हिन्दी की उपभाषाएँ एवं बोलियाँ
hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. san 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.
- hindi bhashi kshetr/hindi kshetr/hindi patti— hindi pashchim mean ambala (hariyana) se lekar poorv mean poorniya (bihar) tak tatha uttar mean badrinath–kedaranath (uttarakhand) se lekar dakshin mean khandava (madhy pradesh) tak boli jati hai. ise hindi bhashi kshetr ya hindi kshetr ke nam se jana jata hai. is kshetr ke aantargat 9 rajy—uttar pradesh, uttarakhand, bihar, jharakhand, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, rajasthan, hariyana v himachal pradesh—tatha 1 kendr shasit pradesh (rashtriy rajadhani kshetr)—dilli—ate haian. is kshetr mean bharat ki kul janasankhya ke 43% log rahate haian.
upabhashaean v boliyaan
| upabhasha | boliyaan | mukhy kshetr |
|---|---|---|
| rajasthani | marava di(pashchimi rajasthani),
jayapuri ya dhuandha di(poorvi rajasthani), mevati (uttari rajasthani), malavi(dakshini rajasthani), |
rajasthan |
| pashchimi hindi | (akar bahula)kauravi ya kh di boli,baangaroo ya hariyanavi
(okar bahula)brajabhasha, kannauji, buandeli |
hariyana, uttar pradesh |
| poorvi hindi | avadhi, bagheli, chhattisagadhi | madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, uttar pradesh |
| bihari | bhojapuri, magahi | bihar, uttar pradesh |
| paha di | paha di, kumaooanni, gadhavali | uttarakhand, himachal pradesh |
- boli— ek chhote kshetr mean boli janevali bhasha boli kahalati hai. boli mean sahity rachana nahian hoti hai.
- upabhasha— agar kisi boli mean sahity rachana hone lagati hai aur kshetr ka vikas ho jata hai to vah boli n rahakar upabhasha ban jati hai.
- bhasha— sahityakar jab us bhasha ko apane sahity ke dvara parinishthit sarvamany roop pradan kar dete haian tatha usaka aur kshetr vistar ho jata hai to vah bhasha kahalane lagati hai.
- ek bhasha ke aantargat kee upabhashaean hoti haian tatha ek upabhasha ke aantargat kee boliyaan hoti haian.
- sarvapratham ek aangrez prashasanik adhikari jarj abraham griyarsan ne 1927 ee. mean apani pustak 'bharatiy bhasha sarvekshan (A Linguistic Survey of India)' mean hindi ka upabhashaoan v boliyoan mean vargikaran prastut kiya. chatarji ne paha di bhashaoan ko chho d diya hai. vah inhean bhashaean nahian manate.
- dhirendr varma ka vargikaran mukhyatah suniti kumar chatarji ke vargikaran par hi adharit hai. keval usamean kuchh hi sanshodhan kie ge haian. jaise—usamean paha di bhashaoan ko shamil kiya gaya hai.
- inake alava kee vidvanoan ne apana vargikaran prastut kiya hai. aj is bat ko lekar am sahamati hai ki hindi jis bhasha–samooh ka nam hai, usamean 5 upabhashaean var 17 boliyaan haian.
hindi kshetr ki samast boliyoan ko 5 vargoan mean baanta gaya hai. in vargoan ko upabhasha kaha jata hai. in upabhashaoan ke aantargat hi hindi ki 17 boliyaan ati haian.[1]
boli, vibhasha evan bhasha
- vibhinn boliyaan rajanitik–saanskritik adhar par apana kshetr badha sakati haian aur sahity rachana ke adhar par ve apana sthan 'boli' se uchch karate hue 'vibhasha' tak pahuanch sakati haian.
- vibhasha ka kshetr boli ki apeksha adhik vistrit hoti hai. yah ek prant ya upaprant mean prachalit hoti hai. isamean sahityik rachanaean bhi prapt hoti haian. jaise—hindi ki vibhashaean haian—brajabhasha, avadhi, kh di boli, bhojapuri v maithili.
- vibhasha star par prachalit hone par hi rajanitik, sahityik ya saanskritik gaurav ke karan bhasha ka sthan prapt kar leti hai. jaise—kh di boli merath, bijanaur adi ki vibhasha hote hue bhi rashtriy star par svikrit hone ke karan rashtrabhasha ke pad par adhishthit huee hai.
- is prakar do batean spasht hoti haian—
- boli ka vikas vibhasha mean aur vibhasha ka vikas bhasha mean hota hai. boli—vibhasha—bhasha
- udaharan
- bhasha— kh di boli hindi
- vibhasha— hindi kshetr ki pramukh boliyaan–brajabhasha, avadhi, kh di boli, bhojapuri v maithili
- boli — hindi kshetr ki shesh boliyaan
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ ek bhasha vidvan ke anusar, shuddh bhasha–vaijnanik drishti se hindi ki do mukhy upabhashaean haian—pashchimi hindi v poorvi hindi.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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