हॉकी

h aauki
h aauki stik tatha b aaul|200px|center
vivaran	'h aauki' bharat ka rashtriy khel hai. is khel ke donoan daloan mean khila diyoan ki sankhya gyarah hoti hai.
pahali bar khela gaya	is khel ki aantarrashtriy spardha 1895 mean praranbh huee.
vargikaran	daliy sthiti
dal ke sadasy	gyarah
upakaran	h aauki stik, geand, helamet aur paid
sthal	h aauki ka maidan samanyat: 91.4 mitar lanba aur 55 mitar chau da hota hai.
vishvakap pratiyogita	1971 mean h aauki vishv kap ki shuruat huee. maleshiya mean 1975 mean bharat ne pakistan ko 2-1 se harakar vishvakap pratiyogita jiti thi.
olampik	purushoan ki maidani h aauki ko 1908 aur 1920 mean olampik kheloan mean khela gaya aur 1928 se ise sthayi taur par olampik mean shamil kar liya gaya.
geand	geand ki paridhi lagabhag 30 se.mi. hoti hai.
h aauki stik	h aauki stik lagabhag ek mitar lanbi aur 340 se 790 gram bhari hoti hai.
any janakari	bharat mean h aauki sabase pahale kolakata mean khela gaya. bharatiy tim ka sarvapratham vahian sangathan hua. 26 mee, 1928 mean bharatiy h aauki tim pratham bar olimpik kheloan mean sammilit huee aur vijay prapt ki.
bahari k diyaan	adhikarik vebasait (bharatiy h aauki)

h aauki bharat ka rashtriy khel hai. h aauki ka prarambh varsh 2010 se 4,000 varsh poorv eeran mean hua tha. isake bad bahut se deshoan mean isaka agaman hua par uchit sthan n mil saka. ant mean ise bharat mean vishesh samman mila aur yah rashtriy khel bana gaya. hamare desh mean isaka arambh 100 varshoan se pahale hua tha. 11 khila diyoan ke do virodhi daloan ke bich maidan mean khele jane vale is khel mean pratyek khila di marak biandu par mu di huee ek chh di (stik) ka istemal ek chhoti v kathor geand ko virodhi dal ke gol mean marane ke lie karata hai. barf mean khele jane vale isi tarah ke ek khel aees h aauki se bhinnata darshane ke lie ise maidani h aauki kahate haian. charadivari mean kheli jane vali h aauki, jisamean ek dal mean chhah khila di hote haian aur chhah khila di parivartan ke lie rakhe jate haian.
h aauki ke vistar ka shrey, visheshakar bharat aur sudoor poorv mean, briten ki sena ko hai. anek aantarrashtriy pratiyogitaoan ke ahvan ke phalasvaroop 1971 mean vishv kap ki shuruat huee. h aauki ki any mukhy aantarrashtriy pratiyogitaean haian- eshiyan kap, eshiyaee khel, yooropiyan kap aur pain-ameriki khel.

itihas

h aauki ki shuruat aranbhik sabhyataoan ke yug se mani jati hai. h aauki khelane ke arabi, yahoodi, farasi aur roman tariqe rahe aur dakshin amerika ke ezatek iandiyanoan dvara chh di se khele jane vale ek khel ke praman bhi milate haian. aranbhik kheloan harliang aur shianti jaise kheloan ke roop mean bhi h aauki ko pahachana gaya hai. madhy kal mean chh di se khela jane vala ek fraansisi khel h aauki prachalit tha aur aangrezi shabd ki utpatti shayad isi se huee hai. left|bharatiy h aauki ka pratik chihn|thumb 19vian shatabdi ke praranbhik varshoan mean bharat mean is khel ke vistar ka shrey mukhy roop se british sena ko jata hai aur ek svabhavik parinam ke roop mean yah khel chhavani nagaroan v usake asapas tatha yuddhapriy samajhe jane vale logoan aur sainikoan ke bich phala-phoola haian. sainik chhavaniyoan vale sabhi nagar, jaise lahaur, jalandhar, lakhanoo, jhaansi, jabalapur bharatiy h aauki ke gadh the. magar is khel ko vibhajan-poorv bharat ki krishi pradhan bhoomi ke mehanati aur balishth panjabiyoan ne svabhavik roop se sikha. aangrezi vidyalayoan mean h aauki khelana 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean shuroo hua aur dakshin-poorvi landan ke blaikahith mean purushoan ke pahale h aauki klab ka vivaran 1861 ki ek vivaran-pustika mean milata hai. purushoan ki maidani h aauki ko 1908 aur 1920 mean olampik kheloan mean khela gaya aur 1928 se ise sthayi taur par olampik mean shamil kar liya gaya.

mahila h aauki esosieshan ka nirman

viktoriyaee yug mean kheloan mean mahilaoan par pratibandh hone ke bavajood mahilaoan mean h aauki ki lokapriyata bahut badhi. yadyapi 1895 se hi mahila timean niyamit roop se maitri pratiyogitaoan mean bhag leti rahi thian, lekin ganbhir aantarrashtriy pratiyogitaoan ki shuruat 1970 ke dashak tak nahian huee thi. 1974 mean h aauki ka pahala mahila vishv kap ayojit kiya gaya aur 1980 mean mahila h aauki olampik mean shamil ki gee. 1927 mean aantarrashtriy niyamak sanstha, iantaraneshanal fedareshan aauf vimॅns h aauki esosieshan ka nirman hua tha. 1901 mean amerika mean kaansateans em.ke. eppelabi dvara is khel ki shuruat huee aur maidani h aauki dhire-dhire yahaan ki mahilaoan mean lokapriy maidani tim khel ban gee v vidyalayoan, mahavidyalayoan tatha klaboan mean kheli jane lagi.

h aauki ki aantarrashtriy spardha

is khel ki aantarrashtriy spardha 1895 mean praranbh huee. upamahadvip ke h aauki yuhg ki shuruat 1925 mean huee, jab akhil bharatiy h aauki sangh ki sthapana huee, jisamean karnal broos tarnabul adhyaksh tatha em.es. aansari sachiv the. ek sal bad hi nyoozilaiand pravas ke dauran bharatiyoan ne apani apoorv kshamata ka parichay diya. do mahine ke lanbe daure par nyoozilaiand gee sena ki tim ne 21 muqabaloan mean se 18 muqabale jite aur keval do muqabale hare.

h aauki ke niyam

• landan sthit ek any klab tediangatan ne kee mukhy parivartanoan ki shuruat ki, jisamean hathoan ka prayog ya chh di ko kandhoan se oopar uthane par pratibandh, rabar ki ghanakar geand ke sthan par golakar svaroop ke prayog shamil the. sabase mahattvapoorn tha marak chakr ko apanana, jise 1886 mean landan mean sthapit tatkalin h aauki esosieshan ne apane niyamoan mean shamil kiya tha.
• dal ke samany sanyojan mean paanch khila di f aauravard, tin hafabaik, do phulabaik aur ek golakipar hote haian. ek khel mean 35 minat ke do bhag hote haian, jinamean 5 se 10 minat ka aantaral hota hai. keval chot lagane ki dasha mean khel roka jata hai. golakipar mote magar halke paid pahanata hai aur use 30 gaz ke ghere (di) mean geand ko pair se marane athava use pairoan ya sharir ki madad se rokane ki ijazat hoti hai. any sabhi khila di geand ko keval stik se hi rok sakate haian.
• maidan ke keandr se pas-baik dvara, jisamean ek khila di apani tim ke any khila diyoan ki or geand pheankata hai, geand punah us tak pahuanchaee jati hai, khel praranbh hota hai. kisi ko chot lagane par ya takaniki karan se khel rukane par, donoan daloan dvara kramashah ek-ek penalti karane par ya khila diyoan ke kap doan mean geand ke ulajhane par khel ko phir se shuroo karane ke lie fes-aauf ya buli ka prayog kiya jata hai. fes-aauf mean donoan timoan ke ek-ek khila di amane-samane kh de hote hai aur geand unake bich maidan par hoti hai. ek ke bad ek zamin par aghat karane ke bad donoan khila di ek-doosare ki stik ko apas mean tin bar takarate haian, pratyek khila di geand ko marane ka prayas karata hai aur is prakar khel phir se shuroo ho jata hai. geand ke maidan se bahar jane ki dasha mean khel ko phir se shuroo karane ke vibhinn tariqe haian.
• h aauki mean kee tarah ki galatiyaan (faul) hoti haian. kisi khila di ko maidan mean geand se age rahakar aur virodhi dal ke do khila diyoan se kam khila diyoan ke age rahakar labh uthane se rokane ke lie banae ge haian. aauf said niyam ko 1996 ke olampik kheloan ke bad samapt kar diya gaya. geand se khelate vaqt h aauki ko kandhoan se oopar uthana niyamoan ke viruddh hai. geand ko h aauki se rokana usi tarah ki galati hai, jaisi geand ko sharir ya pairoan se rokana. aandarakatiang ke sath hi virodhi ki h aauki mean apani h aauki phansakar (hukiang) geand ko tezi se oopar uchhalate hue khel ko khataranak banana bhi galat hai. aant mean avarodhan ka niyam hai: ek khila di ko apani stik ya sharir ke kisi bhi bhag ko apane virodhi aur geand ke bich lakar avarodh kh da karane athava virodhi v gand ke bich dau dakar badha dalane ki anumati nahian hai. adhikatar galatiyoan ki saza virodhi dal ko, jis sthan par niyam to da gaya, vahaan se ek fri hit ke roop mean di jati hai. khel ke pratyek bhag ke lie ek nirnayak (refari) hota hai.

geand

h aauki mean istemal hone vali yah geand moolatah kriket ki geand thi, lekin plastik ki geand bhi anumodit hai. isaki paridhi lagabhag 30 semi hoti hai.

h aauki stik

h aauki stik lagabhag ek mitar lanbi aur 340 se 790 gram hoti hai. stik ka chapata chhor hi geand ko marane ke lie istemal kiya jata hai.

maidan

[[chitr:Major-Dhyan-Chand-Stadium-Delhi.jpg|mejar dhyanachand rashtriy stediyam, dilli|thumb]] yah khel chaukor maidan par 11 khila diyoan vale do daloan ke bich khela jata hai. yah maidan 91.4 mitar lanba aur 55 mitar chau da hota hai, isake keandr mean ek keandriy rekha v 22.8 mitar ki do any rekhaean khianchi hoti haian. gol ki chau daee 3.66 mitar v ooanchaee 2.13 mitar hoti hai. ek gol banane ke lie geand ko gol ke aandar jana chahie aur akramanakari ki h aauki se shootiang sarkal ‘di’ ke aandar geand ka sparsh zaroori hai.

bharat mean h aauki

bharat mean yah khel sabase pahale kalakatta mean khela gaya. bharatiy tim ka sarvapratham vahian sangathan hua. 26 mee ko sanh 1928 mean bharatiy haki tim pratham bar olimpik kheloan mean sammilit huee aur vijay prapt ki. 1932 mean l aaus eanjelis olampik mean jab bharatiyoan ne mezaban tim ko 24-1 se haraya. tab se ab tak ki sarvadhik aantar se jit ka kirtiman bhi sthapit ho gaya. 24 mean se 19 gol do bhaiyoan ne kie, roopasianh ne 11 gol dage aur dhyanachand ne shesh gol kie.

1936 ke barlin olampik mean in bhaiyoan ke netritv mean bharatiy dal ne punah svarn 'padak jita' jab unhoanne jarmani ko haraya. barlin olampik mean dhyanachand asamay bahar ho gaye aur dvitiy vishv yuddh ne bhi is vishv sparddha ko badhit kar diya. ath varsh ke bad olampik ki punah vapasi par bharat ki vishv h aauki chaianpiyan ki sthiti mean koee parivartan nahian aya. ek asadharan kary, jo vishv mean koee bhi ab tak duhara nahian paya hai. any timoan ke ubharane ke sanket sarvapratham melaborn mean dikhaee die, jab bharat ko pahali bar svarn padak ke lie sangharsh karana p da. pahale ki tarah, tim ne apani or ek bhi gol nahian hone diya aur 38 gol dage, magar balabir sianh ke netritv mean khila diyoan ko semifainal mean jarmani ke khilaf aur fainal mean pakistan ke khilaf sangharsh karana p da. semifainal mean kaptan ke gol ne nirnay kiya, jabaki varishth rakshak ar.es. jeantal ke banae gol ne bharat ki aparajeyata ko banae rakha. 1956 ke melaborn olampik ke fainal mean bharat aur pakistan ko 1960 mean rom olampik mean pakistan ne fainal mean 1-0 se svarn jitakar bharat ki bazi palat di. bharat ne pakistan ko 1964 ke tokiyo olampik mean haraya. 1968 ke meksiko olampik mean pahali bar bharat fainal mean nahian pahuancha aur keval kaansy padak jit paya. magar meksiko ke bad, pakistan v bharat ka adhipaty tootane laga. 1972 ke myoonikh olampik mean donoan mean se koee bhi tim svarn padak jitane mean saphal nahian rahi aur kramashah doosare v tisare sthan tak hi pahuanch saki.thumb|250px|left|bharatiy h aauki tim mukhy roop se bharat mean, h aauki ke paranparik keandroan ke alava any sthanoan par logoan ki ruchi mean tezi se giravat aee aur is patan ko rokane ke prayas bhi kam hi kie ge. isake bad bharat ne keval ek bar 1980 ke sankshipt m aausko olampik mean svarn padak jita. tim ka asthir pradarshan jari raha. isake bad 1998 ke eshiyaee kheloan mean svarn padak ki prapti bharatiy h aauki ka ekamatr badhiya pradarshan tha. aise bahut kam mauqe rahe, jab kaushal ne sharirik saushthav ko haraya, anyatha yah baranbar bahut kam aantar se har aur gol chook jane ka mamala raha hai. yadyapi bharat ab vishv h aauki mean ek shakti ke roop mean nahian gina jata, par hal ke varshoan mean yahaan aise kee khila di hue haian, jinake kaushal ki barabari vishv mean kuchh hi khila di kar pate haian. ajitapal sianh, vi. bhaskaran, govianda, ashok kumar, muhammas shahid, jafar iqabal, paragat sianh, mukesh kumar aur dhanaraj pillai jaise khila diyoan ne apani akramak shaili ki dhak jamaee hai.

h aauki akadami

bharat mean h aauki ke gaurav ko punarjivit karane ke ganbhir prayas hue haian. bharat mean tin h aauki akadami karyarat haian-

1. nee dilli mean 'eyar iandiya akadami'
2. raanchi (jharakhand) mean 'vishesh kshetr khel akadami' air raurakela
3. (u disa) mean 'stil ath aauriti aauf iandiya limited (sel) akadami'.

in akadamiyoan mean prashiksharthi h aauki ko prashikshan ke alava aupacharik shiksha bhi jari rakhate haian aur masik vritti bhi pate haian. pratyek akadami ne yogy khila di taiyar kie haian, jinase ane vale varshoan mean is khel mean yogadan ki asha hai. kriket ke prati divanagi ke bavajood vidyalayoan aur mahavidyalayoan mean h aauki ke punarutthan se nee pidhi mean is khel ke prati ruchi jagrit huee hai. prativarsh rajadhani mean hone vali 'neharoo kap h aauki pratiyogita' jaisi pratisparddhaoan mean u disa, bihar aur panjab ke vidyalayoan, jaise seant igneshiyas vidyalay, raurakela; birasa muanda vidyalay, gumala aur layalapur khalasa vidyalay, jalandhar dvara uchch stariy h aauki ka pradarshan dekha gaya hai.

upalabdhiyaan

[[chitr:Major-Dhyan-Chand.jpg|mejar dhyanachand sianh
Major Dhyan Chand Singh|thumb]] h aauki ke khel mean bharat ne hamesha vijay paee hai. is svarn yug ke dauran bharat ne 24 olampik maich khele aur sabhi 24 maichoan mean jit kar 178 gol banae tatha keval 7 gol chho de. hamare desh ke pas 8 olampik svarn padakoan ka utkrisht rik aaurd hai. bharatiy h aauki ka svarnim yug 1928-56 tak tha jab bharatiy h aauki dal ne lagatar 6 olampik svarn padak prapt kie. 1928 tak h aauki bharat ka rashtriy khel ban gaya tha aur isi varsh emastardam olampik mean bharatiy tim pahali bar pratiyogita mean shamil huee. bharatiy tim ne paanch muqabaloan mean ek bhi gol die bagair svarn padak jita. jayapal sianh ki kaptani mean tim ne, jisamean mahanh khila di dhyanachand bhi shamil the, aantim muqabale mean h aaulaiand ko asani se harakar svarn padak jita.
bharatiy h aauki sangh ke itihas ki shuruat olampik mean apani svarn gatha shuroo karane ke lie ki gee. is daure mean bharat ko 21 maichoan mean se 18 maich bharat ne jite aur prakhyat khila di dhyanachand sabhi ki aankhoan mean bas ge jab bharat ke kul 192 goloan mean se 100 gol unhoanne akele kie. yah maich emastardam mean 1928 mean hua aur bharat lagatar l aaus eanjels mean 1932 ke dauran tatha barlin mean 1936 ke dauran jitata gaya aur is prakar usane olampik mean svarn padakoan ki haitrik prapt ki.
kishanalala ke netritv mean dal ne landan mean svarn padak jita. bharatiy h aauki dal ne 1975 mean vishv kap jitane ke alava do any padak (rajat aur kaansy) bhi jite. bharatiy h aauki sangh ne 1927 mean vaishvik sanbaddhata arjit ki aur aantararashtripay h aauki sangh (ephaeeech) ki sadasyata prapt ki. bharat ko 1964 tokiyo olampik aur 1980 m aausko olampik mean do anyh svarn padak prapt. hue. 1962 mean kaansy padak aur 1980 mean svarn padak prapt kiya aur desh ka nam ooancha kar diya.

samachar

5 agast, 2013 somavar

jooniyar mahila h aauki vishvakap mean kaansy padak jita

thumb|jooniyar mahila h aauki tim bharat ki jooniyar mahila h aauki tim ne jarmani mean sanpann hue vishvakap mean ianglaiand ko 3-2 (1-1) se harakar kaansy padak par kabja kiya. bharatiy l dakiyoan ne ravivar (4 agast, 2013) ko tisare sthan ke lie khele ge pleaauph mukabale mean ianglaiand ko penalti shootaut mean haraya. nirdharit samay tak donoan timean 1-1 ki barabari par thian. isake bad maich ka phaisala penalti shootaut se karane ka phaisala kiya gaya. nirdharit samay mean bharat ke lie rani ne 13vean minat mean phild gol kiya jabaki ianglaiand ki or se ena toman ne 55vean minat mean barabari ka gol kiya. penalti shootaut mean ena toman ianglaiand ki taraph se pahala gol chook geean, jabaki rani ne penalti shootaut par pahala gol dagakar bharat ko 1-0 se badhat dila di. penalti shootaut ke pahale chhah sh aaut tak bharat ne badhat banae rakhi, kyoanki bharat ki navanit kaur, vandana katariya aur navajot kaur aur ianglaiand ki loosi haims, shona maiklin aur jo liph ne apane-apane sh aaut mis kar die. akhirakar emili diphroand ne ianglaiand ke lie gol kar skor 1-1 se barabari par la diya. isake bad poonam rani dvara gol mis kie jane se bharat saden deth ki sthiti mean pahuanch gaya.
rani ne phir se is bar bharat ko sankat se ubara aur gol kar bharat ko 2-1 se badhat dila di. emili ne phir se skor ko 2-2 kar diya. isake bad bharat ki taraph se poonam rani aur ianglaiand ki taraph se shona maiklin apane-apane gol chook geean. akhirakar navanit kaur ne bharat ko 3-2 se badhat dilaee, jabaki ianglaiand ki ena gol karane se chook geean. isi ke sath vishv chaianpiyanaship mean bharatiy mahilaoan ne apana pahala padak hasil kiya.

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