अमोनिया
- (aangrezi:Ammonia) amoniya gais sarvapratham 1771 mean pristale ne nausadar (amoniya kloraid) ko choone ke sarth garm karake prapt ki thi.
- yah isake vibhinn lavanoan ke roop mean jiv-jantuoan v pe d-paudhoan ke s dane v jvalamukhi parvatoan se nikali rakh mean payi jati hai.
- audyogik roop se amoniya ka nirman haibar prakriya ke dvara kiya jata hai.
- yah ek tikshn gandh vali gais hai, v vayu se kuchh halki hoti hai.
- amoniya ka upayog barf banane ke karakhanoan, dhulayi tatha urvarak ke roop mean kiya jata hai.
- amoniya ek kshariy gais hai tatha jal mean ghulakar amoniya haidraksaid banati hai.
- kritrim reshe v aansoo gais banane mean bhi amoniya gais ka prayog kiya jata hai.
amoniya tivr tatha vishesh prakar ki tikshn gandhavali gais hai. isake kuchh yaugik, visheshakar nausadar (sal amoniek, ya amoniyam kloraid), bahut pahale hi jnat the. parantu svatantr amoniya gais ke astitv ke bare mean thik jnan 1774 ee. mean je. pristali dvara ise taiyar kie jane par hua. is gais ka nam unhoanne 'elkalain eyar' rakha. 1777 ee. mean si. dablyoo. shele ne is gais mean naitrojan ki upasthiti bataee; 1785 mean si. el. beratole ne vidyuth chinagari dvara ise vighatit kar isamean haidrojan tatha naitrojan ki matraean jnat kian.
amoniya kee vidhiyoan se svat: banati hai aur banaee ja sakati hai. alp matra mean amoniya hava tatha varsha ke jal mean paee jati hai; nadi, talab aur samudr ke jal mean bhi (samudrajal mean lagabhag 0.1 miligram prati litar ki matra mean) yah milati hai. pashuoan sharirik bhag evan paudhoan ke s dane se (naitrojan yukt karbanik padarthoan ke vighatan dvara) amoniya tatha isake lavan banate haian. amaniya ke kuchh yaugik khanijoan mean, mitti mean aur phaloan ke ras ya paudhoan ke any bhagoan mean bhi pae jate haian.
amoniya banane ki vidhiyaan visheshat: do prakar ki haian - naitrojan aur haidrojan tatv ke sidhe sanyog se athava naitrojan ya amoniya ke yaugikoan se. naitrojan tatha haidrojan ke gaisiy mishran mean vidyuth chinagari, ya discharj, utpann karane se amoniya banati hai, jisaka samikaran yah hai: na2+ 3ha2«2 naha3 (na=naitrojan, ha= haidrojan). yah kriya utprerak (kaitalist) ki anupasthiti mean nyoon matra mean hoti hai. is pratyavarti kriya ke rasayanik santulan ke vishesh adhyayan se habar ne jnat kiya ki amoniya ki matra gaisiy mishran ki dab tatha tap par vishesh roop se nirbhar hai.
amoniya ke audyogik utpadan ke lie habar ki tatha kee any sanshodhit vidhiyaan haian (jaise kaisale, klaud ityadi ki). inamean visheshakar gais ki dab, tap, utprerak ke chunav tatha taiyar amoniya ke alag karane ke dhang mean bhinnata hai. sadharanataya 200-1000 vayumandal (aitam aausphiyar) ki dab, 400-6000 seantigred ka tap, loh, asmiyam, molibdinam, yooreniya, taiteniyam, tangstan ityadi jaise utprerak tatha alkalain aksaid (jaise sodiyam ya potaisiyam aksaid) ke sath usake samarthak (promotar), jaise ailyoominiyam, silikan, zirakoniyam adi ke aksaid ka upayog hota hai. haidrojan prapt karane ke srot, naitrojan prapt karane ke lie hava se aksijan alag karane ki vidhi tatha inako shuddh karane ki riti mean bhi aantar hai.
naitrojan ke aksaid, naitrik aml evan naitret ke avakaran se amoniya prapt ki ja sakati hai. udaharanat:, haidrojan ke sath naitrik aksaid garam plaitinam-spaanj athava plaitinaijd-aisbestas par pravahit karane se amoniya prapt hoti hai. isi prakar naitrik aml se bhi amoniya banati hai. isamean garam nali mean radhranmay patthar (jaise pyoomisaston) ki satah ki upasthiti tatha taanba, jasta, raanga ke aksaid ya pherik aksaid adi utprerak ki avashyakata p dati hai. naitras tatha naitrik aml par haidrojan salphaid, raanga, loha, ya jasta ki kriya se bhi amoniya milati hai. naitret ya naitrait lavan ke ksharasahit ghol mean jasta, jasta tatha plaitinam, ailyoominiyam ya sodiyam amailgam ki kriya se bhi amoniya banati hai (in lavanoan ki matra jnat karane ke vichar se yah kriya mahatvapoorn hai). naitret tatha naitrait ka avakaran jivanuoan dvara bhi hota hai.
naitrojan ke kuchh yaugik jaise phasphaid, salphaid, ayodaid ya kloraid par aur kuchh dhatuoan (jaise lithiyam, kailsiyam, maignishiyam) ke naitrait par pani ki kriya se amoniya banati hai. kee sainaid bhi atitapt (suparahited) bhap dvara amoniya banate haian. kailsiyam sainamaid tatha pani ki kriya dvara hava ka naitrojan amoniya jaise upayogi rasayanik yaugik mean parivartit kiya ja sakata hai. yah phraiank tatha kairo ki vidhi hai.
naitrojan yukt kuchh karbanik yaugikoan se bhi amoniya prapt hoti hai. praranbh mean isaka mool srot mootr tatha pashuoan ka siang, khur ityadi tha. sadharan mootr mean 20 se 25 gram pratilitar yooriya hoti hai s dane par amoniyam karabonet banata hai. cham da, siang, bal tatha pashuoan ke any bhagoan ko band bartanoan mean garam karane se amoniya tatha kala tel sa padarth, jise dipel aauyal kahate haian, prapt hota hai aur jaantav koyal (ainimal charakol) bach rahata hai. patthar ke koyale ko garam karane par (koyale ke sanyukt naitrojan se) amoniya prapt hoti hai. at: kol gais, jalane yogy koyala (kok) banane mean prapt gais, prodyoosar gais aur blast pharanes gais se amoniya upajat (baipr aaudakt) ke roop mean milati hai. prayogashala mean sadharanataya nausadar ki tivr ya bujhae sookhe choone ke sath garam karake amoniya gais taiyar ki jati hai.
amoniya ke ghol ke kee bar asavan se, athava drav amoniya se prabhavati asavan (phhऱaikshanal distileshan) dvara prapt gais ko pighalate hue ailkaili haidraksaid mean sukhane se shuddh amoniya milati hai. amoniya se kriya karane ke karan is kary ke lie samany sukhanevali vastean, jaise kailisayam kloraid, gandhak ka aml tatha fasforas peantaksaid, prayukt nahian ki ja sakati haian.
gun - amoniya rangahin gais hai. ise sahasa sooanghane par aankh mean aansoo a jata hai. adhik matra se ghutan utpann hoti hai tatha is gais mean band karane se janavar ki mrityu ho jati hai. gais ka ghanatv 0.5963 (vayu=1), ya 0.5395 (aksijan=1), ya 0.7710 gram prati litar (0° seantigred, 760 milimitar dab par) hota hai. amoniya gais saralata se rangahin taral tatha barph sadrish thos mean parivartit ki ja sakati hai. kraantik (kritikal) tap 132.4° sean. dab 115.5 vayumandal tatha taral ka ghanatv 0.235 gram prati ghan seantimitar hai. amoniya ka dravanaank-77.7 sean. tatha kvathanaank-33.35° sean. hai, sangalan ushma (-75° sean. par) 108.1 tatha vashpayan ushma-33.4°, -20°, -10° tatha 0° sean. par kramanusar 327.1, 317.6, 309.7 aur 301.6 kailari prati gram hai. (is lekh mean sarvatr kailori se gram-kailari (15° sean.) samajhana chahie.)
pani, elakohal tatha bahut se any dravoan mean amoniya ghulanashil hai. pani mean isaki ghulanashilata atyadhik hai. 00 sean. tatha 760 milimitar par pani apane ayatan ke hajar gune se bhi adhik amoniya ghol leta hai. is kriya mean tap utpann hota hai. thande ghol ko garam karake amoniya aanshat: ya poornat: bahar nikali ja sakati hai. amoniya ka vashp dabav vibhinn tapoan par is prakar hai: 1 10 40 100 400 760 mili. mi. -109.1 -91.9 -79.2 -68.4 -45.4 -36.6 sean.-amoniya ka vishisht tap thos ke lie (-103° sean. se-188° sean. tak tap par) 0.502 hai, drav ke lie (-60° sean. par) 1.047 hai, tatha gais ke lie (15° sean. aur 1 vayumandal ki sthir dab par) 0.5232 (kailori/gram/digari sean.) hai; sthir dab tatha sthir ayatan ke vishisht tap ka anupat (arthat l) =1.310 hai. gaies tatha drav amoniya ki nirman ushma (18° sean. tatha 1 vayumandal dab par) kramanusar 10.94 tatha 15.84 kilo-kailori hai.
aksijan mean amoniya gais jalati hai, jisase naitrojan, jal evan alp matra mean amoniyam naitret aur naitrojan paraksaid banate hai. garam nali mean aksijan ke sath amoniya pravahit karane se naitrojan ke aksaid haian. yah kriya utprerak (jaise loha, taanba, nikal aur visheshakar plaitinam) ki upasthiti mean bhi hoti hai. amoniya se shore ka aml banane ki aaustavalt vidhi isi par adharit hai.
garam karane athava vidyuth chinagari ya discharj se amoniya svat: naitrojan tatha haidrojan mean vighatit hoti hai. is kriya ki gati (athava vighatit amoniya ki matra) tap, sparsh prishth ki prakriti evan utprerak ki upasthiti par nirbhar hai. altravayalet ya rediyam ke ailpha kiran se bhi amoniya ka vighatan hota hai. klorin mean gais shighrata se jalati hai. is kriya mean amoniyam kloraid tatha naitrojan banate haian. bromin tatha ayodin ke sath bhi yaugik banate haian. vashpiy gandhak ko amoniya ke sath garam nali mean pravahit karane par amoniyam mono tatha p aauli-salphaid prapt hote haian. garam karban par amoniya ki kriya se sainaid banata hai. kuchh dhatuoan ko (jaise maignishiyam, jasta, taiteniyam ityadi ka) amoniya mean garam karane par naitraid banate haian. isi tarah garam ailkali dhatu sookhi amoniya se amaid banate haian,:- sodiyam amaid ya sodamaid, potaishamaid ityadi. bahut se lavan amoniya ke sanyog se ne yaugik banate haian, jaise kailsiyam, jasta ya chaandi ke kloraid se unake amino-kloraid prapt hote haian. is tarah ke kuchh yaugik (jaise maianganiz amino-salphet) hava mean rakhane se aur kuchh yaugik (jaise ziank amino salphet) garam karane se amoniya dete haian. drav mean roopaantaran ke lie phairade ne isi vidhi dvara amoniya gais prapt ki thi.
nimn tapakram par adhyayan se jnat hua ki pani ke sath amoniya ke do haidret, naha3. ha2 aur (au=aksijan) (chhote rangahin ravevala) aur naha3, ½ha2 aur (suee ke akar ravevala), banate haian. amoniya ka pani mean ghol kshariy hai aur aml ke sath kriya karane par amoniyam lavan banata hai; jaise amoniyam kloraid, amoniyam naitret, amoniyam salphet. amoniya ke ghol mean kuchh aksaid, haidraksaid tatha lavan bhi ghul jate haian, jaise silvar aksaid, kapar haidraksaid, silvar kloraid. is prakar ke kapar haidraksaid ka ghol nakali resham (reyan) banane mean upayukt hone ke karan audyogik mahatv ki vastu hai.
drav amoniya achchha gholak hai. isamean bahut si dhatuean, lavan aur any yaugik ghul jate haian. kuchh lavan, jo pani mean sookshm matra mean hi ghul sakate haian, amoniya mean achchhi tarah ghul jate haian; jaise sivalar ayodaid. bahut se karbanik yaugik bhi amoniya mean ghulate haian. amoniya ke ghol mean yaugikoan ki sangat (aisosieshan) karane athava gholak ke sath yaugik banane ki pravritti hai.
kuchh aml amoniyam lavan ke roop mean drav amoniya mean ghul jate haian tath potaisiyam, sodiyam aur maiganishiyam dhatu ki kriya se haidrojan dete haian, jaise aisitamaid, sodiyam amaid tatha potaishiyam aisitamaid. amoniya ke ghol mean bhi inase vibhakt ayan kriya karate haian aur aml tatha kshar milakar lavan banate haian.[1]
amoniya ki pahachan usaki vishesh gandh ya gile lal litamas ko nil karane ya haldi ke kagaj ko bhoora lal karane athava nesalar ke riejeant mean bhoora rang utpann karane se ki jati hai. kisi mand ksharasoochak, jaise mithail areanj ya mithail red ki upasthiti mean pramanik aml se anumapan (taitreshan) karane athava kloroplaitinik aml se prapt avakshep ko taulakar (ya jalane par prapt plaitinam ko taulakar) ghol mean amoniya ki matra jnat ki jati hai.[2]
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