शक साम्राज्य
[[chitr:Shaka-Colaj.jpg|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|300px|thumb]]
shakoan ka bharat mean pravesh
magadh ke vishal samrajy ki shakti ke kshin hone par jin videshi akrantaoan ke akraman bharat par shuroo hue, unamean se demetriyas aur minandar sadrish yavan vijetaoan ne bharat ke uttar-pashchimi pradeshoan mean apane anek rajy sthapit kie, aur unake vanshadharoan ne unaka shasan kiya. par is yug mean (doosari sadi ee. poo. aur usake bad) yavanoan (baiktriya ke grik) ke atirikt parthiyan aur shak logoan ne bhi is desh par anek akraman kie. vishal siriyan samrajy ki adhinata se mukt hokar jin rajyoan ne apani svatantr satta sthapit ki thi, unamean se ek baiktriya tha aur doosara parthiya. parthiya rajy mean vah desh aantargat tha, jise ab eeran kaha jata hai.
shak jati
baiktriya ke yavan rajy ka ant shak jati ke akraman dvara hua tha. in shak logoan ka mool nivas sthan sir nadi ki ghati mean tha. doosari sadi ee. poo. mean un par uttar-poorv ki or se 'yuishi jati' ne akraman kiya. yuishi log tibbat ke uttar-pashchim mean takala-makan ki marubhoomi ke simant par nivas karate the. ye b de hi vir aur yoddha the. hoonoan ke akraman ke karan ye apane prachin abhijan ko chho dakar age badh jane ke lie vivash hue the. prachin kal mean hoon jati uttari chin mean nivas karati thi, aur chin ke sabhy rajyoan par akraman karati rahati thi. unhian ke hamaloan se apane desh ki raksha karane ke lie chin ke shaktishali samrat shi-huaang-ti (246-210 ee. poo.) ne us vishal divar ka nirman karaya tha, jo ab tak bhi uttari chin mean vidyaman hai. is divar ke karan hoon logoan ke lie chin par akraman karana sambhav nahian raha, aur unhoanne pashchim ki or badhana shuroo kiya. hoon log asabhy aur barbar the, aur loot-mar ke dvara hi apana nirvah karate the. hoonoan ne prachand aandhi ke saman pashchim ki or badhana shuroo kiya, aur yuishi logoan ko jit liya. unaki raja ki yuddh kshetr mean mrityu huee. vidhava rani ke netritv mean yuishi log apane prachin abhijan ko chho dakar age badhane ke lie vivash ho ge. sir nadi ki ghati mean us samay shakoan ka nivas tha. yuishi jati ne un par hamala kar diya, aur shak unase parast ho ge. vivash hokar shakoan ko apana pradesh chho dana p da, aur unake vividh jan (qabile) vividh mean age badhe. hoonoan ne yuishiyoan ko dhakela, aur yuishiyoan ne shakoan ko. hoonoan ki badh ne yuishi jati ke pradesh ko akraant kar diya, aur shakoan ke pradesh par yuishi chha ge. yahi samay tha, jab shakoan ki ek shakha ne baiktriya par akraman kiya aur vahaan ke yavan raja heliokliz ko parast kiya. shak logoan ki jis shakha ne baiktriya ki vijay ki thi, vah hindukush parvat ko par kar bharat mean pravisht nahian huee. isilie heliokliz ka shasan uttar-pashchimi bharat mean qayam raha.
shakoan ka parthiya par akraman
baiktriya ko jit kar shak log dakshin-pashchim ki or mu de. vankshu nadi ke par us samay parthiya ka rajy tha. vahaan ke rajaoan ke lie yah sugam nahian tha, ki ve shak akraman ka bhali-bhaanti muqabala kar sakate. 128 ee. poo. ke lagabhag parthiyan raja fravat dvitiy ne shakoan ki badh ko rokane ka prayatn kiya. par vah saphal nahian ho saka. shakoan ke sath yuddh karate hue ranakshetr mean hi usaki mrityu huee. usake uttaradhikari raja artebanas ke samay mean shak log parthiyan rajy mean ghus ge aur use unhoanne buri tarah se loota. artebanas bhi shakoan se l date hue mara gaya. artebanas ke bad mithidatas dvitiy (123-88 ee. poo.) parthiya ka raja bana. usane shakoan ke akramanoan se apane rajy ki raksha karane ke lie ghor prayatn kiya aur use is kam mean saphalata bhi prapt huee. mithidatas ki shakti se vivash hokar shakoan ka pravah pashchim ki taraf se hatakar dakshin-poorv ki or ho gaya. parinam yah hua, ki ab shakoan ne bharat par akraman shuroo kiya. unake bharat akraman ka samay 123 ee. poo. ke lagabhag hai.
thumb|250px|left|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
bharat mean pravesh
parthiya ko jit sakane mean asamarth hokar shakoan ne sistan aur sindh marg se bharat mean pravesh kiya. bharat ke jis pradesh ko shakoan ne pahale-pahal apane adhin kiya, vah magadh samrajy ke adhin nahian tha. sambhavatah vahaan bhi yavanoan ke chhote-chhote rajy sthapit the. sindh nadi ke tat par sthit minanagar ko unhoanne apani rajadhani banaya. bharat ka yah pahala shak rajy tha. yahian se unhoanne bharat ke any pradeshoan mean apana prasar kiya. ek jain anushruti ke anusar bharat mean shakoan ko amantrit karane ka shrey achary kalak ko hai. yah jain achary ujjain ke nivasi the, aur vahaan ke raja gardabhill ke atyacharoan se tang akar sudoor pashchim ke parthiyan rajy (paras kul) mean chale ge the. jab parthiya ke shaktishali raja mithidatas dvitiy ki shakti ke karan shak log pareshani ka anubhav kar rahe the, to kalakachary ne unhean bharat ane ke lie prerit kiya. kalak ke sath shak log sindh mean pravisht hue, aur vahaan par unhoanne apana rajy sthapit kiya. isake bad unhoanne saurashtr ko jitakar ujjayini par bhi akraman kiya, aur vahaan ke raja gardabhill ko parast kiya. yadyapi shakoan ki mukhy rajadhani minanagar thi, par bharat ke vividh pradeshoan mean unhoanne apane svatantr rajy sthapit kie, jo sambhavatah minanagar ke shakaraj ki adhinata svikar karate the. ye vividh shakarajy tha. shakakshatrapoan ke kul nimnalikhit the -
- sindh aur pashchimi bharat ka shak kul
- maharashtr ka shak-kshatrap kul
- mathura ka shak-kshatrap kul
- gandhar ka shak kul.
lagabhag ee. poo. 165 mean yah qabila 'yoochi' namak ek any qabile ke dvara madhy eshiya se khade d diya gaya tha. isane age badhate hue baiktriya, parthiya adi par akraman kiya, phir aur age badhakar hind parthiyan rajaoan se yuddh kiya. bharat mean shak raja apane ap ko 'kshatrap' kahate the. shak shasakoan ki bharat mean do shakhaean ho gee thian. ek uttari kshatrap kahalate the jo takshashila evan mathura mean the aur doosare 'pashchimi kshatrap' kahalate the jo nasik evan ujjain ke the. pashchimi kshatrap adhik prasiddh the. yoochi akramanoan ke bhay se kee kshatrap ee. poo. pahali shati se eesvi ki pahali shati ke bich uttar pashchim se dakshin ki or badh ae the aur nasik ke kshatrapoan tatha ujjain ke kshatrapoan ki do shakhaoan mean bant ge the. nasik ke kshatrapoan mean do prasiddh shasak bhoomak aur nahapan the. ve apane ko 'kshayarat kshatrap' kahate the.
- taanbe ke sikkoan mean bhoomak ne apane apakoan kshatrap likha hai.
- nahapan ke abhilekh mean 41 se 46 tak tithiyaan haian, jo sambhvatah 78 ee. mean prarambh hone vale sanvat mean hai. isalie nahapan ka rajyakal 119 se 124 ee. tak sthir hota hai. nahapan ne apane sikkoan mean apane ap ko 'raja' likha hai. prarambhik abhilekhoan mean apane ko kshatrap likhata hai kintu varsh 46 ke abhilekh mean mahakshatrap. abhilekhoan ke adhar par pratit hota hai ki nahapan ka rajy uttar mean rajapootana tak tha. usake rajy mean kathiyava d, dakshini gujarat, pashchimi malava, uttari koankan, poona adi shamil the. usane maharashtr ke ek b de bhoo bhag ko satavahan rajaoan se chhina tha. nahapan ke samay bh dauch ek bandaragah tha. ujjain, pratishthan adi se bahut sa vyaparik saman lakar vahaan par ekatr kiya jata tha. vahaan se yah saman pashchimi deshoan ko bheja jata tha.
- ujjayini ka pahala svatantr shak shasak chashtan tha. isane apane abhilekhoan mean shak sanvat ka prayog kiya hai. isake anusar is vansh ka rajy 130 ee. se 388 ee. tak chala, jab sambhavatah chandragupt vikramadity ne is kul ko samapt kiya. ye shak 'karddhamak kshatrap' kahalate the. ujjain ke kshatrapoan mean sabase prasiddh rudradama (130 ee. se 150 ee.) tha.
- isake joonagadh abhilekh se pratit hota hai ki poorvi pashchimi malava, dvaraka ke asapas ke pradesh, saurashtr, kachchh, siandhu nadi ka muhana, uttari koankan, marava d, adi pradesh unake rajy mean sammilit the.
- aisa pratit hota hai ki rudradama ya poorvajoan ne malava, saurashtr, koankan adi pradeshoan ko satavahanoan se jita. rudradama ne dubara apane samakalin shatavarni raja ko haraya, parantu nikat sambandhi hone ke karan use nasht kiya. yah shatakarni sambhavatah vashishthiputr pulumavi tha. sambhavatah siandhu nadi ki ghati rudradama ne kushan raja se jiti thi. vah sudarshan jhil, jise chandragupt maury ne banavaya tha aur jisaki marammat ashok ne karavaee thi, rudradama ke samay phir toot gee. tab usane niji ay se isaki marammat karaee aur praja se isake lie koee kar nahian liya.
- rudradama vyakaran, rajaniti, sangit evan tarkashastr ka pandit tha. joonagadh abhilekh sanskrit mean hai aur isase us samay ke sanskrit ke sahity ke vikas ka anuman hota hai.
- yadyapi shak samrajy chauthi shatabdi eesvi tak chalata raha kintu rudradama ke pashchath shak samrajy ki shakti ka hras prarambh ho gaya tha. is vansh ka antim raja rudrasianh tritiy tha. chandragupt vikramadity ne use marakar pashchimi kshatrapoan ke rajy ko gupt samrajy mean mila liya.
sindh aur pashchimi bharat ka shak rajy
thumb|250px|right|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
minanagar ko rajadhani banakar shak akrantaoan ne sindh mean apana jo rajy sthapit kiya tha, vah bharat ke shak rajyoan mean sarvapradhan tha. any shak rajyoan ke shasak kshatrap ya mahakshatrap kahate the, jisase yah parinam nikalata hai ki ve svatantr raja n hokar kisi shaktishali maharaja ki adhinata svikar karate the. shakoan ke is maharaja ki rajadhani minanagar hi thi. vahaan ke ek raja ka nam moa tha. panjab ke jelaham zile mean maira namak gaanv ke ek kuean se ek shila prapt huee hai, jis par utkirn lekh se moa nam ke shak raja ka parichay milata hai. isi prakar takshashila ke bhagnavasheshoan mean ek tamr-patr par mog nam ke ek shak raja ka ullekh hai, jisake nam ke sath 'maharaj' aur 'mahan' visheshan die ge haian. sambhavatah moa aur mog ek hi vyakti ke soochak haian. is mog ke bahut se sikke pashchimi panjab mean prapt hue haian, jo ki yavan sikkoan ke namoone par bane hue haian. in sikkoan ka lekh is prakar hai - rajadhirajas mahatas moas. is lekh se is bat mean koee sandeh nahian rah jata ki shak raja moa ya mog ki sthiti kshatrap ya mahakshatrap se adhik ooanchi thi. vah rajadhiraj aur mahanh tha, aur shakoan ke any rajakul usaki adhinata svikar karate the. is shak rajadhiraj ka shasan pashchim mean pushkalavati se lagakar poorv mean takshashila aur dakshin mean sindh tak vistrit tha.
maharashtr ka shak kshatrap kul
minanagar ke shak maharaj ki adhinata mean jo sabase adhik shaktishali shak kshatrap the, unaka shasan kathiyava d, gujarat, koankan, pashchimi maharashtr aur malava tak ke pradeshoan mean vidyaman tha. is vishal rajy par shasan karane vale shak kul ko 'kshaharaj' kahate haian. isaki rajadhani sambhavatah bharukachchh (saurashtr) mean thi. par inake bahut se utkirn lekh maharashtr mean upalabdh hue haian. isi karan se inhean 'shak kul' bhi kaha jata hai. shakoan ke kshaharat kul ka pahala kshatrap bhoomak tha. usake anek sikke upalabdh hue haian. jo maharashtr aur kathiyava d se mile haian. isase anuman kiya jata hai ki maharashtr aur kathiyava d donoan usake shasan mean the.
par kshaharat kul ka sabase prasiddh shak kshatrap nahapan tha. isake sat utkirn lekh aur hazaroan sikke upalabdh hue haian. sambhavatah yah bhoomak ka hi uttaradhikari tha, par isaka bhoomak ke sath kya sambandh tha, yah nishchit roop se nahian kaha ja sakata. nahapan ka rajy bahut hi vistrit tha. yah bat usake jamata ushavadat ke ek lekh se jnat hoti hai. is lekh ke kuchh aansh nimnalikhit haian -
'"siddh ho. raja kshaharat kshatrap nahapan ke jamata, dinak ke putr, tin lakh gauoan ka dan karane vale, barnasa (nadi) par suvarnadan karane vale, devataoan aur brahmanoan ko solah gram dene vale, sampoorn varsh brahmanoan ko bhojan karane vale, punyatirth prabhas mean brahmanoan ko ath bharyaean dene vale, bharukachchh dashapur govardhan aur shorparan mean chatuahshal varudh aur pratishray dene vale, aram, tadag, udapan banavane vale, iva paratapi karavena dahanuka (nadiyoan par) navoan aur .....dharmatma upavadat ne govardhan mean trirashim parvat par yah len banavaee........"'
ushavadat ka yah lekh nasik ke pas ek guha ki divar par utkirn hai. isi guha par ek any lekh mean ushavadat ne likha hai, ki "maian pokshar ko gaya hooan, aur vahaan par maianne abhishek (snan) kiya, tin hazar gauean aur gaanv diya." nasik guha ke in lekhoan se kshatrap nahapan ke rajy ki sima ke sambandh mean achchhe nirdesh prapt hote haian. ushavadat ne pokshar (pushkar) mean abhishek snan kiya tha. atah sambhavatah ajamer ke samipavarti pradesh nahapan ke rajy ke aantargat the. is lekh mean ullikhit prabhas (somanath patan) saurashtr (kathiyava d) mean hai. bharukachchh ki sthiti bhi isi pradesh mean hai. govardhan nasik ka nam hai. shorparan (sopara) koankan mean hai. is prakar is lekh se yah spasht ho jata hai ki kathiyava d, maharashtr aur koankan avashy hi kshatrap nahapan ke rajy ke aantargat the. nasik ke lekh mean jin nadiyoan ka ullekh hai, unaka sambandh gujarat mean hai. atah is pradesh ko bhi nahapan ke rajy ke aantargat mana jata hai.
nasik ke is guhalekh ke samip hi ushavadat ka ek any lekh bhi upalabdh hua hai. jisamean dahoonak nagar aur kankapur ke sath ujeni (ujjayini) ka bhi ullekh hai. in nagaroan mean bhi ushavadat ne brahmanoan ko bahut kuchh dan-puny kiya tha. isase bhi yah anuman kiya jata hai ki ujjayini bhi nahapan ke aantargat thi. ujjayini ke nahapan ke adhin hone ki bat jain aur pauranik anushrutiyoan dvara bhi pusht hoti hai. jain anushruti mean ujjayini ke rajaoan ka ullekh karate hue gardabhill ke bad nahavan nam diya gaya hai. isi prakar puranoan mean antim shuang rajaoan ke samakalin vidisha ke raja ko nakhavanajah (nakhavan ka putr) kaha gaya hai. sambhavatah ye nahavan v nakhavan kshaharat vanshi kshatrap nahapan ke hi roopantar haian. isamean sandeh nahian ki nahapan bahut hi shaktishali kshatrap tha, aur usaka rajy kathiyava d se malava tak vistrit tha. sambhavatah nahapan ne apani shakti ka vistar karane ke lie bahut se yuddh kie the, aur inhian ke karan usaki sthiti 'kshatrap' se badhakar mahakshatrap ki ho gee thi. ushavadat ke nasikavale lekh mean use keval 'kshatrap' kaha gaya hai. par poona ke samip upalabdh hue ek any guhalekh mean usake nam ke sath 'mahakshatrap' visheshan ata hai.
mahakshatrap nahapan ke uttaradhikariyoan ke sambandh mean kuchh vishesh jnan nahian hota. satavahan vansh ke pratapi raja gautamiputr satakarni ne kshaharat kul ke dvara shasit pradeshoan ko shakoan ke shasan se svatantr kiya tha.
thumb|250px|left|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
mathura ke shak kshatrap
sindh se shakoan ki shakti ka vistar kathiyava d, gujarat, koankan, maharashtr aur malava mean hua, aur vahaan se uttar ki or mathura mean. sambhavatah ujjayini ki vijay ke bad hi shakoan ne mathura par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya tha. mathura ke shak kshatrap bhi kshaharat kul ke the. in kshatrapoan ke bahut se sikke mathura v usake samipavarti pradeshoan se upalabdh hue haian. mathura ke pratham shak kshatrap hagamash aur hagan the. unake bad ranjubul aur usaka putr shodas kshatrap ya mahakshatrap pad par adhishthit hue. shodas ke bad mevaki mathura ka mahakshatrap bana. mathura ke shak kshatrapoan ne poorvi panjab ko jitakar apane adhin kiya tha. vahaan par anek yavan rajy vidyaman the, jinaki svatantr satta in shakoan ke dvara nasht ki gee. sath hi kunind gan ko bhi inhoanne vijay kiya. gargisanhita se yug puran mean shakoan dvara kunind gan ke vinash ka ullekh hai. shodas ne jo 'mahakshatrap' ka pad grahan kiya tha, vah sambhavatah inhian vijayoan ka parinam tha. mathura ke in shak kshatrapoan ki bauddh-dharm mean bahut bhakti thi. mathura ke ek mandir ki sidhiyoan ke nich daba hua, ek sianhadhvaj mila hai, jisaki sianhamoortiyoan ke age-pichhe tatha niche kharoshthi lipi mean ek lekh utkirn hai. is lekh mean mahakshatrap ranjubul ya rajul ki agramahishi dvara shaky muni buddh ke sharir-dhatu ko pratishthapit karane aur bauddh vihar ko ek zagir dan dene ka ullekh hai. mathura se prapt hue ek any lekh mean mahakshatrap shodas ke shasan kal mean 'hariti ke putr pal ki bharya' mohini dvara arhath ki pooja ke lie ek moorti ki pratishtha ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. isamean sandeh nahian ki maharashtr ke kshaharat shak kshatrapoan ke saman mathura ke shakoan ne bhi is desh ke dharmoan ko aangikar kar liya tha.
gandhar ka shak kul
shak logoan ki shakti keval kathiyava d, gujarat, koankan, maharashtr, malava, mathura aur poorvi panjab tak hi simit nahian rahi, unhoanne gandhar tatha pashchimi panjab par bhi apana adhipaty sthapit kar liya. in pradeshoan mean shakoan ke bahut se sikke upalabdh hue haian, aur sath hi anek utkirn lekh bhi. inamean sabase adhik mahattvapoorn lekh takshashila se prapt hua hai, jo ek tamrapatr par utkirn hai. is lekh ke anusar maharaj mahanh mog ke rajy mean kshaharat chuksh ke kshatrap liak kusulak ke putr patik ne takshashila mean bhagavan shaky muni ke apratishthapit sharir dhatu ko pratishthapit kiya tha. is lekh se yah spasht hai ki takshashila ke shak kshatrap bhi kshaharat vansh ke the, aur unake anyatam kshatrap ka nam 'liak kusulak' tha, jisake putr patik ne shaky muni ke sharir dhatu ki pratishtha karane ki smriti mean yah lekh utkirn karaya tha. takshashila ya gandhar ke kshatrap svatantr raja nahian the, apitu maharaj mog ki adhinata svikrit karate the. kshatrap liak kusulak ke anek sikke bhi upalabdh hue haian.
ujjain ke kshatrap
thumb|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
malava ke shak kshatrapoan ka ek any kul bhi shasan karata tha, jisaka pratham shasak yasamotik ka putr chashtan tha. isi ke vansh mean age chalakar rudradaman hua, jisane door-door tak apani shakti ka vistar kiya.
shak shasan ka kal
bharat ke shak kshatrapoan aur shak maharajaoan ka jo vrittant hamane oopar likha hai, usamean kahian kal ya tithi ka nirdesh nahian kiya gaya. isaka karan yah hai, ki in shak shasakoan ke kal ke sambandh mean bahut vivad hai. inake lekhoan v sikkoan par bahudha kisi sanvath ka ullekh milata hai. takshashila mean upalabdh jis tamrapatr ka ziqr hamane abhi oopar kiya hai, us par sanvath 78 likha hai. par shakoan ke lekhoan v sikkoan par ullikhit ye varsh kis sanvasoo ka nirdesh karate haian, yah abhi nishchit nahian ho saka hai. koee bhi do aitihasik in shak rajaoan v kshatrapoan ke kal ke sambandh mean avikal roop se ekamat nahian ho sake haian. is dasha mean inake kal ko nirdharit karane ka prayatn vyarth sa hi hai. par sthool roop se yah kaha ja sakata hai ki doosari sadi ee. poo. ke ant aur pahali sadi ee. poo. ke prarambhik bhag mean shakoan ne bharat mean apani shakti ka vistar kiya, aur apane vividh rajy qayam kie. pahali sadi mean ee. poo. ke madhyabhag mean satavahan vanshi raja gautamiputr satakarni aur malavagan ke prayatn se shakoan ki shakti kshin honi shuroo ho gee, aur dhire-dhire unake svatantr v prithakh rajyoan ka ant ho gaya.
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