राजतरंगिणी

rajatarangini kalhan dvara rachit ek sanskrit granth hai. jisaki rachana 1148 se 1150 ke bich huee. kashmir ke itihas par adharit is granth ki rachana mean kalhan ne gyarah any granthoan ka sahayog liya hai jisamean ab keval nilamat puran hi upalabdh hai.

• yah granth sanskrit mean aitihasik ghatanaoan ke kramabaddh itihas likhane ka pratham prayas hai. isamean adikal se lekar 1151 ee. ke arambh tak ke kashmir ke pratyek shasak ke kal ki ghatanaoan kramanusar vivaran diya gaya haian| yah kashmir ka rajanitik uthalaputhal ka kal tha. aranbhik bhag mean yadyapi puranoan ke dhang ka vivaran adhik milata hai., parantu bad ki avadhi ka vivaran poori aitihasik eemanadari se diya gaya hai.
• apane granth mean kalhan ne is adarsh ko sada dhyan mean rakha hai isalie kashmir ke hi nahian, tatkal bharatiy itihas ke sanbandh mean bhi rajatarangini mean b di mahattvapoorn aur pramanik samagri prapt hoti hai. rajatanragini ke uddharan adhikatar itihasakaroan ne istemal kiye hai. is granth se kashmir ke itihas ke bare mean janakari milati hai.
• kalhan ki rajatarangini mean kul ath tarang evan lagabhag 8000 shlok haian. pahale ke tin tarangoan mean kashmir ke prachin itihas ki janakari milati hai. chauthe se lekar chhathavean tarang mean karkot evan utpal vansh ke itihas ka varnan hai. antim satavean evan athavean tarang mean lohar vansh ka itihas ullikhit hai. is pustak mean aitihasik ghatanaoan ka kramabaddh ullekh hai.
• kalhan ne pakshapatarahit hokar rajaoan ke gun evan doshoan ka ullekh kiya hai. pustak ke vishay ke antargat rajaniti ke atirikt sadachar evan naitik shiksha par bhi prakash dala gaya hai.
• kalhan ne apane granth rajatarangini mean sanskrit bhasha ka prayog kiya hai.

rachana kal

yah mana jata hai ki ‘rajatarangini’ 1147 se 1149 eesvi ke bich likhi gee. barahavian shatabdi ka yah kal kashmir ke itihas ka ek aisa kal hai jise yooan bhi kaha ja sakata hai ki aj vahi itihas apane apako phir se dohara raha hai. kalhan ke samay kashmir rajanitik asthirata aur uthapatak ke daur se gujar raha tha. kalhan ne kashmir ke itihas ki sabase shaktishali mahila shasak didda ka ullekh kiya hai, jo 950-958 eesvi mean raja kshemagupt (kshemendr gupt) ki patni thi aur sharirik roop se kamazor pati ke karan usi ne satta ka poori tarah upayog kiya. vah pati ki mrityu ke bad sianhasan par baithi aur usane ek saf suthara shasan dene ki koshish karate hue bhrasht mantriyoan aur yahaan tak ki apane pradhanamantri ko bhi barkhast kar diya lekin didda ko satta aur vasana ki aisi bhookh thi, jisake chalate usane apane hi putroan ko marava diya. vah puanchh ke ek gvale tuanga se prem karati thi, jise usane pradhanamantri bana diya. itihas ka aisa varnan siva kalhan ke kisi aur sanskrit kavi ne nahian kiya. 120 chhandoan mean likhit ‘rajatarangini’ mean yooan to kashmir ka arambh se yani ‘mahabharat’ kal se lekar kalhan ke kal tak ka itihas hai, lekin mukhy roop se isamean raja anant dev ke putr raja kailash ke kushasan ka varnan hai. kalhan batate haian ki kashmir ghati pahale ek vishal jhil thi jise kashyap rrishi ne baramula ki paha diya katakar khali kiya. shrinagar shahar samrat ashok mahan ne basaya tha aur yahian se bauddh dharm pahale kashmir ghati mean aur phir madhy eshiya, tibbat aur chin pahuancha.

rajatarangini ka mahattv

'rajatarangini' ek aisi rachana hai, jise sanskrit ke aitihasik mahakavyoan ka 'mukutamani' kaha ja sakata hai. isake rachayita kashmiri kavi 'kalhan' haian. sanskrit sahity mean itihas ko itihas manakar likhane vale tathyoan ko tithi adi ke pramanik-sakshy aur kram ke sath prastut karane vale ye ab tak jnat pahale kavi haian yahi karan hai ki inaki kriti 'rajatarangini' ka desh-videsh mean sarvatr adar hua hai. yah kashmir ke rajaoan ka vistrit itihas hai, jisaka rachana-shilp bahut kuchh mahabharat jaisa aur anek kavy-gunoan se samriddh hai. isamean mahabharat-kal se arambh kar 1150 eesavi tak ke kashmiri nareshoan ka itivritt tatha charitraankan atyant hriday tatha prasadik shaili mean kiya gaya hai. rajatarangini ath tarangoan mean vibhakt hai, jinamean kul lagabhag 7826 shlok haian. prarambh mean chhah tarang chhote tatha antim do tarang bahut b de haian, jinamean athavaan tarang, samast granth ke adhe pariman se bhi adhik hai. apane lekhan ke samay se hi 'rajatarangini' atyant lokapriy rahi hai.

itihas ka sootrapat

kalhan paramparik anushrutiyoan ke adhar par, pauranik shaili mean jalodbhav namak asur ke vadh aur prajapati kashyap dvara kashmir mandal ki sthapana se is itihas ka sootrapat karate haian. vikram poorv barahavian shatabdi ke kisi gonand namak raja ki katha se rajacharit ka kram arambh hota hai. unake is varnan ka bahut kuchh adhar 'nilamatapuran' hai, isake atirikt is vishay mean unhoanne apane se poorv likhe ge gyarah granthoan aur pahale ke rajaoan ke abhilekh, prashastipatr evan vanshavaliyoan ke dekhe jane ka bhi ullekh kiya hai. kavi, is varnan mean jyoan-jyoan apane samay ki or abhimukh hote jate haian, yah pauranikata evan kalpana-pravanata dhire-dhire kam hoti jati hai aur yatharth ka thos dharatal ubharata dikhalaee p data hai. 812 eesavi tak ke rajaoan ka varnan bina tithi ke hi chalata hai, kintu 813-814 eesvi se is varnan mean tithikram ka spasht ullekh prapt hota hai. ashtam tarang to kavi ki svayan aankhoan dekhi aur anubhoot ghatanaoan ka pramanik lekha-jokha hai. sankshep mean isake pratyek tarang mean rajaoan ka vivaran is prakar hai-

pratham tarang

gonand pratham se lekar andh yudhishthir tak 75 rajaoan ka vivaran hai.

dvitiy tarang

6 rajaoan ke 192 varshoan ke shasanakal ka aankan kiya gaya hai.

tritiy tarang

gonand vansh ke antim raja baladity tak dash rajaoan ke 536 varshoan ke rajyakal ka vivaran hai.

chaturth tarang

260 varshoan tak rajy karane vale 17 nripoan ka itihas niroopit hai.

pancham tarang

avantivarma ke rajyarohan ke sath utpal vansh ke sootrapat ka varnan tatha kalyapal vanshaj sankatavarma, sugandhadevi aur shankar varman ke rajyakal ka niroopan hai.

shashth tarang

10 rajaoan ke, 936 se 1003 eesvi tak ke shasanakal ka vivaran diya gaya hai.

saptam tarang

6 rajaoan ke sanh 1003 se 1101 eesvi tak ke samay ka chitran hai.

ashtam tarang

satavahan vansh ke, uchchal, sussal, bhikshachar aur jayasianh adi rajaoan ki jivanagatha tatha krityoan ka pratyakshikaran karaya gaya hai. pratham char tarangoan mean aitihasik tathyaparakata ki drishti se kee sthal kalhan mean sandigdh haian. ve puranoan aur akhyanoan se prapt atiprakrit aur avishvasaniy ghatana-prasangoan ka bhi vivaran vishvasapoorvak de dete haian. par paanchavean tarang se jaise-jaise ve apane samay ke nikat ate haian, ve ek khare itihasakar ki bhaanti tathyoan ko jaanch parakh kar prastut karate hai, ve tathyoan ki jaanch ke liye upalabdh samagri ka havala bhi dete haian.

siandh par pahala muslim akraman

sanh 712 eesvi mean siandh par pahala muslim akraman hua aur 1000 eesvi ke as-pas mahamood gajani ne bharat ko rauandana shuroo kiya. kalhan ne shashth aur ashtam tarangoan mean desh ki rajanitik aur aitihasik paristhitiyoan par dooragami prabhav chho dane vale in akramanoan ka ullekh kiya hai. kashmir mean muslim sanskriti ke pravesh ka bhi ve sanket dete haian.

raja harsh ka utthan aur patan

kalhan ne raja harsh ke utthan aur patan ka jo vishad vivaran diya hai, vah bharatiy itihas ka ek mahattvapoorn adhyay hai. kishoravastha mean harsh b da gunanuragi aur kavyatmak pravritti vala tha. usaka lobhi pita kalash vidvanoan se droh rakhata tha, par harsh svayan bhookha rahakar apana kharch panditoan aur kaviyoan ko de dalata tha usane rajyaroodh hone par apane vidvatprem ko charitarth kiya. praja ki prarthana sunane ke lie to usane apane prasad ke charoan or b de-b de ghante lagava diye the, jinake bajate hi vah prarthiyoan se svayan milane pahuanch jata. yahaan tak ki karnatak ke raja se vidyapati ki upadhi pane vale vilhan bhi harsh ke kavy aur kala ke prati anurag ki katha sunakar usake liye spriha karata tha. par isi harsh ko dhire-dhire chatukaroan ne gher liya. usaka ant:pur suandariyoan se bhar gaya. vah vilasi ban gaya aur aviveki amatyoan ke paramarsh par janata ko lootane laga. usane yogy mantri kandarp ko bandi banane ka prayas kiya, apane hi bhatijoan ki hatya karavayi, yahaan tak ki devalayoan se svarn aur ratn bhi usane loote. karnatak ke raja parmadi (vikramadity shashth) ki patni chanda (chandravati) ka chitr dekhakar vah itana kamatur ho utha ki karnatak ke raja se yuddh kar usaki rani ko prapt karane ki usane than li. vah karnatak tak akraman karane n pahuanch saka, par dhoort log rani chandra ke nam par usase rupaya lootate rahe. ant mean b di karunik aur vidanbanamay sthitiyoan mean harsh ki jivanalila samapt huee. kalhan ne raja harsh ke utthan aur marmantak patan ka romaanchak itihas 1400 padyoan mean likha hai, aur yah poora aansh apane ap mean unake samay ka n keval kachcha chittha hai, vah ek virat mahakavy bhi hai. isi prakar avantivarma, kalash, rani didda adi ke shasanakal ke prasang bhi apane ap mean alag-alag mahakavyoan ka asvad dete haian tatha kashmir ke kuchh shatabdiyoan ke itihas ko bhi pramanik roop mean prastut karate haian.

samagr ashtam tarang

kavi ka bhoga hua apana vartaman hi hai. yah samay kashmir ke itihas mean, vanshanugat sangharshoan, shadyantroan, vidrohoan tatha raktaranjit krantiyoan ka kal tha, us samay kashmir ka janajivan tatha prashasan donoan hi asthir tatha bhayagrast the. kalhan ne harsh (sanh 1089-1101 eesvi) ke jivan, naitik patan, vishvasaghat tatha du:khad aant ka aisa prabhavi chitran kiya hai, jise padhakar romaanch ho jata hai. kashmir ke kulin amiroan ke raktaranjit atyachar, unake apasi sangharsh, tatkalin akal, jal-plavan, agnidah adi prakritik vipattiyoan ka jo varnan kavi ne kiya hai usamean unaki apani bhogi huee pi da ke dansh bhi vidyaman haian. apane desh aur kal ki yah du:khad sthiti kavi ko marmantak vedana de rahi thi, kintu vah vivash tha. paristhitiyoan ne use ekaki bana diya tha. kadachith inhian paristhitiyoan se prerit hokar apane dhang se unaka pratikar karane ki bhavana se hi kavi ne lekhani ka yah shastr uthaya tha. 'rajatarangini' ki rachana usi ka parinat phal hai.

aitihasik kriti

'rajatarangini' ek nishpaksh aur nirbhay aitihasik kriti hai. granthakar ke matanusar ek sachche itihas lekhak ki vani ko nyayadhish ke saman rag-dvaish-vinirmukt hona chahie, tabhi usaki prashansa ho sakati hai-

shladhy: s ev gunavanh ragadveshabahishkrita.
bhootarthakathane yasy stheyasyev sarasvati॥

apani kriti mean unhoanne is kasauti ka poornaroop se palan kiya hai. rajatarangini mean rajaoan ke charitrik patan evan kashmiri logoan ke pravanchanamay charitr ka ve khulakar udghatan karate haian. mantriyoan ke paraspirik virodh, senadhyakshoan mean matabhed, sainikoan mean anushasanahinata, purahitoan mean dambh tatha shadyantrakarita, janasamany ke grih-kalah aur chhal-prapanch ka spasht aankan karane mean unhean tanik bhi sankoch nahian hota. yah sab hote hue bhi taranginikar ki kashmirabhoomi ke prati atmiy-astha aur priti akshunn aur adig hai. apani janmabhoomi ko svarg se bhi adhik niroopit karate hue ve kahate haian ki ooanche-ooanche vidyabhavan, kesar, shital jal aur draksha- ye sab svarg mean bhi durlabh vastuean jis kashmir mean samanyat: prapy haian usaki tulana bhala aur kisase ki ja sakati hai-

vidyaveshmani tungani kunkuman sahiman pay:.
draksheti yatr samanyamasti tridivadurlabhamh॥

phir bhi rajatarangini kora itihas granth hi nahian hai. kavyatmak charuta ka sannivesh bhi usamean dekha ja sakata hai. lakshan granthoan ki prachalit paribhasha ke anusar isaka mahakavyatv bhale hi utpann n hota ho, kintu hai vah chittavarjak kavy hi, aur apane akaragat tatha vishayagat mahattv ke karan ise ek prithakh shaili ka aitihasik mahakavy kahane mean kisi ko bhi koee anupapatti nahian ho sakati. mahakavi kalhan amritasyandi sukavi ke gunoan ki vandana karate hue unhean kavi aur varnaniy vishay donoan ko amar kar dene vala rasayan svikar karate haian siddh karate hai.unake anusar, jinaki bhujaoan ki chhatrachhaya mean samudr sahit yah dharati surakshit rahati hai, ve b de-b de balashali rajagan jisaki kripa ke bina smaran bhi nahian kiye jate vah prakriti ka sarvotkrisht kavikarm hi namaskar yogy hai-

bhujavanataruchchhayaan yeshaan nishevy mahaujasaan
jaladhirashanamedinyasidasavakutobhaya ॥
smritimapati n te yanti kshmapa vina yadanugrahan
prakritimahate kurmastasmai nam: kavikarmane॥

bhasha aur shaili

sahasroan varshoan ki kalavadhi mean utpann, bhinn-bhinn shil, svabhav tatha itivritt vale vividh nareshoan ka varnan hone ke karan isaki shaili mean satat gatvarata aur ek prakar ki samasikata hai, at: any mahakavyoan ki bhaanti shrriangar, vir, has adi rasoan ka tatha alamban-uddipan ke roop mean soddeshy kiye gaye prakritik varnanoan ka vaisa chamatkar to nahian milata. phir bhi prasanganusar, sabhi rasoan ka uchit sannivesh tatha itivritt ki pithika ke roop mean prakriti ke chitramay varnanoan ki upalabdhi yahaan dekhi ja sakati hai.

shant ras

hamare ady itihas mahabharat ki bhaanti rajataranngini ka aangi ras bhi 'shant' hai. kalhan, ek darshanik ki bhaanti sansar ki kshanabhangurata par vichar karate hue kavyashastriy dridhata se 'shant' ras ki sarvotkrishtata siddh karate haian-

kshanabhangini jantoonaan sphurite parichintite.
moordhabhishek: shastasy rasasyatr vicharyatamh॥

chhand

tarangini ki shaili samanyat: saral-taral hai. kavi ne apani rachana mean vaidarbhi-riti tatha anushtuph chhand ka hi ashray liya hai, kintu kahian-kahian paanchali aur gau diriti tatha bich-bich mean vasantatilaka, shardoolavikridit, harini adi b de chhandoan ka bhi prayog dikhalaee p data hai.

alankar

alankaroan ka prayog bhi sahaj aur akritrim roop se hua haian. upama, utpreksha, roopak, dipak, atishayokti, drishtant adi arthalankar tatha anupras adi shabdalankar svabhavik roop se upasthit hue haian. kashmir varnan mean yah utpreksha kitani ramaniy hai-

asantaparhataan jananh yatr pitra vinirmite.
gauravadiv tigmaanshurdhatte grishmeapyativratamh॥

• pita kashyap ji ke dvara sthapit kie ge kashmir-mandal ko tap dena uchit nahian hai mano yah sochakar vahaan grishm mean bhi soory apani kiranoan mean tikhapan nahian late. brahmanoan ke apakar roop dusht-karm se tarapid namak raja nasht ho gaya. is varnan mean kavi ne agni aur megh ka yah sundar drishtant prastut kiya hai-

yoayan janopakaranay shrayatyupayan

tenaiv tasy niyamen bhavedh vinash:.
dhooman prasauti nayanandhyakaran yamagni-
rbhootvambud: s shamayeth salilaistamev॥

• rajatarangini mean sthan-sthan par sooktimuktaprasavini pady-sooktiyaan bikhari p di haian. jinamean kavi ke sangharshamay, praudh jivan ka anubhav, abha banakar jhaankata pratit hota hai. yadi shilaroopi chintamani ka vigalan ho gaya to phir jivan mean sare durgun kramash: kis prakar ate-jate haian isaka varnan dekhie-

pragunmilati duryash: suvishaman garhyoabhilashastato
dharm: poorvamupaiti sankshayamatho shlaghyoabhimanakram:.
sandehan prathaman prayatyabhijanan pashchatpunarjivitan
kian nabhyeti viparyayan vigalane shilasy chintamane:॥

• kavi ne tatkalin rajaoan ki vilasita, nrishansata aur moorkhata ka khulakar chitran kiya hai. is samay ke naresh, durlabh mriganayaniyoan ko prapt karane mean, gho doan ki kharid-pharokt mean, vit aur vaitalikoan ke dvara apani prashansa karavane mean hi apane dhan ka apavyav kar dalate haian prajarakshan mean viniyukt unaka sampoorn samay roothi kaminiyoan ko manane mean, gho da-hathi adi ki kharidadari mean aur naukaroan ke sath shikar karane mean hi bit jata hai. apani yuktiyoan mean tatkalin samajik paristhitiyoan se uddhrit anek marmik chitr kavi ne upasthit kie haian, jinamean anubhooti aur sanvedana ki nishchhal abhivyakti huee hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• kalhan ki rajatarangini

sanbandhit lekh

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