अफ़ग़ान

• afagan un parvatiy jan-jatiyoan ke lie prachalit shabd, jo n keval afaganistan mean basati hai, balki pashchimottar sima prantoan mean bhi rahati hai. vansh athava prakritik drishti se ye pray: turk--eerani haian aur bharat ke nivasiyoan ka bhi kaphi mishran iname hua hai.
• kuchh viddhano ka mat hai ki keval durrani varg ke log hi sachche 'aphagan' haian aur ve un bani isarail phirakoan ke vanshaj haian jinako badashah nabookad nazar philastin se pak dakar kabul le gaya tha. aphaganoan ke yahoodi phirakoan ke vanshadhar hone ka adhar keval yah hai ki khaanjahaan lodi ne apane itihas 'amakhajane aphagani' me 16 vian sadi me isaka pahale pahal ullekh kiya tha. yah granth badashah jahaangir ke rajyakal mean likha gaya tha. isase pahale isaka kahian ullekh nahian paya jata. aphagan shabd ka prayog alabarooni evan utbi ke samay, arthath‌ 10vian shati ke aant se hona shuroo hua. durrani aphaganoan ke bani isaraeel ke vanshadhar hone ka dava to usi paripati ka ek udaharan hai jisaka prachalan musalamanoan mean apane ko muhammad ke parivar ka athava any kisi mahanh‌ vyakti ka vanshaj batalane ke lie ho gaya tha.

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• yadyapi aphaganistan ke durrani evan any nivasi apane hi ko vastavik aphagan manate haian tatha any pradeshoan ke pathanoan ko apane se bhinn batalate haian, tathapi yah dharana asaty evan nissar hai. vastav me 'pathan' shabd hi is jati ka samoohik jativachak shabd hai. 'aphagan' shabd to keval un shikshit tatha sabhy vargoan mean prayukt hone laga hai, jo any pathanoan ki apeksha utkrisht hone par b da gaurav karate haian.
• pathan shabd 'pakhtan' (rrigvaidik pakthanh‌) ya 'pashtan' shabd ka hiandi roopaantar hai. pathan shabd ka prayog pahale-pahal 16vian shati mean 'makhazane aphagani' ke rachachita niyamatulla ne kiya tha. parantu, jaisa kaha ja chuka hai, aphagan shabd ka prayog bahut pahale se hota aya tha.
• itihas ke arambh kal se hi bharat ke sath is durdharsh jati ke sambandh mitrata ke bij rahe haian aur shatruta ke bhi.
• bharat ki sampada par lubdh hokar ye log vyapari aur lutere donoan roopoan mean bharat ate rahe.
• sultan mahamood gazanavi pahala afagan sultan tha, jisane bharat par akraman kiya.
• shahabuddin muhammad gori pahala afagan sultan tha, jisane bharat mean musalaman shasan ki nianv dali.
• dilli ke jin sultanoan ne 1200 se 1526 ee. tak yahaan rajy kiya., ve sabhi afagan athava pathan pukare jate the. lekin unamean se adhikaansh turki the.
• keval lodi rajavansh ke sultan (1450-1526 ee.) hi asal pathan the.
• pratham mugal badashah babar ne panipat ki pahali l daee mean bharat se pathan shasan ka ant kar diya.
• sherashah soori ne dubara pathan rajy sthapit kiya aur panipat ki doosari l daee ko jitakar akabar ne use samapt kar diya.
• akabar khaan ne pratham aangl-afagan yuddh (1841-43) ke dauran afaganoan ko sangathit kar aangrezoan ke hamale ka muqabala karane mean khas hissa liya tha.
• aphagan jati ke logoan ke uttarapashchim ke paha di pradeshoan tatha asapas ki bhoomi par phaile hone ke karan, unake chehare mohare aur sharir ki banavat mean sthaniy vibhinnataean paee jati haian. tathapi samany roop ve uanche kad ke hrisht pusht tatha pray: gore hote haian. unaki nak lanbi evan nokadar, bal bhoore aur kabhi--kabhi aankhean kanji paee jati haian.
• in aphaganoan ya pathanoan ke vibhinn vargoan ko ek sootr mean baandhanevali inaki bhasha 'pashto' hai. is boli ke samast bolanevale, chahe ve kisi kul ya jati ke hoan, pathan kahalate haian.
• samast aphagan ek sarvamany alikhit kiantu prachin paranparagat vidhan ke anuyayi haian. is vidhan ka adi srot 'ibrani' hai. parantu us par muslim tatha bharatiy rityachar ka kaphi prabhav p da hai. pathanoan ke kuchh niyam tatha samajik prachalan rajapootoan se bahut milate haian. ek or atithi satkar, aur doosari or shatru se bhishan pratishodh, unake jivan ke aang ho ge haian. oosar aur sookhe paha di pradeshoan ke nivasi hone ke karan aur nirday ho ge haian. unaki hiansr pravritti dharmaandhata ke karan aur bhi ugr ho gee hai. kiantu unake charitr mean sauandary tatha sadgunoan ki bhi kami nahian hai. ve b de vakh‌chatur, samany paristhitiyoan mean b de vinamr aur samajhadar hote haian. shayad unake inhian gunoan ke karan bharatiy svadhinata sangram mean mahatma gaandhi ke prabhav se mahamany aphagan neta abdul gaphphar khaan ke netritv mean samast pathan janata ke charitr mean aisa maulik evan ashcharyajanak parivartan hua ki vah 'ahiansa' ki sachchi vrati ban gee. in aphaganoan mean aisa parivartan hona itihas ki ek apoorv evan anupam ghatana hai.

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