सूरजमल
raja soorajamal
Raja Surajmal|thumb|200px
raja soorajamal (san 1755−1763)
raja soorajamal suyogy shasak tha. usane braj mean ek svatantr hindoo rajy ko bana itihas mean gaurav prapt kiya. usake shasan ka samay sanh 1755 se sanh 1763 hai. vah sanh 1755 se kee sal pahale se apane pita badanasianh ke shasan ke samay se hi vah rajakary sambhalata tha. bharat ke itihas mean soorajamal ko 'jatoan ka pleto' kahakar bhi sambodhit kiya gaya hai. raja soorajamal ke darabari kavi 'soodan' ne raja ki tariph mean 'sujanacharitr' namak granth likha. is granth mean soodan ne raja soorajamal dvara l di l daeeyoan ka aankhoan dekha varnan kiya hai. is granth mean sanh 1745 se sanh 1753 tak ke samay mean l di gayi l daeeyoan (7 yuddhoan )ka varnan hai. in l daeeyoan mean soodan ne bhi bhag liya tha, isalie usaka varnan vishvasaniy kaha ja sakata hai. is granth mean amer ke raja jayasianh ke nidhan ke bad usake b de bete eeshvarisianh ka marathoan ke khilaf l da gaya sanh 1747 ka yuddh, agara aur ajamer ke soobedar salavat khaan se l da gaya sanh 1748 ka yuddh aur sanh 1753 ki dilli ki loot ka varnan ullekhaniy hai. is granth mean soorajamal ki sanh 1753 ke bad ki ghatanaoan ka varnan nahian hai. rajakavi soodan ka nidhan sambhavatah sanh 1753 ke lagabhag hi ho gaya hoga. sambhavatah isi se bad mean l di l daeeyoan ka vivaran nahian milata hai. is pustak mean dilli ki loot ka vivaran mahattvapoorn hai.
dilli ki loot
saltanat kal se mugalakal tak lagabhag chhah sau saloan mean braj par ayian musibatoan ka karan dilli ke muslim shasak the, is karan braj mean in shasakoan ke lie badale, krodh aur hiansa ki bhavana thi jisaka kie gaye vidrohoan se pata chalata hai. dilli prashasan ke sainik adhikari apani dharmandhata ki vajah se lootamar the.
maharaja soorajamal ke samay mean paristhitiyaan badal geean thi. yahaan ke vir v sahasi purush kisi hamalavar se svasuraksha mean hi nahian, balki us par hamala karane mean khud ko kabil samajhane lage. soorajamal dvara ki gee 'dilli ki loot' ka vivaran unake rajakavi soodan dvara rachit 'sujan charitr' mean milata hai. soodan ne likha hai ki maharaja soorajamal ne apane vir evan sahasi sainikoan ke sath sanh 1753 ke baisakh mah mean dilli kooch kiya. mugal samrat ki sena ke sath raja soorajamal ka sangharsh kee mah tak hota raha aur kartik ke mahine mean raja soorajamal dilli mean dakhil hua. dilli us samay mugaloan ki rajadhani thi. dilli ki loot mean use athah sampatti mili, isi ghatana ka vivaran kavy ke roop mean 'sujan−charitr' mean is prakar kiya hai [1]
maharaja soorajamal ka yah yuddh jatoan ka hi nahian varanh braj ke viroan ki milijuli koshish ka parinam tha. is yuddh mean brahman, kshatriy, vaishy ke alava gurjar, maina aur ahiroan ne bhi bahut ullas ke sath bhag liya. soodan ne likha hai.[2] is yuddh mean gosaeean rajendr giri aur umarav giri bhi apane naga sainikoan ke sath shamil the. maharaja soorajamal ko dilli ki loot mean jo apar dhan mila tha, use janahit karyoan aur nirman karyoan mean prayog kiya gaya. dilli vijay ke bad maharaja soorajamal ne govardhan jakar shri giriraj ji ki pooja thi; aur manasi ganga par dipotsav manaya.
marathoan ki gatividhiyaan
[[chitr:Kusum-Sarovar-3.jpg|kusum sarovar , govardhan
Kusum Sarovar, Govardhan|thumb|250px]]
jab braj aur usake as pas maharaja soorajamal ka samrajy tha, usi samay maratha peshavaoan ki sainik gatividhiyaan bhi tez ho gayian. peshavaoan ki shakti ka vistar dakshin se dilli tak ho gaya tha aur mugal shasak bhi bhayabhit tha. aise samay mean soorajamal ko mugaloan ke sath sath marathoan se bhi apane rajy ki raksha aur adhikar ke lie l dana p da. usaki shakti dhire dhire kshin ho rahi thi.
abdali ke akraman
isi samay ahamadashah abdali ne desh par hamala kar diya, marathoan ne udhar dhyan nahian diya ve jatoan aur rajapootoan se l dakar kamazor hote rahe. marathoan ne jahaan khud ko kamazor kiya vahian rajapootoan ko bhi kamazor kiya aur ahamadashah abdali ko akraman karane ka mauqa de diya .
loot ke bad ka braj
abdali ki lootamar sanh 1756−57 mean huee thi. kisi ne bhi luteroan ka virodh nahian kiya. lutere aye aur dilli se agara tak ke hi samriddhishali rajy ko loot kar chale gaye. aurangajeb ke atyacharoan se sahama brajaman dal lambe samay tak sanbhal nahian paya. aisi paristhiti mean maratha saradar chuppi laga gaye aur soorajamal apane qile mean chhipa raha. isake bad abdali ne kee hamale kiye, jinamean vah hamesha kamayab raha.
panipat ki l daee
san 1761 mean panipat ka aitihasik yuddh hua, jisamean rajapoot−jat−maratha jaise shaktishali aur vir sainikoan ke hote hue bhi desh ko har ka samana karana p da. mukhy karan hindoo shasakoan ka apas mean mel n hona tha. ahamadashah abdali ke akramanoan se sabaq lekar marathoan aur jatoan ne sandhi ki; lekin ve rajapootoan se gathajo d karane mean kamayab nahian hue. ve apane hi balaboote par abdali ko khatm karane ke lie pratijnabadhd the. is l daee mean maratha saradar sadashivarav bhaoo aur soorajamal nitigat matabhed ho gaye. bhaoo ne soorajamal ke sath apaman poorn varta ki thi . soorajamal naraz hokar apani sena ke sath vapis chala gaya. maratha saradar ko apani taqat par bahut bharosa tha, usane jatoan ki bilkul paravah nahian ki.
yuddh mean afagan sainik aur bharat ke musalaman roohele the, jo lagabhag 62 hazar the, doosari taraph akele maratha sainik the, jinaki sankhya 45 hazar thian. donoan senaoan mean bhishan yuddh hua. usamean marathaoan ne bahut virata dikhalaee; kiantu sankhya ki kami aur prabandhakiy shithilata hone ke karan maratha har gaye. us yuddh mean sainik bahut sankhya mean mare gaye. bharatapur ke 'mathuresh' kavi ne is sthiti par du:kh jatate hue kaha hai −
"naanch uthi bharat ki bhavi sadashiv shish, oandhi huee buddhi us janaral mahanh ki .
hoti n hin dasha hindi−hind−hinduoan ki, manata jo bhaoo, kahian sammati sujan ki.."
panipat ke yuddh mean parajit aur ghayal sainikoan ke khan−pan aur seva−shushrusha aur dava−daroo ki vyavastha soorajamal ki or se ki gee thi.
jatoan ka vistar
panipat mean afagani pathanoan aur rooheloan ki jit zaroor huee ; lekin hani marathaoan se kam nahian huee. ahamadashah abdali afaganistan laut gaya. roohele bhi thake hone se prabhavashali qadam uthane mean asamarth the. parajay se marathoan ki to jaise kamar hi toot gee thi . halaanki ve shighr hi phir se balashahi ho gaye the, nijam dakshini shaktiyoan ka daman karane ke karan uttar ki or dekhane ki sthiti mean nahian the. yah paristhitiyaan soorajamal ko apani shakti vistrit karane ke lie anukool lagi. panipat se bina l de vapis ane se usaki shakti surakshit thi. soorajamal ne mugaloan ki rajadhani agara ko loota aur adhikar kar apane rajy mean mila liya. isake bad hariyana ke baloochi shasak musabbikhaan par hamala kar use haraya aur kaid kar bharatapur bhej diya. usaki rajadhani pharrookhanagar ko usane apane b de putr javahar sianh ko sauanpa aur use mevati kshetr ka svami bana diya. agara se lekar dilli ke pas tak soorajamal ki tooti bolane lagi. use apane adhikrit kshetr ki prabhu−satta ko dilli ke mugal samrath se svikrit karana tha. us samay shaktihin mugal samrat ka sanrakshak usaka shaktishali roohela vazir najibuddhola tha, jise ahamadashah abdali ka bhi samarthan prapt tha. vah jatoan ka kattar bairi tha. usane mugal samrat ki or se jat raja ki is maang ko thukara diya. soorajamal ne apane adhikar ko svikrit karane ke uddeshy se apani sena ko dilli chalane ka adesh kiya. roohela vazir bhi jatoan ka samana karane ki taiyari karane laga. usane ahamadashah abdali aur any roohele saradaroan ke pas sandesh bhejakar sahayatarth dilli ane ka nimantran bheja. phir usane charoan or ke phatak band kara kar usaki samuchit raksha ke lie shahi sena ko tainat kar diya. jat sena ne dilli pahuanch kar use charoan or se gher liya.
soorajamal ki mrityu
roohela vazir abdali ki sena ane tak yuddh ko talana chahata tha; kiantu soorajamal isake lie taiyar n tha. jatoan ki sena dilli ke nikat yamuna aur hiandan nadiyoan ke doab mean ekatr thi aur shahi sena dilli nagar ki charadivari ke aandar thi. soorajamal ki sena ki ek tuk di ne dilli par golabari aranbh kar di. javab dene ke lie shahi sena ko bhi bahar akar morcha zamana p da; kiantu unhean jatoan ki mar ke karan pichhe hatana p da. usi samay soorajamal ne keval 30 ghu dasavaroan ke sath shatru ki sena mean ghusane ki dussahasapoorn moorkhata kar dali aur vyarth mean hi apani jan ganvani p di. soorajamal ki mrityu achanak aur apratyashit dhang se huee. ek vivaran ke anusar soorajamal apane kuchh ghu dasavaroan ke sath yuddh sthal ka nirikshan kar raha tha ki achanak hi vah shatru sena se ghir gaya. usane apane mutthi bhar sainikoan se ek b di sena ka samana kiya aur virata poorvak yuddh karata hua mara gaya.[3] usaki mrityu san. 1820 (ta. 25 disanbar sanh 1763 ravivar) mean huee thi. us samay usaki ayu 55 varsh ki thi.
soorajamal ka moolyaankan
braj ke jat rajaoan mean soorajamal sabase prasiddh shasak, kushal senani, sahasi yoddha aur saphal rajanitijn tha. usane jatoan mean sab se pahale raja ki padavi dharan ki thi; aur ek shaktishali hindoo rajy ka sanchalan kiya tha. usaka rajy vistrit tha, jisamean dig−bharatapur ke atirikt mathura, agara, dhaulapur, hatharas, aligadh, eta mainapuri, gudagaanv, rohatak, reva di, pharrookhanagar aur merath ke zile the. ek or yamuna se ganga tak aur doosari or chanbal tak ka sara pradesh usake rajy mean sammilit tha. soorajamal ki sena vishal thi. usamean 60 hathi, 500 gho de, 1500 ashvarohi, 25000 paidal aur 300 topean thian. apani mrityu ke samay usane lagabhag 10 karo d rupaya rajakosh mean chho da tha .[4]
shikar khelate hue
During Hunting|thumb|300px
soorajamal brajabhasha sahity ka premi aur kaviyoan ka ashrayadata tha. usake darabar mean anek kavi the, jinamean soodan kavi ka nam prasiddh tha.
soorajamal ki kee raniyaan thi; jinamean kishori aur hansa pramukh thian. usake 5 putr the, jinake nam ninnaankit haian −
- javahar sianh
- ratan sianh
- naval sianh
- ranajit sianh aur
- nahar sianh.
soorajamal ke bad javahar sianh jatoan ka raja hua. jatoan ki aranbhik rajadhani dig thi; kiantu soorajamal ne bharatapur ke kachche qile ko pakka banakar vahaan apani rajadhani banaee thi.
soorajamal ke nirmanakary
dilli aur agara ke shreshth mistari, jhuand banakar badanasianh aur soorajamal ke darabaroan mean rozagar dhooandhane ate the. in donoan ne hi apane vipul evan nav-arjit dhan ka upayog kalakritiyoan ke srijan ke lie kiya. bharatapur rajy mean suvyavastha aur jivan tatha sampatti ki suraksha thi, jo anyatr durlabh thian, aur jisake lie log tarasate the. isake viparit, dilli aur agara mean ashanti aur avyavastha thi. is samay badanasianh ke pas jan, dhan aur sadhan-sabhi kuchh tha. apane bhavan-nirman-karyakram ke lie usane jivanaram banachari ko apana nirman-mantri niyukt kiya. banachari bahut yogy aur suruchi sampann vyakti tha. apane lie usane ek b da lal patthar ka makan banavaya tha, jo ajakal sthaniy chikitsa adhikariyoan ke qabze mean hai.
- vistar se padhean-
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ des des taji lachchhami, dilli kiyau nivas.
ati adharm lakhi loot mis, chali karan braj−vas ..
athava−kali k adi kroor maghava ne braj par kop janayau hai.
vahi akas dhari shri brajesh−sut, indrapurahi lutavayau hai..". - ↑ goojar garoor gadhe garaji maina malook madamatt dhir. bepir vir chale ahir..
- ↑ histri aauph di jats, prishth 155
- ↑ brajabharati varsh 13 aank 2