अनुनाद

anunad kisi vastu mean dhvani ke karan anukool kanpan utpann hona tatha usake svar adi mean vriddhi hone ko anunad (rejonaians) kahate haian. bhautik jagat ki kriyaoan mean ham yaantrik anunad aur vaidyut anunad pate haian. dravy aur oorja ke bich bhi anunad hota hai, jisake dvara hamean dravy ke anunadi vikiran ka pata lagata hai.

yaantrik anunad-pratyek vastu ki ek kanpanasankhya hoti hai jo usaki banavat, pratyasthata aur bhar par nirbhar rahati hai. tanik thunaka dene par ghante, ghantiyaan, thali tatha any bartan pratyek sekand mean isi sankhya ke barabar kanpan karane lagate hai aur tab unake sanpark se vayu mean dhvani nahian sunaee padati, jaise peandoolam adi ke dolan mean. yadi kanpan sankhya 30 se kam hoti hai, to dhvani nahian sunaee p dati, jaisi peandulam adi ke dolan mean. yadi kanpan sankhya 30 se adhik aur 30,000 se kam hoti hai to svar sunaee padata hai, jaise sitar ke tar, dhatu ke chh d athava gh de ki hava adi ke kanpan se nikale svar. kanpan ke 30,000 prati sekand se adhik hone par svar nahian sunaee p data.

chitr : 1-yadi donoan svaritroan ki kanpanasankhyaean barabar haian to unake bich anunad hota hai.
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kisi dolak (peandulam) ki kanpanasankhya usaki lanbaee par nirbhar rahati hai. yadi ek hi lanbaee ke do dolak k aur kh kisi tani huee rassi se latakae ge hoan to k ko dolit karane se tho di der bad kh bhi rassi dvara shakti pakar dolit ho jata hai. dono mean shakti ka adan pradan hota hai. yah tabhi sanbhav hai jab donoan ki kanpanasankhyaean barabar hoan.

chitr : 2 k aur kh mean anunad hota hai, g mean nahian.
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yadi do svaritr (tyooniang phork) laddh di ke takhte par j de hue hoan aur pratyek ki kanpanasankhya 256 ho, toe unamean se ek ko thunaka dene par doosara svat: kanpit ho jata hai. isi prakar kinhian do taroan mean anunad hota hai. yadi k kanpanasankhya prati sekand hai, tar ki lanbaee l setimitar hai, t gramabhar mean tar ka tanav hai aur bh tar ka bhar prati seantimitar hai to yadi donoan tar tane ge hoan to anunad ke lie

(t)/2l,bh, aur(t)/2l,bh

ko barabar hona chahie, jahaan ek pras (daish) lage akshar ek tar se sanbangh rakhate hai, aur do pras lage akshar doosare tar se.

vaidyutik anunad-do kanpanashil vidyoot-paripathoan mean bhi anunad hota hai. vidyoot-paripath ka kanpan usaki vidyooddharita (kapaisiti) dha aur upadan u par nirbhar rahata hai aur dolan sankhya k=1/2pu dha hoti hai. yadi do paripathoan ki kanpanasankhyaean barabar hoan, arthat k=k, toan donoan mean anunad hota hai.

vaidyutik anunad ki or sarvapratham sar aaulivar l aauj ka dhyan akrisht hua. unhoanne ek hi vidyuddharita ke do laidan jaroan ko saman vidyut vibhav ka banaya. ek paripath ke laidan jaroan ko prerana kuandali (iandakshan k aauel) athava vimjahart mashin se avisht kiya. dekha ki jyoanhi us kuandali ki jhiri mean vidyut sphuliang visarjit hota hai tyoanhi doosari kuandali ki jhiri mean bhi sphuliang utpann hota hai. is bhaanti vaidyutik anunad ka pradarshan kar sar aaulivar l aauj ne vidyoot-shakti-preshana ka sidvaant sthapati kiya. donoan kanpanashil paripathoan mean pahale ko preshi (traiansamitar) aur doosare ko sangrahi (risivar) kahate haian. spasht hai ki vaidyutik anunad ke lie 2p (udha¢)=2p (u,dha), arthat, u,dha.=u,dh.

ek paripath ke kanpan ko nishchit kar doosari mean u athava dha ko adal badalakar isaki kanpanasankhya ko pahali ki kanpanasankhya se milaya jata hai. is kriya ko samasvaran (tyooniang) kahate hai. donoan ke mel khane par anunad utpann hota hai.

rediyo tarangoan ka preshana aur grahan isi siddhaant par sanbhav hua. hainarik roodolph hartaj, guglimo marakoni, brainali, jagadishachandr bos adi vaijnanikoan ne isi siddhaant par paripath ki shakti badhakar tatha any apayogi sadhanoan ka prayog kar vibhinn dolanasankhyaoan ke preshak aur grahak yantr banae the.

tamas arthar edisan aur o.dablyoo. richardasan ne tapayanik valv ka avishkar kiya. usi siddhaant par dvadhruivi, phir chartdhruauvi aur panchadhruvi valvoan ka nirman hua. inake dvara nishchit kanpanasankhya aur prabal shakti ke vaidyut paripath banae ge aur vishal preshakoan se rediyo ki tarangoan dvara samachar, gane aur khabarean preshit hone lagian. in sabaki kriyavidhi vaidyut anunad par adharit hai.

dravy aur oorja sanbandhi anunad-adhunik vaijnanik sadhanoan se hamean padartharachana aur tatsanbandhi vikirn shaktiyoan ki janakari sulabh hai. anu tatha paramanu ke vishisht varnakram hote hai. nils bor ke anusar anu evan paramanu mean shakti ki kee sthitiyaan hoti hai. bahari shakti ki prerana se uttejit hokar anu tatha paramanu sadharan sthiti se any uttejit sthitiyoan mean jate hai aur vahaan se lautati bar vibhinn tarangadairdhyo ki rashmiyaan vikirn karate haian. pratham uttejit sthiti se nikalati hai. sadharan sthiti mean lautati bar unaki mukhy rashmiyaan nikalati hai. yadi koee paramanu sadharan sthiti mean ho aur usaki mukhy rekha ki oorja usapar lagaee jae, to paramanu aur oorja mean anunad hota hai aur paramanu ki anoonadi rashmi utsarjit hoti hai. yadi apatit rashmisamooh mean sabhi rashmiyaan hoan toan paramanu apani anunadi rashmiyoan ko grahan kar leta hai aur avichchhinn varnakram mean kali rekha usi sthan par paee jati hai. is anunadi siddhaant ki khoj kirshaph ne ki thi aur usi ke adhar par saur spektram ki kali rekhaoan ki vyakhya di thi. is rekhoan ka pata phaun-haphar ne lagaya tha: at: in rekhaoan ko phraun-hophar rekhaean bhi kahate hai. anunadi rashmiyoan par ar.dablyoo. vud ne badi khoj ki hai.

paramanu visphot mean nyootran ki oorja ka anunad yooreniyam 235 ke nabhik (nyooklias) se hota hai. isi karan bighatan shriankhala sthapit hoti hai aur dravy ka parrivartan oorja mean hota hai jisase apar oorja nikalati hai.

chitr : 3 sar alivar l aauj ka prayog jab baeean or ke yantr ki jhiri k kh me sphuliang visarjit ki jati hai tab dahini or ke yantr me bhi jhiri k kh me sphuliang apane ap visarjit hoti hai.
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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh