सभा और समिति
sabha aur samiti prachin bharat mean janataantrik sansthaean thian. vaidik yug ki anek janataantrik sansthaoan mean 'sabha' aur 'samiti' kafi mahattvapoorn thian. atharvaved[1] mean in donoan ko prajapati ki do putriyaan kaha gaya hai. isase yah pratit hota hai ki tatkalin vaidik samaj ko ye sansthaean apane vikasit roop mean prapt huee thian. usaka tatpary sabhasthal aur sabha ki baithak, donoan hi se tha.
svaroop
atharvaved ke uparyukt uddharan se spasht hai ki 'sabha' aur 'samiti' ka alag-alag astitv tha. sabha mean brahmanoan, abhijat logoan or dhani mani varg ke vyaktiyoan ka jor sadharan vyaktiyoan se sanbhavat: adhik tha. usake sadasyoan ko 'sujat' arthath kulin kaha gaya hai.[2] 'maitrayanisanhita'[3] ke ek sandarbh se jnat hota hai ki sabha ki sadasyata striyoan ke lie unmukt nahian thi. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki samoohik roop mean sabha ka mahatv bahut adhik tha. usake sadasyoan ko 'sabhasad', adhyaksh ko 'sabhapati' aur dvararakshak ko 'sabhapal' kahate the. sabhasadoan ki b di pratishtha hoti thi, kiantu vah pratishtha khokhali nahian thi aur sabhasadoan ki yogyataean nishchit thian.
granthoan ka ullekh
- ek bauddh jatak ke anusar vah sabha sabha nahian, jahaan sant log n hoan aur ve sant nahian jo dharm ka bhashan n karate hoan. pun: ve hi log sant kahalane ke adhikari the, jo rag, dvesh[4] aur moh ko chho dakar dharm ka bhashan karate hoan-
"n sa sabha yatth n santi santo, n te santoan ye n bhananti dhamman. ragan ch doshan ch pahay mohan dhamm bhananta v bhavanti sante."[5]
- sabhasadoan ke lie ye gun atyant apekshit the aur kuchh her-pher ke sath 'valmiki ramayan'[6] tatha 'mahabharat' mean bhi unhean ginaya gaya hai, yatha-
n sa sabha yatr n santi vriddha:, n te vriddha: ye n vadanti dharmamh. naasau dharmoan yatr n satyamasti, n tatsatyan yachchhalenanuviddham.."
- nyay ka ichchhuk vyakti sabhachar aur sabha se chhoota hua abhiyukt doshamukt, prasann aur sanand kaha gaya hai. nyay vitaran ke atirikt sabha mean arthik, dharmik aur samajik prashnoan par bhi vichar hote the. kabhi-kabhi log vahaan ikatthe hokar jue ke khel dvara apana manoranjan bhi kiya karate the.
aant
sabha ka yah svaroop uttar vaidik kal ka aant hote hote (600 ee. poo.) samapt ho gaya. rajyoan ki simaean badhian aur rajaoan ke adhikar vistrit hone lage. usi kram mean sabha ne rajasabha arthath raja ke darabar ka roop dharan kar liya. dhire-dhire usaki niyantratmak shakti jati rahi aur sath hi sath use janatantratmak svaroop ka bhi aant ho gaya. rajasabha mean ab keval rajapurohit, rajyadhikari, kuchh mantri aur raja athava rajy ke kuchh kripapatr hi shesh rah ge.
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