अनग्रदंत

agradant (eedeanteta), jaisa nam se hi spasht hai, ve jantu haian jinake agradant nahian hote. hiandi ka 'anagradant' shabd aangreji ke eedeanteta ka samanarthak mana gaya hai. aangreji ke 'eedeanteta' shabd ka arth hai 'jantu jinako daant hote hi nahian'. aangreji ka eedeanteta nam kuviyar ne un jarayuj, stanadhari jantuoan ke samuday ko diya tha jinake samane ke daant (kartanak dant) athava jab de ke daant nahian hote. is samuday ke aantargat dakshin amarika ke chiantakhor (aianteetars), shakhaanlabi (sl aauth), varmi (armadiloz) aur purani duniya ke ardavark tatha vajrakit (paiangolin) ate haian. inamean vajrakit tatha chiantikhor bilakul dantavihin hote haian. anyoan mean keval samane ke kartanak dant nahian hote, parantu shesh daant hras ki avastha mean, bina dantavalk (inaimalan) tatha mool (root) ke, hote haian aur kisi kisi mean daantoan ke patanashil poorvaj pae jate haian.

stanadhari praniyoan ke vargikaran mean pahale anagradantoan ka ek varg (aaurdar) mana gaya tha aur isake tin upavarg the:
(k) jirnthra,
(kh) foliandota tatha
(g) tayoobulideanteta,
kiantu ab ye tinoan upavarg svayan alag varg ban ge haian. is prakar eedeanteta varg ka prithakh‌ astitv vilin hokar uparyukt tin vargo mean samahit ho gaya hai.

jirnthra

yah pray: dakshin tatha madhy amariki praniyoan ka samuday hai, yadyapi isake kuchh sadasy uttari amarika mean bhi pravesh kar ge haian. praroopik (tipikal) amariki anagradant athava jirnthra ki visheshata yah hai ki aantim prishthiy tatha sabhi katikasherookaoan mean atirikt sandhimukhikaean (faiset) athava asamany sandhiyaan paee jati haian. inamean daant ho bhi sakate haian aur nahian bhi. jab hote haian tab kabhi daant barabar hote haian athava ek sima tak vibhinn hote hai. sharir ka avaran mote baloan athava asthil pattiyoan ka roop le leta hai athava chhote ya b de baloan ka sanmishran hota hai.

yah varg tin kuloan mean vibhakt hai. inamean pahala hai braidipodidi, jisake udaharan triaangulak shakhalanbi (sl aauth) tatha dviaangulak shakhalanbi haian. doosara hai miramekophejidi, jisake udaharan haian brihatkay chiantikhor (jaeant aianteetars) tatha triaangulak chiantikhor (thratod aianteetars). tisara hai desipodaidi, jisake udaharan haian: tessas ke varmi (armadiloz) tatha brihatkay varmi (jaeant armadiloz).

shakhalanbi

shakhalanbi ka sir gol aur laghu, kan ka lor chhota, paanv lanbe evan patale hote haian. stanapayi janavaroan mean any kisi bhi samuday ke aang vrikshavasi jivan ke itane anukool nahian haian jitane shakhalanbiyoan mean. inamean agrapad pashchapadoan ki apeksha adhik b de hote haian. aanguliyaan lanbi, bhitar ki or mu di huee aur aankush sadrish hoti haian, jinase unako vrikshoan par chadhane tatha unaki shakhaoan ko pak dakar latake rahane mean suvidha hoti hai. triaangulak shakhalanbi ke agr tatha pashch donoan hi padoan mean tin tin aanguliyaan hoti haian, kiantu dviaangulak shakhalanbi ke agrapad mean do aur pashchapad mean tin aanguliyaan hoti haian. inaki pooanchh prathamik avastha mean athava alpavikasit hoti hai. inaka sharir lanbe tatha mote baloan se achchhadit rahata hai. ardr jalavayu ke karan inake baloan par ek prakar ki hari kaee jaisi vastu 'ailji' utpann hoti hai jisase in janavaroan ke rom hare pratit hote haian. isi se jab ye janavar hari hari daliyoan par latake rahate haian tab aisa bhram hota hai ki ye us vriksh ki shakha hi haian. us samay dhyan se dekhane par hi in jantuoan ka alag astitv jnan hota hai.

thumb|200px|shakhalanbi yah jantu vrikshoan ki shakhaoan par lataka hua chalata hai. mandagami hone ke karan ise aangreji mean sl aauth kahate haian (sl aauth=alasy). shakhalanbiyoan ke sharir ki lanbaee 20 ianch se 28 ianch tak aur pooanchh lagabhag do ianch lanbi hoti haian. ye apana jivan vrikshoan par bitate haian, bhoomi par utarate nahian; yadi kabhi utarate bhi haian to agrapad tatha pashchapadoan ki lanbaee ki asamata ke karan b di kathinaee se chal pate haian. ye bandar ki bhaanti uchhalakar ek pe d se doosare pe d par nahian jate, balki hava ke jhokoan se jhuki daliyoan ko pak dakar jate haian. ye apana jivan nirvah pattiyoan, komal tahaniyoan tatha phaloan par karate haian. inake agrapad daliyoan ko khianchakar mukh ki pahuanch ke bhitar lane mean sahayak hote haian, kiantu pattiyoan ko mukh mean le jane ka kam nahian lete haian. ye nishichar, shaant prakriti ke, anakramak evan ekaantavasi hote haian. inaki mada ek bar mean pray: ek hi bachcha janati hai.

chiantikhor

(aianteetar) yah miramekophejidi kul ka sadasy hai. isaka thoothan nukila hota hai, jisake chhor par chhidr ke saman ek mukhadvar hota hai. aankhe chhoti tatha kan ka lor kisi mean chhota aur kisi mean b da hota hai. pratyek agrapad mean paanch aanguliyaan hoti haian. inamean tisari aanguli mean pray: b da, mu da hua aur nukila nakh hota hai, jisase hath karyaksham tatha nipun khodanevala avayav siddh hota hai.
thumb|200px|chiantikhor pashchapadoan mean char paanch chhoti b di aanguliyaan hoti haian, jisamean sadharan akar ke nakh hote haian. agrapad ki aanguliyaan bhitar ki or mu di hoti haian, jisase chalate samay sharir ka bhar agrapad ki doosari, tisari tatha chauthi aanguliyoan ki oopari satah par tatha paanchavian ki chhor ki ek gaddi par aur pashchapadoan ke poore panjoan par p data hai. sabhi chiantikhoroan mean pooanchh bahut lanbi hoti hai. kisi kisi ki pooanchh parigrahi hoti hai. sharir lanbe baloan se achchhadit hota hai. dviaangulak chiantikhor (saikloturas) mean thoothan chhota hota hai aur agrapad mean char aanguliyaan hoti haian jinamean keval doosari tatha tisari mean hi nakh hote haian. tisari ka nakh b da hota haian jo shakhalanbi ke pair ki bhaanti aankush sadriansh hoti haian.

chiantikhor choohe ki nap se lekar do phut ki ooanchaee tak ke hote haian aur dakshin tatha madhy amarika mean nadi kinare tatha nam sthanoan mean pae jate haian. inaka mukhy bhojan dimak hai. ye varmi (armadiloz) ki bhaanti maand banakar nahian rahate. ye svayan kisi par akraman nahian karate, kianntu akraman kie jane par apani raksha nakhoan dvara karate haian. mada ek bar mean ek hi bachcha deti hai.

varmi

(armadiloz)-yah desipodaidi kul ka sadasy hai. isaka sir chhota, chau da tatha daba hua hota hai. pratyek agrapad mean tin se paanch tak aanguliyaan hoti haian aur inamean pusht nakh hote haian, jo ek prakar ke khodane vale hathiyar ka kam dete haian. pashchapad mean sada paanch chhoti chhoti nakhayukt aanguliyaan hoti haian. pooanchh pray: bhali bhaanti vikasit hoti hai. varmi ka sara sharir haddi ki chhoti pattiyoan se dhaka rahata hai. isi se ise varmi kahate haian (vam=kavach).

thumb|left|200px|varmi (armadilo)

sharir asthil tvachiy pattiyoan se dhaka rahata hai. ye pattiyaan sharir ke lie kavach ka kam karati hai. varmi (armadiloz) mean aansaphalakiy dhal (skaianpular shild) ghani sanyukt pattiyoan ki bani hoti hai aur sharir ka agrabhag pattiyoan se dhaka hota hai. isake bad anuprasth dhariyaan hoti haian, jinake bich bich mean romayukt tvacha hoti hai. pichhale bhag mean ek pashchashroni dhal (pelvik shild) hoti hai. tolipyutas jinas mean ye dhariyaan chalayaman hoti haian, jisase yah janavar apane sharir ko lapetakar geand jaisa bana leta hai. pooanchh bhi asthil pattiyoan ke chhalloan se dhaki hoti hai aur isi prakar ki pattiyaan sir ki bhi raksha karati haian.

varmi lanbaee mean chhah ianch se lekar tin phut tak hote haian. ye sarvabhakshi hote haian. j d, mool, ki de, patange, chhipakaliyaan tatha mrit pashuoan ka maans ityadi sab kuchh inaka bhojy hai. yah jiv adhikatar nishichar hota hai. kabhi kabhi din mean bhi dikhaee p data hai. yah anakramak hota hai aur any jantuoan ko hani nahian pahuanchata; yahaan tak ki yadi pak d liya jay to svatantr hone ke lie prayatn bhi nahian karata. isaki raksha ka ekamatr sadhan bhoomi khodakar chhip jana hai. pair chhote hote hai, phir bhi yah b di teji se dau data hai. yah khule maidanoan ya jangaloan mean rahata hai.

varg folidota-is varg ke aantargat anevale praniyoan ki pramukh visheshata yah hai ki unake sir, dh d tatha pooanchh shriangashalkoan (siang jaisi pattiyoan) se dhake hote haian. shalkoan ke bich mean yatr tatr bal pae jate haian. daant bilakul hi nahian hote. jagal chap (joogular arch) tatha akshak (klaivikal) bhi nahian hote. khop di lanbi aur belanakar hoti hai. netraguhiy tatha shankhak khatoan (teanporal fosa) ke kuchh vibhajan nahian hota. jibh bahut lanbi hoti hai.

is varg ke udaharan eshiya tatha aphrika ke vajrakit athava paiangolin haian. is varg mean keval ek jati (jinas) menis hai. is jati ke aantargat sat upajatiyaan (spishiz) haian, jinamean se tin upajatiyaan banarohoo ( menis peantadektaila), paha di vajrakit athava lor dhari vajrakit (menis arita) tatha malayi vajrakit (menis javanika) bharat mean pae jate haian.

banarohoo

himalay pradesh ko chho dakar shesh bharat tatha lanka mean paya jata hai. bharat ke vibhinn pradashoan mean inake vibhinn nam haian: vajrakit, vajrakapata, salasaloo, kauli ma, banarohoo, khetamachh, ityadi. loradhari vajrakit (menis) sikkam aur nepal ke poorv himalay ki sadharan uanchaee mean, asam aur uttari bhagoan ki paha diyoan se lekar karenni, dakshin chin, hainan tatha pharamosa mean paya jata hai. malaya ka vajrakit malaya ke poorvavarti deshoan se lekar silebiz tak, kochin chin, kanbodiya ke dakshin, silahat aur tipara ke pashchim mean paya jata hai.

sabhi vajrakit dantavihin hote haian aur any stanadhariyoan se bhinn, b di chhipakali ki bhaanti dikhaee dete haian. lagabhag ye sabhi bina kanavale tatha lanbi pooanchhavale hote haian. pooanchh j d mean moti hoti hai. keval pet tatha shakhaangoan (hath, paanv, kan nak ityadi) ke atirikt sanpoorn sharir shalkoan se achchhadit hota hai. shalkoan ke bich bich mean kuchh mote bal bhi hote haian. pooanchh ka tal bhag bhi shalkoan se dhaka hota hai. sir chhota aur nukila, thoothun sankirn tatha mukhavivar chhota hota hai. jihva lanbi, door tak bahar nikalanevali tatha krimi sadrish hoti hai. amashay chi diyoan ke peshani (gizard) bhaanti peshiy hota hai. shakhaang chhote tatha pusht hote haian. pratyek pair mean paanch aanguliyaan hoti haian, jinamean pusht nakh lage hote haian. agrapadoan ke nakh pashchapadoan ki apeksha b de hote haian. sabhi padoan ke madhy nakh bahut b de hote haian. agrapadoan ke nakh vishesh roop se mitti khodane ke upayukt bane hote haian. chalane se unaki nok kuanthit n ho jay, isalie ve bhitar ki or mu de hote haian. unaki oopari satah hi dharatal ko sparsh karati he, kyoanki ye jantu hatheli ke bal nahian chalate, balki chalate samay sharir ka bhar chauthi tatha paanchavian aanguliyoan ki bahy tatha oopari satah par dalate haian. pashchapad sadharan: panje ke bal chalanevale hote haian. chalate samay ye janavar talave ke bal pag rakhate haian aur us samay inaki pith dhanushakar ho jati hai.

thumb|200px|vajrakit

jab kabhi vajrakit (paiangolin) par kisi prakar ka akraman hota hai to vah apane sharir ko lapetakar geand ke akar ka ho jata hai aur sharir par lage, ek ke oopar ek chadhe shalkoan ke kor akraman se raksha karane tatha svayan prahar karane ke kam ate haian. yah jiv mand gati se kiantu paripusht maand nirmit karata hai. chiantiyoan tatha dimakoan ke gharoan ko khodakar yah apani lar se tar, chikani, lasili aur b di jibh ki sahayata se un kshudr jantuoan ko kha jata hai. vajrakit ke amashayoan mean pray: patthar ke tuk de pae ge haian. ye patthar ya to chi diyoan sharir ke oopar lage, ek ke oopar ek chadhe, k de shalakoan ke karan yah vajrakit kahalata hai. yah bharat ke pray: sabhi sthanoan mean paya jata hai aur isake vividh sthaniy nam haian, yatha vajrakit, vajrakapata, salasaloo, kauli ma, banarohoo, khetamachh, ityadi ki bhaanti pachan ke hetu nigale jate haian athava kitabhojan ke sath sanyogavash nigal lie jate haian. niyamat: vajrakit nishichar hota hai aur din mean ya to chattanoan ki dararoan mean athava svayannirmit maandoan mean chhipa rahata hai. yah ekapatnidhari hota hai. aur isaki mada ek bar mean keval ek ya doe bachche hi paida karati hai. vajrakit ko karavas (bandi avastha) bhi pala ja sakata hai aur yah shighr palatoo bhi ho jata hai, kiantu ise bhojan khilana kathin hota hai. isamean apane sharir ko jhuka rakhakar pichhale pairoan par kh de hone ki vichitr adat hoti hai. varg tayoobulideantata-is varg ke aantargat dakshin aphrika ka bhooshookar (ardavark ya aauriktiropas) ata hai. bhooshookar ka sharir moti khal se dhaka hota hai, parantu sir aur thoothan is prakar mile hote haian ki pata nahian chalata, kahaan sir ka aant aur thoothan ka aanrabh hai. mukh chhota aur jibh lanbi hoti hai. mukh mean khooanti ke saman char ya paanch daant hote haian, jinaki banavat vichitr hoti hai. daantoan mean dantavalak nahian hota, sovaideantin hota hai, jis par ek prakar ke simeant ka avaran hota hai. baisodeantin ki majjaguha (palp kaiviti) nalikaoan dvara chhidrit hoti hai, jisake karan is varg ka nam nalidar dantadhari (tayoobulideantata) p da hai.^[1]

bhooshookar

bhooshookar ke agrapad chhote tatha majaboot hote haian aur pratyek mean char aanguliyaan hoti haian. chalate samay inaki hatheliyaan aur pair ke talave prithvi ko sparsh karate haian. pashchapadoan mean paanch aanguliyaan hoti haian. lanbaee mean ye jiv chhah phut tak pahuanch jate haian. bhooshookar ka jivananirvah dimakoan se hota hai. aphrika mean paya janevala jantu jo pooanchh lekar paanch phut tak lanba hota hai aur dimak khakar jivananirvah karata hai.^[2]

thumb|left|200px|bhooshookar (ardavark)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ san.gran.-ar.e.starnadel: naichural histri aauv iandiyan maimeliya (1884); phraiankaphin: starnadels maimeliya aauv iandiya (1929);parkar aiand haisavel: tekstabuk aauv zoolazi (1941);faikai vor lire: di naichooral histri aauv maimals (1955).
↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 110,111,112 |

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• eepsu • eepsit • eepsa • eeda • triganbhir • trigandhak • trigang • trikhi • trikha • trikh • trikshur • trikshar • trikon-miti • trikon-bhavan • trikon-phal • tri-koorchak • trikoota • trikoot gadh • trikuti • trikuta • trikut • trikaladarshi • trikaladarshita • trikal-darshak • trikalajnata • trikalajn • trikal • trikarshik • trikay • trika • trikaandiy • eedrish • eedi • eetar • eedh • trikaand • eedy • trik-shool • eedit • trikal • eedan • eethi • trikarma • trikarman • trikatray • eethana • trikatuk • trikatu • trikat • eejad • trikakum • eeja • trikakud • eechha • tri-kant • jnanad • jnanachakshu • jnanagochar • jnanagamy • jnan krit • jnatrivy • jnati putr • jnati • jnata • jnatavy • jnat yauvana • jnat-nandan • jnat • jnapti • jnapit • jnapan • jnapt • jnapan • eechhan • eekharaj • trishaansh • tri • eekh • eekshit • trianshatpatr • eeksha • eekshika • trishat • eekshan • trishah • eekshanik • eekshak • eekaraant • trahi • iandr savarni • iandr sabha • iandr varuni • iandr vadhoo • iandr vansha • iandr yav • iandr mandal • iandr nil • indr dhvaj • iandradhanushi • iandr jau • iandrajali • iandr jav • iandrachap • iandr gop • eekar • iandr giri • iandr krisht • eedh • iandrak • eeanta • iandriyavad • eeancha-tani • iandiralay • iandira-raman • iandira • eeanchana • iantaha • iantazar • eestar • iantazam • iantaqal • eesh manohari • iantaqam • iantakohara • eesh-gau d • iantaee • iangur • eesh-giri • iangudi • eeth • dravy • kafan • adrisht • sadi • granth • kalaantar • drishy • tatavarti • gantavy • supachy • paridrishy • udagam • talluq dar • benami sauda • apavah • prayopavesh • anushruti • aang • shabd sandarbh soochi • alankaran • bhuv • kianvadanti • madhu • vaikunth (bahuvikalpi) • agni • jin (bahuvikalpi) • asandi • mithak • atma • bhakt • pradarsh • pradar • astik • toran • kanik • kanika • eshana • ela • upahasit • unmatt • unmukh • udrek • udot • aja • upashaman • upasham • eeti • apoh • anooru • anuyog • anuyojy • nepathy • nrimedh • nirdisht • nivritt • nivritti • nirvap • nirvat • nishkantak • viplav • nishk • viplavi • viplav • chinty • ajiv • ajivak • parapatr • nikshepak • nikshep • dhrishtata • dhrisht • dhav • akhilesh • vitarkan • vitark • latta • vitat • kurang • kuanjar • kalush • dhatri vidya • dhatriphal • dhatri navami • dhatri • karni • kapisha • kanakhi • karsh • dript • ark • shamy • sushravy • dhriti • sushrava • ayut • shishi • dhrit • sushthu • sushrav • apatr • sanvrit • ranjan • ranjak • yoothika • yoop • yuti • yashti • luanchan • lasy • sasy • samarchan • sahik • sukrit • lalam • bianb • banak • bhasvar • bhavy • pranav • achchhadit • achchhadak • achchhann • janmaandh • vivart • vivarn • hapana • hap • vachy • vak • lav • rochana • rochan • rechan • rechak • ruchira • ruchir • mukari (paheli) • audichy • aurvashey • shala • aurv • sharika • shari • shakun • amlan • phurahari • charvi • agah • chakanachoor • shanku • shaman • sharabh • shardool • chokha • chitra • okha • okh • aindr • phunagi • agamy • vahika • vahik • kshataj • kshat • ksharan • kshar • ghalana • ghal • bilalana • bandhak • jhilamila • jhilam • kshitij • yatharthavad • ookha • yatharth • ookh • oogat • khanak • khan • kanak • laghavi • laghavik • laghavakari • laghav • kshiprahast • chhak • havi • havy • kanishthika • sugat • janaant • tush • hriti • hritadhikar • drishti • drishtarth • drishtaant • drishtavad • pratyakshavad • pratyagatma • kshiprakari • kshipr • hrit • pratyakshar • hrichchhool • kheh • pratyaksh • drishtavat • moolabhoot • drishtaphal • vayavi • vayaviy • kanishtha • vayav • kanishth • maulik • drisht dosh • drishtakoot • moolik • drisht • vishti • nidagh • harmy • achyut • punit • tattv • mukari • anand • yantr • pad • aandhata • sadhu • yash • sant • diksha • vidhu • muramardan • purushottam • bhav • pitambar • har • madhav • chaturbhuj • ugr • upendr • sthanu • kratudhvansin • bharg • nilalohit • trilochan • viroopaksh • vamadev (shiv) • shitakinth (shiv) • shitakinth • garu dadhvaj • girish • govind • suparn • shrikanth • kapardin • pinaki • mrityuanjay • mrid • girish • nagantak • bhootesh • shankar • sharv • narayan • maheshvar (shiv) • vainatey • shoolin • pashupati • tarkshy • eesh • muni • vikat • munindr • vighnanashak • sumukh • lokajit • garutmath • marajit • bhagavat • tathagat • dharmaraj • sarvajn • vinayak • agadh • ary • arh • alp • ikshu • ichchha • asrav • asy • ahary • akrand • akarsh • asooyak • akshar • oj • prakarsh • panth • prakrit • ekarth • unnamr • ujjrimbhan • eeshan • unnat • ujjrimbh • jayy • jay • nairujy • jalp • mand • tej • namaskar • namrata • namr • prabhav • arjav • pratap • akropolis • aantashchetana • aant:karan • agora • atinootan yug • anagami • anal • anagradant • ativriddhi • adhihrishata (ailarji) • anubandh • anubhav • anubhavavad • anyathanupapatti • anyathasiddhi • apil • abhiprerak • albam • arajakata • amin • ayam • ianjil • iantar liangua • koshadhyaksh • dainik • masik

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] san.gran.-ar.e.starnadel: naichural histri aauv iandiyan maimeliya (1884); phraiankaphin: starnadels maimeliya aauv iandiya (1929);parkar aiand haisavel: tekstabuk aauv zoolazi (1941);faikai vor lire: di naichooral histri aauv maimals (1955).

[2] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 110,111,112 |

[1]

[2]