हड़प्पा
thumb|250px|h dappa muhar
Harappa Seals
- pakistan ke panjab prant mean sthit 'mantagomari zile' mean ravi nadi ke bayean tat par yah purasthal hai.
- h dappa mean dhvanshavasheshoan ke vishay mean sabase pahale janakari 1826 ee. mean 'charls mainsarn' ne di.
- 1856 ee. mean 'brantan bandhuoan' ne h dappa ke puratatvik mahattv ko spasht kiya.
- 'j aaun marshal' ke nirdeshan mean 1921 ee. mean 'dayaram' ke puratatvik mahattv ko spasht kiya. j aaun marshal ke nirdeshan mean 1921 ee. mean 'dayaram sahani' ne is sthal ko spasht kiya. j aaun marshal ke nirdeshan mean 1921 ee. mean dayaram sahani ne is sthal ka utkhanan kary prarambh karavaya.
- 1946 mean martimar hvilar ne h dappa ke pashchimi durg tile ki suraksha ka prachir ka svaroop jnat karane ke lie yahaan utkhanan karavaya. isi utkhanan ke adhar par hvilar ne raksha prachin evan samadhi kshetr ke parasparik sambandhoan ko nirdharit kiya hai. yah nagar qarib 5 ki.mi. ke kshetr mean basa hua hai. h dappa se prapt do tiloan mean poorvi tile ko 'nagar tila' tatha pashchimi tile ko 'durg tila' ke nam se sambodhit kiya gaya. h dappa ka durg kshetr suraksha- prachir se ghira hua tha. durg ka akar samalamb chaturbhuj ki tarah tha. durg ka uttar se dakshin se lambaee 420 mi. tatha poorv se pashchim chau daee 196 mi. hai. utkhananakartaoan ne durg ke tile ko maunt 'AB' nam diya hai. durg ka mukhy pravesh dvar uttar-disha mean tatha doosara pravesh dvar dakshin disha mean tha. raksha-prachir lagabhag 12 mitar ooanchi thi jisamean sthan-sthan par toran athava burj bane hue the. h dappa ke durg ke bahar uttar disha mean sthit lagabhag 6 mitar ooanche tile ko ‘eph‘ nam diya hai gaya hai jis par annagar, anaj kootane ki vrittakar chabootare aur shramik avas ke sakshy mile haian. padari h dappaee nagar, h dappa poorv v vikasit h dappa kal ke do saanskritik charanoan ko spasht karata hai.
[[chitr:Mohenjodaro-Sindh.jpg|thumb|250px|left|sindh mean mohanajoda do mean h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh]]
annagar ka avashesh
yahaan par 6:6 ki do panktiyoan mean nirmit kul barah kakshoan vale ek annagar ka avashesh prapt hua haian, jinamean pratyek ka akar 50x20 mi. ka hai, jinaka kul kshetraphal 2,745 varg mitar se adhik hai. h dappa se prant annagar nagaramadhi ke bahar ravi nadi ke nikat sthit the. h dappa ke ‘eph‘ tile mean paki huee eetoan se nirmit 18 vrittakar chabootare mile haian. in chabootaroan mean eetoan ko kh de roop mean jo da gaya hai. pratyek chabootare ka vyas 3.20 mi. hai. har chabootare mean sambhavatah okhali lagane ke lie chhed tha. in chabootaroan ke chhedoan mean rakh, jale hue gehooan tatha jauan ke dane evan bhoosa ke tinake mile hai. 'martimar hrilar' ka anuman hai ki in chabootaroan ka upayog anaj pisane ke lie kiya jata raha hoga. shramik avas ke roop mean vikasit 15 makanoan ki do panktiyaan mili haian jinamean uttari pankti mean sat evan dakshini pankti mean 8 makanoan ke avashesh prapt hue, pratyek makan ka akar lagabhag 17x7.5 mi. ka hai. pratyek grih mean kamare tatha aangan hote the. inamean mohanajoda do ke grahoan ki bhaanti kuean nahian mile haian. shramik avas ke nazadik hi qarib 14 bhattoan aur dhatu banane ki ek moosha (Crucible) ke avashesh mile haian. isake atirikt yahaan se prapt kuchh mahattvapoorn avashesh- ek bartan par bana machhuare ka chitr, shankh ka bana bail, pital ka bana ikka, eetoan ke vrittakar chabootare jinaka upayog sanbhavatah fasal ko dabane mean kiya jata tha, sath hi gehooan tatha jau ke danoan ke avashesh bhi mile haian. [[chitr:Well-And-Bathing-Platforms-Harappa.jpg|thumb|250px|siandhu ghati sabhyata mean sthit ek kuaan aur snan ghar]]
prapt qabristan
h dappa ke samany avas kshetr ke dakshin mean ek aisa qabristan sthit hai jise ‘samadhi ar-37‘ nam diya gaya hai. yahaan par prarambh mean 'madhosvaroop vats' ne utkhanan karaya tha, bad mean 1946 mean hvilar ne bhi yahaan par utkhanan karaya tha. yahaan par khudaee se kul 57 shavadhan pae ge haian. shav prayah uttar-dakshin disha mean dafanae jate the jinamean sir uttar ki or hota tha. ek qabr mean lak di ke taboot mean lash ko rakhakar yahaan daphanaya gaya tha. 12 shavadhanoan se 'kaansy darpan' bhi pae ge haian. ek surama lagane ki salaee, ek se sipi ki chammach evan kuchh anyay se patthar ke phalak (bled) pae ge haian. h dappa mean sanh 1934 mean ek any samadhi mili thi jise samadhi 'ech' nam diya gaya tha. isaka sambandh sindhu sabhyata ke bad ke kal se tha.
mahattvapoorn tathy
- siandhu ghati sabhyata ki khudaee mean paki huee mitti ke dipak prapt hue haian aur 3500 eesa varsh poorv ki mohanajod do sabhyata ki khudaee mean prapt bhavanoan mean dipakoan ko rakhane hetu takh banae ge the v mukhy dvar ko prakashit karane hetu aloan ki shriankhala thi.
- mohanajod do sabhyata ke prapt avasheshoan mean mitti ki ek moorti ke anusar us samay bhi dipavali manaee jati thi. us moorti mean matri-devi ke donoan or dip jalate dikhaee dete haian. isase yah siddh svat: hi ho jata hai ki yah sabhyata hindoo sabhyata thi.
- h dappa aur mohanajod do se kap doan ke tuk de ke avashesh, chaandi ke ek phooladan ke dhakkan tatha kuchh any taanbean ki vastuean mile haian.
- yahaan ke log shataranj ka khel bhi janate the aur ve lohe ka upayog karate the. isaka matalab yah ki ve lohe ke bare mean bhi janate the.
- yahaan se prapt muharoan ko sarvottam kalakritiyoan ka darja prapt hai. h dappa nagar ke utkhanan se taanbe ki muharean prapt huee haian. is kshetr ki bhasha ki lipi chitratmak thi. mohanajod do se prapt pashupati ki muhar par hathi, gaianda, bagh aur bail aankit haian.
- h dappa ke mitti ke bartan par samanyatah lal rang ka upayog hua hai.
- mohanajod doan se prapt vishal snanagar mean jal ke risav ko rokane ke lie eeantoan ke oopar jipsam ke gare ke oopar charakol ki parat chadhaee gee thi, jisase pata chalata hai ki ve charakol ke sanbandh mean bhi janate the.
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vithika
- chitr:Harappa.jpg
h dappa ke puratattv sthal
- chitr:Harappa-Seal.jpg
h dappa muhar
- chitr:Harappa-Utensil.jpg
h dappa kalin handiya, thal v any bartan
- chitr:Harappa-Jewelery.jpg
h dappa kalin abhooshan
- chitr:Harappa-Scales.jpg
h dappa kalin tarajoo v bat
- chitr:Harappa-Seals-2.jpg
h dappa muhar
- chitr:Harappa-Utensil-2.jpg
h dappa kalin bartan
- chitr:Harappa-Utensil-3.jpg
h dappa kalin silabatta v kalachhi
- chitr:Harappa-Scales-2.jpg
h dappa kalin tarajoo v bat