अनुनाद और आयनीकरण विभव

anunad aur ayanikaran vibhav is shatabdi ke anusandhan ke phalasvaroop hamare 19vian shatabdi ke paramanu sanbandhi vicharoan mean moolabhoot parivartan hua-paramanu avibhajy n hokar anek avayavoan ka samuday ho gaya. hamare aj ke jnan ke anusar (dr. paramanu) paramanu ke do mukhy bhag haian-ek hai nabhik (nyooklias) aur doosara hai rrinanoo (ilektr aaun) megh. saralatam pratima me anusar dhanavesh yukt nabhik ke parit: rrinanu usi prakar pradakshina karate hai jaise grah soory ki parikrama karate hai. nabhik par utani hi ikaiyaan dhan avesh ki hoti haian jitana rrin avesh parikrama karanevale rrinanuoan par hota hai. haan, rrinanu chahe jis kaksha mean nahian rah sakate. unaki kakshaean niyam hoti hai, jinhe sthayi kakshaean (steshanari aaurbitas) kahate hai. pratyek kaksha mean adhik se adhik kitane rrinanu raheange, yah sankhya bhi nishchit hai. yah saralata se dekha ja sakata hai ki jaise-jaise ilektr aaun bhitari kaksha se bahari kakshao mean jata hai ki paramanu ki oorja mean vriddhi hoti hai. jab sab rrinalu apani nimnatam kakshaoan mean rahate haian tab paramanu ki oorja nyoonatam hoti hai aur kaha jata hai ki paramanu apani samany avastha mean hai. parantu jab paramanu ko kahian se itani oo rja mile ki usake shoshan se sabase bahari rrinanu agali kaksha mean pahuanch jaean to kahate haian ki paramanu uttejit ho gaya hai, aur yah oorja anunad oorja kahalati hai. spasht hai ki yadi oorja kuchh kam ho toan rrinanu agali kaksha mean n ja sakega. jis prakar dhvani ke do utpadakoan ke avartan bhinn hone par shakti ka adan pradan nahian hota, parantu jab avartan bhinn hone par shakti ka adan-pradan nahian hota, parantu jab avartan anukool (saman ya dugune, tigune adi) hote haian tab yah adan pradan hota hai, usi prakar paramanu me bhi oorja ka adan pradan tabhi hota hai jab anevali oorja paramanu ki do avasthaoan ke aantar ki oorja ke barabar ho . jab koee rrinanu bahari kaksha se bhitari kaksha me ata hai to paramanu ki oorja mean kami hoti hai aur yah oorja vikiran ke roop me prakat hoti hai. isake viparit jab paraman oorja ka avashoshan karata hai tab rrinanu bhitari kaksha se bahari kakshaoan mean jate hai. barnapat mean prakash ki rekhaoan ka vikiran me dekha jana, ya unaka avashoshn hona, in donoan kriyaoan ke astitv ki pushti karata hai. pray: sabhi rekhaoan ka astitv parapanu ki do oorja avasthaoan ke bhed ke roop me vyakt kiya ja sakata hai. is prakar, ki oorja kramash: oo1aur oo 2 hai tab

pl san oo2-oo 1, (1)

[hn=E2-E1]

jahaan pl plaank ka sthiraank hai.

prashn uthata hai ki kya varnapat ki rekhaoan ke atirikt bhi paramanu mean oorja avasthaoan ke astitv ke sanbandh ke koee aur adhik siedha praman hai. isaka utar phraik aur harth‌j ke prayogoan se milata hai. yadi kisi paramanu par oorjit kanoan ki bauchhar ki jae to do phal ho sakate hai :
(1) takkar pratyasth (ilaistik) ho aur kan tatha paramanu pratyasth takkar ke niyamoan ke anusar bhinn-bhinn veg se door ho jaean:
(2) kan apani oorja paramanu ko de de aur phalasvaroop paramanu ka bahari rrinanu kisi aur bahari kaksha mean pahuanch jae aur paramanu ko oorja mean vriddhi ho jae. oorjayukt kan saralata se upalabdh kie ja sakate haian. yadi rrinanu, jinaka avesh a hai, vibhavaantar vi se gujare to unaki oorja a vi hoga ( jahaan a aur vi donoan ek hi ikaee mean mape ge haian). yadi ye rrinanu paramanu ko ek avastha se doosaro mean pahuanchane mean saphal hote haian to pratyaksh haian ki

a vi = 1/2 dr ve2 =oo2-oo1, (2)

[QV=1/2 mv2=E2-E1]

jahaan dr rrinanu ka dravyaman aur ve vibhav ke karan utpann usaka veg hai. ab ham paramanu ke avastha bhedoan ko rrinanu ke vibhav ke roop me vyakt kar sakate haian, samikaran (2). oopar ki vyakhya ke anusar jab paramanu samany avastha se keval agali avastha mean jata haian, to ham us oo rja ko paramanu ka anunad vibhav kahate haian. any avasthaoan mean jane ke lie jo oorja avashyak hai vah uttejana vibhav kahalaegi. rrinanu itani door chala jae ki samanyat: vah bache hue paramanu y ayan ke kshetr (ya pahuanch) ke bahar ho. isako sanpann karane ke lie pray: adhik oorja ki avashyakata hogi (maulik roop se rrinanu anant kaksha mean pahuanchata hai). is oorja ko paramanu ka ayanikaran vibhav kahate haian. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki anunad vibhav aur ayanikaran vibhav uttejana vibhav ke vishesh roop matr hai.

mool roop me in vibhavoan ko nimnalikhit riti se ham jnat kar sakate haian. ek vayuhin nali mean us tatv ke paramanu bhar dete haian jisake uttejana vibhavoan ko jnat karana hai. (dr. chitr).
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philameant ph se nikalate hue rrinanu philameant aur grid gr ke bich vibhavaantar vi1 ke karan tvarit hote haian . vibhav v vibhav vi1 se bahut kam parantu viparit disha mean gr aur plet p ke bich lagaya jata hai. vi1 ko dhire-dhire badhaya jata hai aur phalat: gailvainomapi g mean vidyudvara ki vriddhi hoti haian, kyoanki drutagami rrinanuoan ki oorja ph aur p ke bich ke sthan kean sthit paramanuoan ki oorja avastha ke aantar ke barabar hogi, ve apani yah oorja paramanuoan ko de deange or svayan p tak pahuanchane mean asamarth hoange. at: vi1 ke uchit mooly ka hone par gailvainomapi ghara mean hhras dikhalaega. parantu vi1 ko aur adhik badhane par, rrinanuoan ki avashyak oorja paramanuoan ko mil jane ke bad bhi, unamean itani oorja rah jaegi ki ve phir p tak pahuanchane mean samarth hoan. is prakar g ki vidyuddhara badhati ghatati rahegi aur dhara ke mooly ke do utaroan se sanbandhit vibhavoan ka aantar paramanu ki do avasthaoan ki oorja ke aantar ke barabar hoga. samanyat: is saral riti mean kuchh kathinaiyaan upasthit hoti haian. adhik vistar ke lie dekhean rooark aur yoori : aitams, m aaulikayools aiand kvaanta, tatha anoant : kalitan prosesej in gaisej (methuan).

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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