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| ==महमूद गजनवी के 17 आक्रमण==
| | *[[विश्वामित्रकल्प]] |
| {| class="wikitable" border="1"
| | *[[विश्वामित्रकल्पतरु]] |
| |-
| | *[[विश्वामित्रसंहिता]] |
| !क्रम
| | *[[विश्वेश्वरनिबन्ध]] |
| !ईसवी
| | *[[विश्वेश्वरपद्धति]] |
| !आक्रमण
| | *[[विश्वेश्वरीपद्धति]] |
| |-
| | *[[विश्वेश्वरीस्मृति]] |
| |1
| | *[[विषघटिकाजननशान्ति]] |
| |1000
| | *[[विष्णुतत्त्वप्रकाश]] |
| |[[काबुल]]
| | *[[विष्णुतत्त्वविनिर्णय]] |
| |-
| | *[[विष्णुतीर्थीयव्याख्यान]] |
| |2
| | *[[विष्णुधर्ममीमांसा]] |
| |1001–1002
| | *[[विष्णुधर्मसूत्र]] |
| |[[पेशावर वैहिन्द]]
| | *[[विष्णुघर्मोत्तरामृत]] |
| |-
| | *[[विष्णुपूजाक्रदीपिका]] |
| |3
| | *[[विष्णुपूजापद्धति]] |
| |1004–1005
| | *[[विष्णुपूजाविधि]] |
| |[[भाटिया]]
| | *[[विष्णुप्रतिष्ठापद्धति]] |
| |-
| | *[[विष्णुप्रतिष्ठाविघिदर्पण]] |
| |4
| | *[[विष्णुभक्तिचन्द्र]] |
| |1006
| | *[[विष्णुभक्तिचन्द्रोदय]] |
| |[[मुल्तान]]
| | *[[विष्णुभक्तिरहस्य]] |
| |-
| | *[[विष्णुमूतिप्रतिष्ठाविघि]] |
| |5
| | *[[विष्णुयागपद्धति]] |
| |1007–1008
| | *[[विष्णुरहस्य]] |
| |आनन्दपाल की हार
| | *[[विष्णुश्राद्ध]] |
| |-
| | *[[विष्णुश्राद्धपद्धति]] |
| |6
| |
| |1009
| |
| |[[नारायणपुरा]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |7
| |
| |1010
| |
| |[[मुल्तान]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |8
| |
| |1010–1012
| |
| |[[थानेश्वर]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |9
| |
| |1013–14
| |
| |हिन्दूशाही राजधानी [[उदभाण्डपुर]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |10
| |
| |1015–1016
| |
| |[[लोहकोट]] [[कश्मीर]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |11
| |
| |1018–1019
| |
| |[[मथुरा]], [[कन्नौज]] शाखा
| |
| |-
| |
| |12
| |
| |1020–1021
| |
| |त्रिलोचनपाल तथा प्रतिहार राजा पराजित
| |
| |-
| |
| |13
| |
| |1021–1022
| |
| |[[लोहकोट]] [[कश्मीर]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |14
| |
| |1022–1023
| |
| |[[ग्वालियर]], [[कालिंजर]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |15
| |
| |1025–1026
| |
| |[[सोमनाथ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |16
| |
| |1027
| |
| |[[गुजरात]]-[[सिंध प्रांत|सिन्ध]]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==कार्बन==
| |
| {{Elementbox
| |
| |name=कार्बन
| |
| |symbol=C
| |
| |number=6
| |
| |pronounce=
| |
| |left=[[बोरोन]]
| |
| |right=[[नाइट्रोजन]]
| |
| |above=-
| |
| |below=[[सिलिकॉन]]
| |
| |series=अधातु
| |
| |series comment=
| |
| |group=14
| |
| |period=2
| |
| |block=p
| |
| |series color=
| |
| |phase color=
| |
| |appearance=साफ़ ([[हीरा]]), [[काला रंग|काला]] ([[ग्रेफाइट]])
| |
| |image name=Blank-1.gif
| |
| |image size=
| |
| |image name comment=
| |
| |image name 2=Blank-1.gif
| |
| |image size 2=
| |
| |image name 2 comment=कार्बन के वर्णक्रम रेखाएँ
| |
| |atomic mass=12.0107
| |
| |atomic mass 2=8
| |
| |atomic mass comment=
| |
| |electron configuration=1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup> or [He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>
| |
| |electrons per shell=2,4
| |
| |color=
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| |phase=ठोस
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| |phase comment=
| |
| |density gplstp=अमोरफॉस:<ref>Lide, D. R., ed. (2005), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.), Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-0486-5</ref> 1.8–2.1 g·cm<sup>−3</sup>
| |
| |density gpcm3nrt=ग्रेफाइट: 2.267 g·cm<sup>−3</sup>
| |
| |density gpcm3nrt 3=हीरा: 3.515 g·cm<sup>−3</sup>
| |
| |density gpcm3mp=
| |
| |melting point K=
| |
| |melting point C=
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| |melting point F=
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| |melting point pressure=
| |
| |sublimation point K=3915
| |
| |sublimation point C= 3642
| |
| |sublimation point F=6588
| |
| |sublimation point pressure=
| |
| |boiling point K=20.28
| |
| |boiling point C=-252.87
| |
| |boiling point F=-423.17
| |
| |boiling point pressure=
| |
| |triple point K=4600
| |
| |triple point kPa=10800 <ref>Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon 14: 357</ref> <ref>Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon 43: 1115.</ref>
| |
| |triple point K 2=
| |
| |triple point kPa 2=
| |
| |critical point K=32.97
| |
| |critical point MPa=1.293
| |
| |heat fusion=117 (ग्रेफाइट)
| |
| |heat fusion 2=
| |
| |heat fusion pressure=
| |
| |heat vaporization=
| |
| |heat vaporization pressure=
| |
| |heat capacity=
| |
| |heat capacity pressure=
| |
| |vapor pressure comment=
| |
| |crystal structure=
| |
| |oxidation states=4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4
| |
| |oxidation states comment=
| |
| |electronegativity=2.55
| |
| |number of ionization energies=3
| |
| |1st ionization energy=1086.5
| |
| |2nd ionization energy=2352.6
| |
| |3rd ionization energy=4620.5
| |
| |atomic radius=
| |
| |atomic radius calculated=
| |
| |covalent radius=77(sp<sup>3</sup>), 73(sp<sup>2</sup>), 69(sp)
| |
| |Van der Waals radius=170
| |
| |magnetic ordering=[[प्रतिचुम्बकीय]]<ref>Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
| |
| |electrical resistivity=
| |
| |electrical resistivity at 0=
| |
| |electrical resistivity at 20=
| |
| |thermal conductivity=(300 K) 119-165 (ग्रेफाइट), 900-2300 (हीरा)
| |
| |thermal conductivity 2=
| |
| |thermal diffusivity=
| |
| |thermal expansion=
| |
| |thermal expansion at 25=
| |
| |speed of sound=(20 °C) 18350 (हीरा)
| |
| |speed of sound rod at 20=
| |
| |speed of sound rod at r.t.=
| |
| |Tensile strength=
| |
| |Young's modulus=1050 (हीरा)
| |
| |Shear modulus=478 (हीरा)
| |
| |Bulk modulus=442 (हीरा)
| |
| |Poisson ratio=0.1 (हीरा)
| |
| |Mohs hardness=1-2 (ग्रेफाइट), 10 (हीरा)
| |
| |Vickers hardness=
| |
| |Brinell hardness=
| |
| |CAS number=7440-44-0
| |
| |isotopes=
| |
| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=12 | sym=C | na=98.9% | n=6 }}
| |
| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=13 | sym=C | na=1.1% | n=7 | link= }}
| |
| {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[Trace radioisotope|ट्रेस]] | hl=5730 [[years|y]] | dm=[[beta minus decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.156 | pn=14 | ps=[[Nitrogen|N]] | link=Tritium }}
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==टीका टिप्पणी और संदर्भ==
| |
| <references/>
| |