vicharadhara mean bhavishyagami tattv ko bal mila. aisa hi jeramai aur aizekal ki bhavishyavaniyoan mean tha aur isase dyootero eesaiyoan ki bhavishyavani ko bhi bal mila ki izarail ki punarsthapana se vishv ko izarail ke eeshvar ke prati samarpit karane mean madad milegi.

faras dvara bebilon ko harae jane se nirvasan ka aant hua aur jooda phir se hasil ho gaya (538 ee. poo.) izarail ko dubara sthapit karane ki mesiyani ashaean adhoori rah geean, lekin meleki dvara 'mojez ki tora' ke palan ki chetavali ke sath paiganbari kal ka aant ho gaya. 444 ee. poo mean ...I ne tora ko desh ke qanoon ke roop mean manyata di. is tora ko prakashit kiya jana tha. tora ki is prakar manyata se alikhit qanoon ka vyapak adhar bana, jo yahoodi dharm ki visheshata hai. sikandar mahanh dvara 332 ee. poo. filistin par vijay se yoonani yahoodi dharm yug ki shuruat huee. yahoodi dharm aur sanskriti par yoonani prabhav doosari shatabdi ee. poo. ke praranbh mean us samay spasht ho gaya, jab yoonan ke yahoodi kattar purohitoan ke prabhav mean a ge. eantiokas IV aipifaniz dvara yahoodi dharm ke viruddh adeshoan ke phalasvaroop mekabiz ne vidroh kiya aur tabhi se yahoodi aur eesaee dharm mean shahidoan ka arvibhav hua. vidroh ke bavajood yoonanivad jari raha, jo jooda ke herod I ke kal (37 se 4 ee. poo.) ke dauran charam par pahuancha. isi kal mean dharmik netaoan ke do samooh ban ge. farasi, jo alikhit qanoon ke divy lekhan mean vishvas karate the aur sadjosi, jo tora ke likhit svaroop ko manate the.

yahoodi dharm ke pramukh keandr

yoonanivad ki avadhi mean siriya, eshiya mainar, bebiloniya aur visheshatah alekzeandar, misr mean yahoodi dharm ke pramukh keandr the. panchagranth ka yoonani bhasha mean anuvad kiya gaya, jisase yoonanivad ka akarshan badha aur misr mean itihas, kavita, natak aur darshanashastr ka paryapt sahity racha gaya.

yahoodi rajy ki sthapana

63 ee. poo. se 135 ee. ke dauran rom ke shasan mean svatantr yahoodi rajy ki sthapana ki koshishean ki geean. herodiyan, jil aaut aur kee arddh math samoohoan ne yah koshish ki aur yah sabhi tora ke sakhti se palan ke pakshadhar the. rom kal ke dauran samast manavata par phir se divy sanprabhuta sthapit kie jane ki izarail ki asha adarsh raja ke vichar par keandrit hone ke samay eesaee dharm ka uday sabase mahattvapoorn jatiy ghatanakram tha.

halaanki rom ke rajy ki achchhi shuruat huee thi, lekin rom se pratikool adeshoan ke karan vidrohoan ki lagatar asaphal koshishean hueean, inamean se pahali (66-73) ke dauran 'doosara mandir' nasht kar diya gaya. in trasadiyoan se yahoodi dharm sankuchit hua aur talamud ka vikas hua.

tanaim yug

rabbaniyaee yahoodi dharm, jisake dauran talamud ka vikas hua, doosari se atharahavian shatabdi tak phaila raha. tanaim yug kahe jane kal mean filistin mean ek uchch nyayalay ke pramukh, dharmaguru simiyan ben gamaliel (135-175) aur jooda-ha-nasi (175-220) the, jinhean mishana namak alikhit qanoon ke aantim svaroop ke nirman ka shrey jata hai.

amoraim kal

mishana lagoo kie jane se amoraim kal ki shuruat huee. mishana ko manak pustak manate hue filistin ke amoraim (220-400) aur bebiloniya (200-650) ne ise spasht kiya, any pustakoan ke sath milan kiya aur isake siddhaantoan ko nee paristhitiyoan par lagoo kiya. unhoanne filistin talamud aur bebiloniya talamud taiyar kie, jinamean se bebiloniya talamud yahoodi jivan ki keandriy sanhita ban gaya. halaanki aantim dharmaguru gamaliel IV ki 425 mean mrityu se bhoomadhyiy yahoodi dharm bikhar gaya, lekin yahoodi kaileandar aur rabbaiyoan dvara palit niyam jari rahane se yoorop mean yahoodi samuday ka bana rahana sunishchit raha.

bebiloniya mean nirvasakoan ke pramukh ka pad 10vian se 11vian shatabdi ke madhy tak rabbaiyoan ke sath-sath chalata raha. filistin se pratyaropit rabbi padadhikariyoan ne nee bhoomi mean yahoodi qanooni dharmik pranali ke moolyoan aur aantarvastu ko saphalatapoorvak anukoolit kar liya. satavian aur athavian shatabdi mean islam ke vistar ke bad bebiloniya ke dharmik netaoan ya 'jiyonim' ne sabhi yahoodi samudayoan mean apani paranparaoan ko pahuanchaya.

madhyakalin yug

madhyakalin yug mean saman dharmik adhar ke bavajood yahoodi sanskriti ki do shakhaean vikasit hueean. sefardi samuday ki saanskritik sanbaddhata bebiloniya se thi aur yah arabi muslim mahaul se prabhavit tha. ashakenaji samuday yoorop ki laitin eesaee sanskriti mean vikasit huee aur isaki prishthabhoomi rom aur filistin mean thi. is avadhi mean yahoodi adhyatmavad ke do prakar ubharakar samane ae, 12 vian shatabdi ke jarman ashakenazim ke bich tatha kathit madhyayugin hasidivar aur proveans ki talamudik akadamiyoan tatha 13vian shatabdi mean uttari spen ke bich anumanatmak kabbala shaili. proveans aur uttari spen mean sefaradim aur ashakenazim sanskritiyoan ke bich jhap dean hueean.

eesaee dharm ki svikriti

eesaee adhikariyoan dvara talamud par hamaloan ke karan aur 1306 mean fraans mean yahoodiyoan ke nishkasan se vivad ka samadhan nahian ho paya aur rudhivadiyoan ki do shakhaean jaise-taise sath-sath chalati rahian. yoorop mean yahoodiyoan par 18vian shatabdi mean muqad me jari rahane se svadharm tyag aur eesaee dharm svikar karane (maranizm) ke mamale samane ae aur shabbetaee tzevi aur jaiqab phreank jaise chhadm-masihaee ugravadi matoan ka uday hua.

yahoodi bodh kal

madhy aur poorvi yoorop mean 18vian shatabdi 'hasakala' ya yahoodi bodh ka kal tha. is avadhi mean yahoodiyoan ne mesiyani manyataoan se hatakar apane jivanakal mean is prithvi par apani ya rashtriy akaankshaoan ki poorti karana shuroo kar diya. mojeze mandilaszon vishesh taur par mahattvapoorn the, jinake yerushalam ne yahoodi dharm ki vaidhata aur apane sarvabhaumik tarkik dharm ke vishvas ki vakalat ki. nafatali harz vesali ke sath milakar unhoanne jarman baibil ki rachana ki, jisane madhy yooropiy yahoodivad ko jarman sanskriti mean prastut kiya.

aandolan

poorvi yoorop aur visheshatah roos mean hasakala ne purohitavad ka virodh aur vyavaharik samajik aur arthik sudharoan ki maang karane ka roop le liya. hibroo aur roosi bhasha ka sahity un lekhakoan ke bich phalane-phoolane laga, jinhoanne svayan ko roosi nagarik aur yahoodi dharm ko apana dharm ghoshit kiya. yiddish sahity, jo poorvi yooropiy deshoan mean 12vian aur 13vian shatabdi mean shuroo hua tha, 19vian shatabdi ke aant aur 20vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean panapa. halaanki 1881 ki samoohik hatyaoan ke karan is aandolan ka aant ho gaya, hasakala se yahoodi dharmik sudhar ki utpatti huee. jisaki nepoliyan yug (1800-1815) dauran pashchimi yoorop mean shuruat huee. fraans mean sudhar saiddhaantik the, jabaki jarmani mean yah pooja ki suandar vidhiyoan par keandrit the. jarman sudhar 1840 mean sansthagat ho ge, halaanki ye adhikaansh yoorop mean viphal rahe aur asani se amerika mean svikar kie ge, jahaan ye sudhar ke praranbhik rujhan ke sath ghulamil ge.

ab is sudhar aandolan se sankuchit vichar vale yahoodi dharm ki shuruat huee, jo jarmani mean 1845 mean praranbh hua. isane vikasatmak dharm ke roop mean yahoodi dharm ki parikalpana ki, lekin riti-rivajoan mean mukhyatah paranparik niyamoan ke palan par a gaya.

yoorop ke adhikaansh yahoodiyoan ne sudhar aandolan ko thukara diya. yadyapi kuchh ullekhaniy hasidim ne pashchimikaran ka poori tarah bahishkar jari rakha aur inamean se adhikaansh dharm mean roodhivadi, lekin sanskriti aur taur-tariqo mean pashchimi ban ge. pashchimikaran ke vikas ke sath vidvanoan ne yahoodi itihas aur sanskriti ke dharmanirapeksh adhyayan tatha vijnan, chikitsa aur ganit mean yahoodi dharm ke yogadan ka adhyayan shuroo kar diy. jab adhikaansh yahoodiyoan ne maukhik qanoon ki divyata ke vidhan ko asvikar kar diya. us samay yahoodi darshanikoan ne nirantarata ke prashn ka virodh kiya. vibhinn uttaroan mean se unhoanne yahoodi dharm ko eeshvar ke sath vyaktigat sakshatkar ke saghan svaroop ya dharmik rashtravad ke roop mean aitihasik ya naitik prakriya ka vahak mana.

yahoodi dharm ko usake dharmanirapeksh pahaluoan mean sudhar aandolan ke parinam ko dekha ja sakata hai, 19vian shatabdi ke agaman ke sath yooropiy rashtravad aur samivad ke virodh ki pratikriya se yahoodi dharm ne rashtr-punarjagaran aur punarvas ka karyakram prastut kiya, jo 1948 mean izarail desh ke gathan ke sath sanpann hua. dvitiy vishv yuddh ki samapti ke bad yahoodi dharm gair yooropiy dharm ban gaya, jo izarail, amerika aur roos tatha any poorv soviyat ganarajyoan mean keandrit tha. vishv mean yahoodi dharm ka arab rashtroan ke sath takarav hua, jabaki yahoodi dharm ke pratyek samuday mean dharmanirapekshata ki bhavana badhati gee hai. phir bhi yahoodiyoan mean apane dharm ke prati atyadhik utsah aur usaki aitihasik paranparaoan ke ahasas se lagav dikhaee deta hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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