अफ़्रीका में गाँधी
afrika mean gaandhi
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| poora nam | mohanadas karamachand gaandhi |
| any nam | bapoo, mahatma ji |
| janm | 2 aktoobar, 1869 |
| janm bhoomi | porabandar, gujarat |
| mrityu | 30 janavari, 1948 |
| mrityu sthan | nee dilli |
| mrityu karan | hatya |
| abhibhavak | karamachand gaandhi, putalibaee |
| pati/patni | kastooraba gaandhi |
| santan | harilal, manilal, ramadas, devadas |
| smarak | rajaghat (dilli), birala haus (dilli) adi. |
| parti | kaangres |
| shiksha | bairistar |
| vidyalay | banbee yoonivarsiti, samaladas k aaulej |
| sanbandhit lekh | gaandhi yug, asahayog aandolan, namak satyagrah, bharat chho do andolan, daandi march, vyaktigat satyagrah, savinay avajna andolan, khilafat andolan |
daraban nyayalay mean yooropiy majistret ne unhean pag di utarane ke lie kaha, unhoanne inkar kar diya aur nyayalay se bahar chale ge. kuchh dinoan ke bad pritoriya jate samay unhean relave ke pratham shreni ke dibbe se bahar pheank diya gaya aur unhoanne steshan par thithurate hue rat bitaee. yatra ke agale charan mean unhean ek gho daga di ke chalak se pitana p da, kyoanki yooropiy yatri ko jagah dekar payadan par yatra karane se unhoanne inkar kar diya tha, aur antatah 'sirf yooropiy logoan ke lie' surakshit hotaloan mean unake jane par rok laga di gee. natal mean bharatiy vyapariyoan aur shramikoan ke lie ye apaman dainik jivan ka hissa tha. jo naya tha, vah gaandhi ka anubhav n hokar unaki pratikriya thi. ab tak vah hathadharmita aur ugrata ke paksh mean nahian the, lekin jab unhean anapekshit apamanoan se guzarana p da, to unamean kuchh badalav aya. bad mean dekhane par unhean laga ki daraban se pritoriya tak ki yatra unake jivan ke mahanatam rachanatmak anubhavoan mean se ek thi. yah unake saty ka kshan tha.
meritsabarg kand
meritsabarg kand ne gaandhi ji ki jivan yatra ko ek nayi disha di. unhoanne svayan us ghatana ka vivaran is prakar likha hai---'meritsabarg mean ek pulis k aaunstebal ne mujhe dhakka dekar tren se bahar nikal diya. tren chali gayi. maian vishram kaksh mean baith gaya. maian thand se kaanp raha tha. mujhe nahian maloom tha ki mera asabab kahaan par hai, aur n to maian kisi se kuchh poochhane ki himmat kar sakata tha ki kahian phir se beijjati n ho. niand ka saval hi nahian tha.thumb|250px|feri imarat par gaandhi ji ki pratima, sen fraansisko|left mere man mean oohapoh hone lagi. kafi rat gaye maian is natije par pahuancha ki bharat vapas bhag jana qayarata hogi. maianne jo dayitv apane oopar liya hai, use poora karana chahie.' meritsabarg kaand ke bad unhoanne apane man mean dakshin afrika ke pravasi bharatiyoan ko us apaman ki zindagi se ubarane ka sankalp liya, jise ve lambe arase se jhelate a rahe the. is sankalp ke bad gaandhiji agale bis varshoan (1893-1914) tak dakshin afrika mean rahe aur shighr hi vahaan par inake netritv mean utpi dit bharatiyoan par lage sare pratibandhoan ko hatane ke lie ek aandolan chhi d gaya. is aandolan ko saphal banane ke uddeshy se unhoanne apani chalati huee vakalat chho d di aur brahmachary vrat dharan kar apane parivar aur mitroan ke sath t aaulastay ashram ki sthapana karake vahian par rahane lage. phir kabhi unhoanne anyay svikar nahian kiya. ek bharatiy aur ek vyakti ke roop mean apane samman ki raksha ki.
vidaee samaroh
pritoriya pravas ke dauran gaandhi ne apane deshavasiyoan ki un paristhitiyoan ka adhyayan kiya, jisamean ve ji rahe the aur unhean unake adhikaroan tatha kartavyoan ke bare mean shikshit karane ka prayas kiya. unaka dakshin afrika mean lambe samay tak rahane ka koee irada nahian tha. joon 1894 mean jab ek sal ka anubandh samapt hone ko aya, to vah vapas daraban akar bharat lautane ko taiyar the. unake samman mean ayojit vidaee samaroh mean natal markyuri ke panne palatate hue unhean pata chala ki natal lejisletiv aseanbali bharatiyoan ko matadan ke adhikar se vanchit karane sambandhi ek vidheyak par vichar kar rahi hai. gaandhi ne apane mezabanoan se kaha, 'yah hamare taboot ki pahali kil hai', logoan ne is vidheyak ka virodh karane mean akshamata dikhaee aur aupaniveshik rajaniti par apani ajnanata svikarate hue gaandhi se apane lie sangharsh ki prarthana ki.
natal iandiyan kaangres
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-And-Jawahar-Lal-Nehru-Stamp.jpg|thumb|250px|javahar lal neharoo aur mahatma gaandhi ki bharatiy dak tikat]]
18 varsh ki ayu tak gaandhi ne shayad hi kabhi samachar patr padha tha. n to ianglaiand ke vidyarthi kal mean aur n hi bharat mean bairistari ki shuruat mean rajaniti mean unaki kabhi ruchi rahi. vastutah kisi sabha mean bhashan dete samay ya adalat mean muvakkil ka bachav karate hue ve jaise hi bolane kh de hote, manchiy bhay unhean jak d leta tha. phir bhi, 1894 mean matr 25 varsh ki ayu mean vah lagabhag ratoan rat ek saphal rajanitik aandolanakari ban ge. unhoanne natal ki vidhayika aur british sarakar ke nam yachikaean likhian aur un par saik doan bharatiyoan ke hastakshar karae. vah vidheyak ko to nahian rok sake, lekin natal mean rahane vale bharatiyoan ke kashtoan ki or natal, bharat aur ianglaiand ke akhabaroan ka dhyan akarshit karane mean saphal rahe. unhean daraban mean rahakar vakalat karane aur bharatiy samuday ka ekajut karane ke lie razi kar liya gaya. 1894 mean unhoanne natal iandiyan kaangres ki sthapana ki aur usake sakriy sachiv ban ge.
parajay se satyagrahi ko nirasha nahian hoti balki karyakshamata aur lagan badhati hai. mahatma gaandhi
pratirodh aur parinam
[[chitr:Gandhi-Patel-Nehru.png|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi, saradar vallabh bhaee patel aur javaharalal neharoo]]
gaandhi manamutav palane vale vyakti nahian the. 1899 mean dakshin afrika (boar) yuddh chhi dane par unhoanne natal ke british upanivesh mean nagarikata ke sampoorn adhikaroan ka dava karane vale bharatiyoan se kaha ki upanivesh ki raksha karana unaka kartavy hai. unhoanne 1100 svayan sevakoan ki eanbulens kor ki sthapana ki, jisamean 300 svatantr bharatiy aur baqi bandhua mazadoor the. yah ek panchamel samooh tha-- bairistar aur lekhakar, karigar aur mazadoor. yuddh ki samapti se dakshin afrika ke bharatiyoan ko shayad hi koee rahat mili. gaandhi ne dekha ki kuchh eesaee mishanariyoan aur yuva adarshavadiyoan ke alava dakshin afrika mean rahane vale yooropiyoan par ashanuroop chhap chho dane mean vah asaphal rahe haian. 1906 mean taansaval sarakar ne vahaan ki bharatiy janata ke panjikaran ke lie vishesh roop se apamanajanak adhyadesh jari kiya. bharatiyoan ne sitanbar 1906 mean johensabarg mean gaandhi ke netritv mean ek virodh janasabha ka ayojan kiya aur is adhyadesh ke ullanghan tatha isake parinamasvaroop dand bhugatane ki shapath li. is prakar satyagrah ka janm hua, jo vedana pahuanchane ke bajay unhean jhelane, vidveshahin pratirodh karane aur bina hiansa ke usase l dane ki nee takanik thi.
hindi lipi aur bhasha janana har bharatiy ka kartavy hai. us bhasha ka svaroop janane ke lie 'ramayan' jaisi doosari pustak shayad hi milegi. mahatma gaandhi
dakshin afrika mean sat varsh se adhik samay tak sangharsh chala. isamean utar-chadhav ate rahe, lekin gaandhi ke netritv mean bharatiy alpasankhyakoan ke chhote se samuday ne apane shaktishali pratipakshiyoan ke khilaf sangharsh jari rakha. saik doan bharatiyoan ne apane aantahkaran aur svabhiman ko chot pahuanchane vale qanoon ke samane jhukane ke bajay apani ajivika tatha svatantrata ki bali chadhana zyada pasand kiya. 1913 mean aandolan ke antim charan mean mahilaoan samet saik doan bharatiyoan ne karavas ki saza bhugati tatha khadanoan mean kam band karake h datal kar rahe hazaroan bharatiy mazadooroan ne ko doan ki mar, jel ki saza aur yahaan tak ki goli marane ke adesh ka bhi sahasapoorn samana kiya. bharatiyoan ke lie yah ghor yantrana thi. lekin dakshin afriki sarakar ke liy yah sabase kharab prachar siddh hua aur usane bharat v british sarakar ke dabav ke tahat ek samajhaute ko svikar kiya. jis par ek or se gaandhi tatha doosari or se dakshin afriki sarakar ke pratinidhi janaral j aaun krishchiyan smats ne batachit ki thi.
bharat ki sabhyata ki raksha karane mean tulasidas ne bahut adhik bhag liya hai. tulasidas ke chetanamay ramacharitamanas ke abhav mean kisanoan ka jivan j davat aur shushk ban jata hai - pata nahian kaise kya hua, parantu yah nirvivad hai ki tulasidas ji bhasha mean jo pranaprad shakti hai vah doosaroan ki bhasha mean nahian paee jati. ramacharitamanas vichar-ratnoan ka bhandar hai. mahatma gaandhi
julaee 1914 mean dakshin afrika se gaandhi ke bharat prasthan ke bad smats ne ek mitr ko likha tha, 'sant ne hamari bhoomi se vida le li hai, asha hai sada ke lie' ; 25 varsh ke bad unhoanne likha, 'aise vyakti ka virodhi hona meri niyati thi, jinake lie tab bhi mere man mean bahut samman tha' , apani anek jel yatraoan ke dauran ek bar gaandhi ne smats ke lie ek jo di chappal banaee thi. smats ka sansmaran hai ki unake bich koee ghrina ya vyaktigat durbhav nahian tha aur jab l daee khatm ho gee to 'mahaul aisa tha, jisamean ek sammanajanak samajhaute ko aanjam diya ja sakata tha.'
| left|30px|link=mahatma gaandhi ki shiksha|pichhe jaean | afrika mean gaandhi | right|30px|link=mahatma gaandhi ki dharmik khoj|age jaean |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
- mahatma gaandhi sakshatkar vidiyo
- mahatma gaandhi bhashan vidiyo
- dak tikatoan mean gaandhi
- dak-tikatoan par bhi chhaye gaandhi ji
- dak tikatoan mean mohan se mahatma tak ka saphar
sanbandhit lekh