अंतरिक्ष किरणें

aantariksh kiranean prithvi ke vayumandal ke bahar (aantariksh) se ati haian. in kiranoan ke adhikaansh bhagoan mean atyadhik oorja vale prot aaun hote haian. isake atirikt kuchh alpha kan hote haian. ukt kiranean aantariksh mean utpann hoti haian, isalie inaka nam aantariksh kiran rakh diya gaya.

vibhajan

aantariksh kiranean prithvi ke vayumandal mean vibhinn gaisoan ke nabhikoan (nyookliyas) se takarati haian, jisase any aveshit kanikaean tatha bahut adhik oorja vali gama kiranean utpann hoti haian. is prakar aantariksh kiranean do bhagoan mean baanti ja sakati haian-

1. prathamik aantariksh kiranean
2. dvitiyak aantariksh kiranean

prathamik aantariksh kiranean

prathamik aantariksh kiranean bahar se prithvi ke vayumandal tak ati haian. jaisa pahale bataya gaya hai, ye kiranean prot aaun aur alpha kan hoti haian.

dvitiyak aantariksh kiranean

dvitiyak aantariksh kiranean prathamik aantariksh kiranean prithvi ke vayumandal mean gaisoan ke nabhikoan se takarati haian to ukt nabhikoan ka vighatan ho jata hai. inake vighatan se bahut se prot aaun, nyootr aaun tatha gama kiranean nikalati haian. isake atirikt kuchh kanikaean bhi utpann hoti haian jinhean mesan kaha jata hai.

utpatti

aantariksh ki kiranoan ki utpatti ke sanbandh mean abhi koee nishchit siddhaant nahian diya ja saka hai. vaijnanikoan ka vichar hai ki ye aveshit kan akash ganga mean hi utpann hote haian. inaki oorja itani adhik kaise ho jati hai. kuchh vaijnanikoan ki ray hai ki soory ke charoan or chuanbakiy kshetr hai jisamean parivartan hota rahata hai. is paravarti chuanbakiy kshetr mean aveshit kan bita tr aaun ke siddhaant ke anusar tvarit ho jate haian. any vaijnanik manate haian ki parivarti chuanbakiy kshetr poori akash ganga mean vyapt hai jahaan kanoan ka tvaran hota hai. milikan ke anusar aantariksh kiranoan ki utpatti ka karan aantastarakiy akash mean dravy ka nasht hona hai. milikan ki is kalpana ne aantariksh kiranoan ke adhyayan ki aur adhik protsahan diya.

chhedan shakti

praranbh mean aisi dharana thi ki aantariksh kiranean bahut chhoti tarang dairdhy vali keval gama kiranean hi haian, jinaki chhedan shakti atyadhik hai. chhedan shakti mean in nee kiranoan ki tulana doosari jnat vikiranoan se nimnaankit prakar se ki ja sakati hai-

sadharan prakash ki chhedan shakti

sadharan prakash aparadarshi padarthoan ki keval mahin chadar ka, jaise kagaj ke vark ka athava usase kahian adhik mahin dhatu ke avaran ka chhedan kar sakata hai. isaki apeksha eks rashmiyoan ki chhedan shakti itani adhik hoti hai ki ve hamare hath athava sare sharir se bhi hokar nikal sakati haian, jisake phalasvaroop shaly chikitsak hamari haddiyoan ka photo le sakata hai. kiantu kuchh hi mili mitar moti dhatu in eks rashmiyoan ko poornataya rok sakata hai. gama kiranean kuchh seanti mitar moti dhatu ka chhedan kar sakati haian. yah naya vikiran kee mitar mote sise (dhatu) ka chhedan kar sakata hai aur pani ki ek hajar mitar gaharaee tak ghus sakata hai.

prakriti v akshaansh prabhav

aantariksh kiranoan ki prakriti ke bare mean janakari akshaansh prabhav se prapt huee. isaka avishkar kle ne 1927 ee. mean aur usake bad aur adhik gahanata se kaanpatan ne kiya tha. akshaansh prabhav ki vyakhya ham is tarah kar sakate haian ki aantariksh kiranoan ke prathamik kan avesh yukt kan haian jo kee hajar mil tak akash mean phaile hue prithvi ke chuanbakatv kshetr se prabhavit hue haian. jitani kam in kanoan ki oorja hoti hai utana hi adhik unake path chap ke roop mean jhuk jate haian. aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata bhoomadhyarekha par sabase kam hai aur dhruvoan ki or badhati jati hai. samudr tal ki apeksha akshaansh prabhav ooanchaee par bahut adhik hota hai. jaise hi aantariksh kiranoan ke kan prithvi ke vayumandal mean pravesh karate haian, vaise hi hava ke nabhikoan ke sath unaki parasparik kriya hoti hai, jisake phalasvaroop anek prakar ke mool kan paida ho jate haian. inamean se kuchh kan aise hote haian jo any kisi riti se prakriti mean utpann nahian hote. ye kan rediyamadharmi hote haian, jinamean se kuchh 10-6 sekeand mean samapt ho jate haian aur kuchh 10-1 athava 10-14 sekeand mean.

avesh yukt kan

aantariksh kiranoan ke bare mean aur bhi adhik janakari 1927 ee. mean skobeltazain ne ki, jab usane ek meghakaksh mean uchch oorja vale avesh kanoan ke urdhvadhar path chihn dekhe. 1928 mean bote aur kol hoyarstar ne aantariksh kiranoan ke anusandhan ki ek nee riti apanaee, jisamean kee gaigar-myular-ganak ek sath sanbaddh rahate the. is prayog dvara unhoanne siddh kiya ki aantariksh kiranean avesh yukt kan haian.

vayumandal mean pravesh karane par kriyaean

vayumandal mean aantariksh kiranoan ke pravesh karane par jo kriyaean hoti haian, unaka samany roop spasht hai. vayumandal ki oopari tahoan mean prathamik aantariksh kiranoan ke prot aaun aur adhik bhari nabhikoan ka avashoshan ho jata hai, jisake phalasvaroop dvitiyak prot aaun aur nyootr aaun, paee-mesan aur adhik bhari mesan banate haian. avesh rahit paee-mesan ke vighatan (disosieshan) se prakash ke do kvaantam banate haian, jinase ghanatmak aur rrinatmak ilektr aaun paida hote haian. jaise hi ye ilektran nabhikoan ke pas pahuanchate haian, ye photan ban jate haian aur is prakar yah kriya badhati jati hai. ilektranoan aur photano ke komal ghatak ki tivrata pahale vayumandal mean gaharaee ke sath tezise badhati hai aur phir, jaise-jaise in bauchhar paida karane vale kanoan ka avashoshan hota hai, ghatati hai. samudr tal ke pas komal ghatak ke is aansh ki tivrata bahut kam ho jati hai.

aveshayukt paee-mesanoan ke vighatan se myoo-mesan banate haian. myoomesan ki nabhikoan ke sath adhik kriya pratikriya nahian hoti. nabhikoan ke sath atyant durbal kriya pratikriya ke parinam svaroop unamean bahut adhik bhedan shakti dikhaee p dati hai. ve prithvi mean b di gaharaee tak pravesh kar sakate haian. at: ve aantariksh kiranoan ke tivr ghatak hote haian. myoo-mesan nasht hone par ilektr aaun utpann karate haian. takarane se bhi ilektr aaun paida hote haian. samudr tal ke pas ye ilektran tatha inake dvara utpann huee ilektr aaun-phot aaun ki bauchharoan se komal ghatak ka mukhy aansh banata hai.

tarak

paee-mesan ke karan nabhik vighatit hote haian, jinhean tarak (star) kahate haian. laghu-oorja-pradesh mean tarak nyootran ke karan utpann hote haian. atyadhik oorja vale kan b di vayu bauchharean paida karate haian. ek-ek vayu bauchhar mean das karo d se bhi adhik kan mile haian. kanoan ke bich ki doori ek hi vayu bauchhar mean hajar mitar se bhi adhik paee gee hai.

kiranoan ki tivrata

aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata mean prekshan sthal par ki paristhitiyoan se parivartan hota hai. unaki tivrata vayu ki dab, tap evan prithvi ke chuanbakatv kshetr ke sath badalati hai. prekshan sthal ke oopar hava ki motaee aur usaki avashoshan shakti mean parivartan ko isaka karan bataya ja sakata hai. aantariksh kiranoan mean samayik parivartan bhi hote haian. jaise, lanbe samay vale parivartan, 27 din vale parivartan, saur samay ke anusar hone vale parivartan, aur bahut kam matra mean nakshatr samay ke anusar hone vale parivartan. ye samayik parivartan bahut kam matra mean hote haian, pratishat ke keval do-char-dasavean bhag tak. prithvi ke vayumandal ke bahar aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata aur samayik parivartanoan ke bich sanbandh jo dane ke lie prekshanoan ko tap aur dav ke lie sahi karana p data hai. saur samay ke anusar tivrata mean dainik parivartan hone ki khoj bahutere anusandhanakartaoan ne ki hai. unake vishv vistrit svaroop ko phorabush ne siddh kiya.

parivartan ki matra, pashchath‌ madhyahn do baje ke asapas, jo adhikatam tivrata ka samay hai, lagabhag 0.2 pratishat hoti hai. tivrata mean samayik parivartanoan ke atirikt asamayik prabhav bhi hote haian. sabase adhik mahatv vala prabhav chuanbakiy toophanoan se sanbandhit haian, jisake vishv vistrit roop ko phorabush ne aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata ka adhyayan karake dikhaya hai. ye vishv vistrit parivartan is mat ka ek aur praman haian ki aantariksh kiranoan ka utpatti sthan prithvi ke bahar hai. samudr ki satah par aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata ke prithvi ke chuanbakatv par nirbhar hone ka arth yah hai ki prithvi ke chuanbakiy kshetr mean parivartanoan ke sath aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata mean parivartan hote haian. aantariksh kiranoan aur prithvi ke sadharan chuanbakiy vicharan (ghat-badh) mean koee ghanishth sanbandh nahian milata; arthath‌ shaant dinoan mean prithvi ke sadharan chuanbakiy prabhav ka aantariksh kiranoan se koee sarthak sanbandh nahian hai.

yah dekha gaya hai ki vishv vistrit aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata ka prithvi ke chuanbakatv kshetr ke kshaitij ghatak ke parivartanoan se ghanishth sanbandh hai. chuanbakiy toophanoan ke samay aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata mean bahut spasht parivartan hota hai. kuchh chuanbakiy toophanoan ka prabhav aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata par nahian dekha jata, kiantu jab kshaitij chuanbak bal ek pratishat kam hota hai to aantariksh kiranoan ki tivrata mean sadharanat paanch pratishat se adhik kami ho jati hai. aantariksh kiranoan ke adhyayan se kee maulik kanoan (dr., kan maulik) ka pata chala hai. inhian kiranoan ke adhyayan se nabhikiy baloan ke vishay mean bhi janakari mili hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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