संस्कृत-हिन्दी काव्यशास्त्र में उपमा की सर्वालंकारबीजता का विचार -डॉ. महेन्द्र मधुकर
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- d aau. mahendr madhukar
bharatiy kavyashastr mean alankar ke prati mukhy roop se do prakar ke drishtikon upalabdh hote haian. pratham ke anusar alankar ko vyapak aur dvitiy ke anusar sankirn upamadi alankaroan ke roop mean grahan kiya gaya hai. apane vyapak arth mean alankar kavyagat sauandary ke paryay ke roop mean svikrit hua hai. yah sauandary keval alankar ke grahan se nahian apitu dosh-tyag aur gunotpadan se sanbhav hota hai, yah vaman ka mat hai.[1] bhamah, dandi, vaman adi ne sabhi prakar ke kavy sauandary ko alankar roop mean dekha haian.[2] praranbhik kavyashastriy chiantan mean alankar ramaniyata aur kavyatmak chamatkar ke roop mean dekhe ge. isi drishti in acharyoan ne samast ras-prapanch ko rasavadadi alankar-chakr mean aantarbhoot kar liya. bhamah ke mat se kavy ka prastut paksh amaraniy ya chamatkar rahit hone par kavy n hokar varta matr rah jata hai.[3] bhamah ne alankar ko kavy shobha ka adhayak tattv svikar kiya tha.[4]
yah smaraniy tathy hai ki bhamah ke samay mean ya unake bad bhi alankar ke shabd ka prayog keval upama, roopak adi ke sankuchit arth mean n hokar kavy sauandary ke nishpadak sabhi tatvoan ke lie hota tha. dandi ne bhi apane kathy dvara alankar ko ek vyapak parivesh pradan kiya. unhoanne gun aur alankar mean bhed nahian manate hue mukh adi paanch sandhiyoan, upakshep adi chauansath sandhyangoan, kaishiki adi char vrittiyoan, narm adi solah vrityangoan aur bhooshan adi chhattis lakshanoan ko bhi alankar mean gin liya.[5] vastut: bharatiy kavyashastr mean dandi ki manisha prayogatmak aur vishad roop mean prakat huee hai.
apane sankirn arth mean alankar upamadi alankaroan ka vachak hai, jo vaman ki drishti mean kavyagat shabha mean atishay lane vala dharm hai.[6] alankar ka yah sankirn roop kramash: mahattv prapt karata gaya aur usake vyapak roop ki manyata ghatati gee. yadyapi bad ke kuchh acharyoan bhoj, jayadev adi ne pun: usake vyapak roop ko svikar kiya.[7]
kavyatm-tattv ke anveshan-kram mean upamadi alankaroan ko ek navin adhar par pratishthit karane ka prayatn karata hai. praranbhik sthiti mean kavy ki abhivyakti par hi adhik bal diya gaya tha, bad mean abhivyakti prasadhanoan par bhi dhyan diya gaya. at: riti, vakrokti, dhvani, rasadi ko jab kavy ki atma ke roop mean pratishthit kiya gaya to alankar kavy ke pranabhoot sauandary se sanbaddh n hokar usake sharir se sanbaddh ho ge. rudrat aur anandavarddhan ne abhidhan prakar vishesh ko alankar[8] mana tatha mammat aur vishvanath ne unhean 'haradivath' ya 'aangadadivath' kavy ke sharir shabdarth ki shobha badhane vala aur aang dvar se kabhi kabhi ras ka utkarsh karane vala asthir ya anity dharm man liya.[9]
hindi ke acharyoan ne bhi alankar ka lakshan-niroopan sanskrit ke acharyoan ke saman hi kiya hai. hindi mean alankaroan ke pratham vivechak achary keshavadas ne bhi alankarahin kavita ko nagn mana hai. dev ne bhi keshav ke saman 'mritak kavy binu arth ko' kaha hai. doolah ne bhi ise 'bin bhooshan nahian bhooshee kavita' aur bhikharidas ne 'bhooshan hai bhooshan sakal' kaha hai. spasht hai ki hindi ke riti kalin acharyoan ke mat mean alankar shobhavarddhak chamatkarashali aur anivary tattv ke roop mean prastut hote haian. nishchay hi isake pichhe, abhivyakti ko atyadhik ramaniy banane ka agrah aur kaushal nihit hai.
achary ramachandr shukl ne rudrat tatha anandavardhan ke hi mat ka ashray grahan karate hue anek chamatkarapoorn shailiyoan ka nam alankar mana hai. unaki drishti mean alankar prastut ya varny vastu nahian, balki varnan ki bhinn pranaliyaan haian, kahane ke khas-khas dhang haian.[10] unhoanne bhavoan ka utkarsh aur vastuoan ke roop, gun aur kriya ka adhik tivr anubhav karane mean kabhi kabhi sahayak hone vali ukti ko alankar mana hai. vastut: chamatkarayukt saphal abhivyanjana se adhik ramaniy shabd aur arth ke samanjasy kavy nihit hai. spasht hai ki alankar kavy ke bhav paksh aur abhivyakti paksh ko ramaniy banane ke asthit sadhan haian.
kavi apani kavyagat ukti ko prabhavatmak banane ke lie alankaroan ka prayog karata hai. vah ishtarth ke sath bahy jagat ki vastuoan ke sadrishy ki sthapana karake unaka preshan karata hai. alankar hamare bhavoan ki preshaniyata ke saphal madhyam hote haian. kavi arth ko atishayokti ke roop mean prakat karake pathak ke man ka vistar karata hai, vaishamy dvara ashchary ka udbhavan aur samy ki or akarshan hota hai. auchity ke dvara pathak ki vrittiyaan anvit hoti haian. bat ki vakrata pathak ki jijnasa chadhati hai tatha chamatkar dvara man mean kutuhal aur anand ki prapti hoti hai.
vastut: kavyanubhooti samanjasyamayi hoti hai. svabhavat: is samanjasy se ek abhinav layatmakata ki srishti hoti hai. shabdagat nadoan ki layatmakata par adharit shabdalankar apane dhvani samy ya shrutimadhur pad-yojana se hamean prabhavit hi nahian karate apitu apani jhankriti se man ki ekagrata mean bhi poori sahayata pradan karate haian. arth ki saghanata ke lie shlesh ka prayog kiya jata hai, shlesh ek prakar se hamare shlisht manobhavoan ka sangrah hai. prayog-vaichitry ki nootanata yamak alankar ke roop mean abhivyakt hoti hai. saman nad yojana se bhi arthagat vaibhinn ko prakat karana ashcharyamishrit prasannata aur prasadan ke nimitt hota hai. virodh ki is vichitrata mean man ki 'kautukavritti' (ple ianstiankt) ki jhalak dikhaee p dati hai. yah aisi apoorv sthiti mean bhi bhinnata ki pratiti hoti hai. is bhav-dasha mean abhivyakti atishayata se yukt hoti hai.
sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean kisi ek alankar ki manyata ki vaicharik avatarana svabhavik roop se huee hai. bharatiy chiantan anekata mean ekata ka anveshak raha hai. sansar ki pratiyaman vividhata mean atm-tattv ka sandhan isi tathy ka dyotak hai. anek prakar ki alankarik shailiyaan alag alag pravritti ya manasik sthiti ki prerana se utpann hoti hai, kiantu un sabake mool mean ek maulik vritti paee ja sakati hai ya nahian, yah prashn bharatiy kavyashastr ke acharyoan ke vichar-manthan ka vishay bana aur unhoanne is mool tattv ka abhidhan dene ki cheshta nahian ki apitu anek alankaroan mean usaki vyapti dikhane ka bhi prayas kiya. bharatiy kavyashastr mean is mool tattv ko lekar mat-vaibhinn paya jata hai. kisi ne vakrata ko, kisi ne atishayata ko to kisi ne samy ko sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean dekha. jinhoanne samy athava aupamy ko sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean lakshit kiya, unake matanusar sare alankar 'upama-prapanch' pratit hue. is drishti se upama hi sarvalankar bij ke roop mean sabhi acharyoan dvara many nahian huee, kuchh doosare paksh bhi prastut hue.
bhamah se poorv bharatiy kavyashastr ka atyant vyavasthit aur suchiantit shastriy prayatn nahian prapt hota. bharat ke natyashastr mean kavyashastriy soochanaean aur praranbhik chiantak ke maryadit sootr avashy prapt haian, kiantu unamean vargikaran vibhajan ya anveshanatmak tatha kalpanatmak vyapak drishti ki nyoonata milati hai. bhamah ke poorvakal mean alankaroan ka vargikaran ya anek alankaroan ke mool mean kisi ek alankar ki sthiti siddhi nahian dikhaee p dati. isaka spasht karan hai ki us yug mean alankaroan ki atyalpata. bharat ke natyashastr mean keval char alankaroan- upama, roopak, dipak aur yamak ki charcha prapt hoti hai, aisi sthiti mean upama ki sarvalankarabijata ka prashn hi nahian uthata. sarvalankarabijata ka prashn vastut: manav ki kramash: vikasanashil chetana aur manisha se sanbaddh hai. alankaroan ka prakalp aur vistar usake sookshm chiantan ke nishkarsh roop haian. sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean kisi ek alankar ko sthir karane ka prayatn us keandr ke anusandhan ka prayatn tha, jahaan se vividh ragatmak anubhootiyaan vyakt hoti haian. kavy ki atma ke anveshan mean jis maulik buddhi se kam liya gaya tha, lagabhag usi maulikata ka prayog sarvalankarabijata ke sandhan ke vishay mean hua. samanyataya sarvalankarabijata ke anusandhayak acharyoan mean bhamah, dandi, vaman, anandavardhan, kuantak, appayadikshit, achary keshavadas, kulapati mishr, dev, d aauktar shashi bhooshan dasagupt adi achary aur vicharak pramukh haian, to alankaroan ke vargikaran aur vibhajan ki drishti se rudrat, ruyyak adi mahattvapoorn haian.
yadyapi samy, virodh tarkanyay adi ke adhar par alankaroan ke varg niroopit ho sakate haian aur us vargikaran se alankaroan ki prakriti par upayogi prakash p d sakata hai, kiantu sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean kisi ek alankar ki sthiti ya kisi ek samany mool pravritti ki satta ka anusandhan hamare yahaan ke kavyashastriy chiantan ki sookshmata aur gaharaee ko dekhate hue uchit hi nahian, avashyak hai. alankarik abhivyakti ke mool mean manovaijnanik pravrittiyaan rahati haian aur un sari pravrittiyoan mean kisi ek maulik vritti ki prerana aur vyapti dekhana aur dikhana alankaroan ke adhyayan ka paryapt mahattvapoorn aang hai, isalie bharatiy kavyashastr ke jin acharyoan ne kisi ek alankar ko sarvalankar ke roop mean dekha hai, unaki pratibha adhik sookshm-maulik aur saragrahini rahi hai- yah sahaj hi kaha ja sakata hai. alankaroan ka varg-vibhajan unaki maulik vritti ke anusandhan ki tulana mean sthool hi kaha jaega. yah spasht hota hai ki acharyoan ne mukhy roop se atishayokti, vakrokti evan upama ko pray: sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean dekha hai. atishayokti ka paksh pratishthit karane vale achary deveandranath sharma adi. vakrokti ke paksh mean bhamah aur kuantak haian. upama ke paksh mean vaman, appayadikshit, nareandraprabhasoori aur d aauktar shashibhooshan dasagupt haian.
yah spasht karana avashyak hai ki upama ko sarvalankarabij kahane ka arth upama alankar ke roop mean sadharmy ka jo vachy dhaancha hai, use svikar karana nahian hai, apitu isaka arth mool tattv sadharmy ki sarvalankarabij ke roop mean svikriti hai. jaise 'mukh chaand sa hai' mean sadhyarmy ko vachy banakar vyakt karane ka jo dhang hai, vahi utpreksha mean bhi nahian hai, lekin mukh aur chaand ke sadharmy ki anubhooti donoan mean hai. yahaan par ek prashn uthata hai ki tab upama ko hi kyoan, kisi bhi doosare sadrishy moolak alankar ko sarvalankarabij ka shrey kyoan nahian diya ja sakata hai, to isaka samadhan yahi hai ki sadrishy ki abhivyakti ki sabase sidhi aur pratyaksh vidhi upama hai, isalie vah usaka ady roop hai. isi prakar atishayokti aur vakrokti ke sath bhi samajha jana chahie. yahaan atishayokti aur vakrokti vishishth alankar ke roop mean grihit nahian hai. yahaan atishayokti ka arth hai atishayata aur vakrokti ka vakrata. donoan ko spasht karate hue achary deveandranath sharma ke anusar kaha ja sakata hai ki atishayokti ka lakshy hai 'gunatishay yog' aur vakrokti ka abhivyanjana.[11] spashth hai ki atishayokti aur vakrokti ke arth vishishth alankaroan ke roop mean hi simit nahian haian.
- atishayokti paksh
kavy ki ukti asadharan hoti hai. is asadharanata mean atishayy rahata hai. alankarik abhivyakti ke mool mean yahi asadharanata aur atishayata hoti hai. pratyek alankar mean isaki vyapti dikhaee ja sakati hai, chahe ve samy moolak alankar hoan ya virodh moolak alankar ya any koee.
achary dandi ne moolat: isi atishayokti ko alankaroan ka mooladhar mana hai. anandavardhan ne isaki upadeyata ko svikar karate hue kaha hai ki sabhi alankaroan mean atishayoktigarbhata ko svikrit kiya ja sakata hai (dhvanyalok, prishth 59). kavyaprakash ke dasham ullas mean vishesh alankar ke niroopan-prasang mean mammat ne bhi atishayokti ko alankaroan ka pran svikar kiya hai. (kavyaprakash, prishth 549). yah atishayokti atishayokti namak alankar nahian, balki alankaratv ka bijabhoot tattv hai. atishayokti namak alankar mean atishayokti shabd yogaroodh hai aur yahaan yaugik.
atishayokti ke mahattv aur usake vyapak parivesh ki charcha karate hue d aauktar nageandr[12] ne nimnalikhit tathy prastut kie haian- 1- bhavodridipan se hamari vani uddipt aur alankri4 ho jati hai. 2- oj bhavana ke uddipan ka mool karan hota hai, jo man ke sath vani ko bhi uddipt karata hai. 3- man ke oj ka sahaj madhyam aveg hai, aur 4- vani ke oj ka sahaj madhyam hai atishayokti 5- atmadarshan ki bhavana alankaran ke prati ruchi jagati hai aur pradarshan mean atishay ka tattv anivaryat: hota hai. 6- is prakar alankrit vani (spasht shabdoan mean) alankar ka roop atishayokti thaharati hai. 7- atishayokti ka arth hai – asadharan ukti.
achary deveandranath sharma upama ki vyapakata ke mool mean sabhi alankaroan mean vyapt sadrishy bhavana ko svikar karate tatha upama ke mool mean bhi atishayokti ko mahattv dete haian. ve atishayokti ke bina alankar ki kalpana bhi nahian karate. upama ke prasang mean kaha gaya hai ki sare arthalankaroan ka bij upama hi hai aur vahi bhinn bhinn roop dharan kar bhinn bhinn namoan se pukari jati hai, par yadi atishayokti par dhyan dean to yah siddh ho jata hai ki upama ki j d mean bhi atishayokti hi kam karati hai. atishayokti ke bina alankar sanbhav hi nahian hai. upama ki vyapakata mean keval itana hi tathy hai ki sabhi alankaroan mean sadrishy ki bhavana vyapt rahati hai par upama ka bhi alankaratv atishayokti ke karan hi nishpann hota hai.[13]
vakrokti paksh : vakrokti paksh asadharanata ka atishayy arthan hokar bhangima ya vichchhitti se use sanbaddh manata hai. vakrokti ke kavy mean chamatkar aur ramaniyata donoan ki pushti hoti hai. isalie bhamah ne vakrokti ko kavyatv ke nishpadak tattv ke roop mean svikar kiya hai. unake anusar vakrokti mean atishayokti avashy rahati hai, par ramaniyata utpann karana atishayokti ka nahian vakrokti ka vyapar hai. ise unhoanne 'anayartho vibhavyate' aur 'koalankaroananayabina' se spasht kiya hai. achary kuantak ne bhi 'vaidagdhy-bhaniti' ko vakrokti mana hai. vakrokti ko unhoanne prasiddh kathan se bhinn vilakshan prakar ki varnan shaili kaha hai. kuantak ne vakrokti ko hi sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean mana hai.
- aupamy paksh
kavy aur kavyashastr mean prayukt aur vivechit upama ki prachinata aur pradhanata nirvivad hai. upama ke vaidik prayog usake prachin, adim aur aitihasik roop ka sanket dete haian. upama, roopak, dipak, yamak ye alankar vaidik ary kavy yug ke priy alankar rahe haian. is soochi mean bhi aupamy paksh hi prabal hai.
aupamy ki isi visheshata aur prayog bahuly ki isi satarkata ko dekhakar vaman ne upama ko sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean man liya (tanmoolan chopameti) aur tarkapoorn drishti se siddh karane ka prayatn bhi kiya. dandi ne 'upama prapanch'[14] ke dvara sadrishyamoolak alankaroan ke mool mean upamabij ka sanket diya tha. yah bij hi vaman ki dharanaoan mean pushpit aur phalit hua hai. nareandraprabhasoori ne apane 'alankar-mahodadhi' (prishth 234) mean upama ko sabhi alankaroan ka bijabhoot mana hai (athatishayokti saurabh tarangitamev sakalalankar bijabhootamupamaan lakshayati). 'sarvalankritiupadanakaran' ka arth roopakadi alankar se jo da gaya hai- isase 'sakalalankar bijabhoot ki shanka ka nivaran hota hua pratit hota hai aur upama roopakadi sadrishyamoolak alankaroan ka mool thaharati hai.[15]
appayadikshit ne bhi 'chitramimaansa' mean upama ko sabhi sadrishyamoolak alankaroan ke mool mean manate hue ise 'upama shailooshi'[16] ki sanjna di hai. upama-nati hi roop badal-badal kar vibhinn bhoomikaoan mean kavy manch par avatirn hoti aur anand pradan karati hai. upama ki mahatta ke pratipadan mean unhoanne to yahaan tak kah diya hai ki brahmajnan se jaise vichitr vishv ka jnan hota hai, vaise hi upama ke jnan se bhi usaka jnan hota hai (tadidan chitran vishvan brahm jnanadivopama jnanath. jnatan bhavati...).
hindi alankarashastr mean bhi acharyoan ne upama ki mahatta ko svikar kiya hai. achary keshavadas ne to upama ko 'vividh prakaravati' kahakar prakaraantar se use anekalankaravartini' mana hai. achary kulapati mishr ne apane 'ras-rahasy' mean upama alankar ko 'siramaur' kaha hai. upama alankaroan ki siramaur hai, yah kathan rajashekhar ka anuvad-sa jan p data hai. shiroratn ke sthan par unhoanne 'siramaur' ka prayog kiya hai. upama se unaka abhipray upamamoolak (samyamoolak) sabhi alankaroan ke sath upama alankar se bhi hai. dev ne bhi apane shabd rasayan (kavy rasayan) mean upama chakr ka ullekh kiya hai, kiantu lakshan n hone se ye upama bhed maulik vivechan n hokar pishtapeshan matr rah ge haian. dev ne upama yogy sthaloan ki charcha karate hue upama ki bhav vyapti abhay dikhaee hai. ve sthal haian- vair, priti, mad, eershya, kri da, vachan-vilas, stuti, nianda, karuna, daya, harsh, has, upahas, smriti, sandeh adi (shabd rasayan, prishth 96). uparyukt varnit bhav kisi n kisi roop mean manovaijnanik adharoan ke nirman mean sahayog dete haian. dev ne upama ko prathamik mahatta di hai.
sanskrit aur hindi kavyashastr mean upama ki sarvalankar bijata ki charcha ke samahar svaroop kaha ja sakata hai ki upama ki prachinata, shreshthata, sadrishyamoolak alankaroan ke kavyatmak aur shastriy prayogoan ke bahuly dvara pratipadit usaki shakti ritikalin acharyoan dvara samarthit upama ki shreshthata ki svikriti mean sabaka mataiky ho sakata hai, par jab sabhi alankaroan ke mool mean upama ke sadrishy ko dekha jata hai to sthiti sangatipoorn nahian rah jati. virodhamoolak alankaroan ke asadrishy ko bhi sadrishy aur sadharmy ka doosara pahaloo manane vale tatha upama ko vasanalok se sanbaddh karane vale d aau. dasagupt ke rahasyatmak kavy tattv ko tarkik drishti se svikar karan sanbhav nahian ho pata. vastut: atishayata samy mean bhi hai aur samy pradarshan ke mool mean bhi nihit hai. kisi vastu ke roop, gun aur kriya adi ki atishayata dikhate hue prakritabhav ka uddipan karaya jata hai, kiantu aisi har sthiti mean sadrishy anivaryat: nahian hota. isalie sadrishy ki apeksha atishayata alankar ka adhik vyapak gun hai. usake kshetr mean sabhi alankar samahit ho sakate haian. alankaroan ki alag alag visheshata unake alag alag abhivyakti prakar mean hai, par, atishayata unaka samany mool tattv ya dharm hai. nishkarshat: kaha ja sakata hai ki upama ke sadrishy ko isaki apeksha kianchit simit vyapakata prapt hai, isalie use sadrishyamoolak alankaroan ka samany mool dharm (vaishishty) hi manana uchit hai, sarvalankarabijata ka pad use dena sanbhav nahian.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ sadosh gunalankar hanadanabhyamh. - kavyalankar sootravritti, 1/1/3
- ↑ (k) kavy shobhakaranh dharmanh alankaranh prachakshate – kavyadarsh – 2/1, (kh) sauandaryalankar : 1 – kavyalankar – sootravritti -1/2
- ↑ kavyalankar, 2/86
- ↑ kavyalankar, 1/14
- ↑ kavyadarsh, 2/367
- ↑ tadatishay hetavastvalankara : 1 – kavyalankar sootravritti – 3/1/2
- ↑ sarasvati kanthabharan – 5/11 tatha chandralok, 1/8
- ↑ (k) abhidhan prakaravishesha ev chalankara : 1 (a. s. 6), (kh) dhvanyalok – 3/37 vritti
- ↑ sadosh gunalankar hanadanabhyamh. - kavyalankar sootravritti, 1/1/3
- ↑ ras-mimaansa – achary ramachandr shukl, prishth 27
- ↑ bhamah virachit kavyalankar – pro. deveandranath sharma – bhoomika, prishth 42
- ↑ ritikavy ki bhoomika – d aauktar nageandr, prishth 86
- ↑ alankar muktavali – deveandranath sharma, prishth 72
- ↑ kavyadarsh – dandi, dvitiy parichchhed : 57-65
- ↑ alankar-mahodadhi – nareandraprabhasoori, prishth 234
- ↑ chitr mimaansa, prishth 20
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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