अर्जेंटीना

arjeantina kshetraphal evan janasankhya ki drishti se dakshini amarika ka, brajil desh ke bad, dvitiy vishalatam desh hai (kshetraphal: 27,76,656 varg ki.mi.). desh 22° d.a. tatha 55° d.a. ke madhy 37,700 ki.mi. ki lanbaee me uttar dakshin phaila hua hai. isaki akriti ek adhomukhi tribhuj ke saman hai jo lagabhag 2,600 ki.mi. chau de adhar se dakshin ki or sankara hota chala gaya hai. uttar mean yah boliviya evan parague, uttar, poorv mean yuruge tatha brajil aur pashchim mean chili desh se ghira hai. chaandi ke lie prayukt laitin tatha spainish paryayavachi shabdoan se hi, jo kramash: 'arjetam' evan 'plata' haian, arjetina aur rayo di la plata (desh ki mahanh‌ eschuari) ka namakaran hua hai.

aranbh mean yah upanivesh tha jisaki sthapana spen ke charls tritiy ne purtagali dabav ko rokane ke lie ki thi. sanh‌ 1810 ee. mean desh ki janata ne spen ki satta ke viruddh aandolan aranbh kiya jisake parinam svaroop 1816 ee. mean yah svatantr hua. parantu sthayi sarakar ki sthapana 1853 ee se hi sanbhav huee.

arjetina ganatantr ke atanrgat 22 rajyoan ke atirikt ek phedaral jila tatha tera del phyoogo, aantarkatika mahadvip ke kuchh bhag aur dakshini atalaantak sagar ke kuchh dvip haian.

prakritik dasha - pashchim ke parvatiy kshetraphal ko chho dakar desh ka any shesh bhag mukhyat: nimn bhoomi hai. desh samanyat: char sthalakritik pradeshoan mean vibhakt ho jata hai: aiandiz parvatiy pradesh, uttar ka maidan, panpaz aur paitagoniya.

aiandiz parvatiy pradesh ke aantargat desh ka lagabhag 30 pratishat bhag ata hai. pashchim mean uttar dakshin phaili is parvatashreni ka utthan tritiyak kalp mean alps giri-nirman-kal mean hua tha. yah chili desh ke sath prakritik sima nirdharit karati hai. is shreni mean hi, madhy eshiya ke pashchath‌ sima nirdharit karati hai. is shreni me hi, madhy eshiya ke pashchath‌, vishv ke uchchatam shikhar sthit haian, jaise mauant akoankagua (7,023 mitar), marsidariyo (6,672 mitar) aur tupanagato (6,802 mitar). is pradesh mean aangoor, shahatoot tatha any phal bahutayat se paida hote haian.

uttar ke maidani pradesh ke aantargat chaiko maisopotamiya tatha misionez kshetr haian. is pradesh mean jalodh ke vistrit nikshep pae jate haian. adhikaansh bhag varsha mean badhagrast ho jate haian. chaiko kshetr vanasansadhan mean dhani hai tatha misionez mean yarba mate (ek prakar ki chay) ki kheti hoti hai. parana, parague adi nadiyoan se ghira maisopotamiya pashuoan ke lie prasiddh hai.

desh ke madhy mean sthit panpaz pradesh atyadhik upajaoo aur vistrit samatal ghas ki maidan hai. yah desh ka sabase samriddhishali bhag hai jisamean 80 pratishat janasankhya rahati hai. krishi evan pashupalan udyogoan ke kul utpadan ka lagabhag do tihaee bhag yahian se prapt hota hai.

paitagoniya pradesh rayo nigro se dakshin ki or desh ke dakshini chhor tak phaila hai (kshetraphal: 7,77,000 varg ki.mi.). yah ardhashushk evan alp janasankhyavala pathari pradesh hai. yahaan vishesh roos se pashu palan ka karabar hota hai.

nadiyaan aiandiz parvat athava uttar ki uchch bhoomi se nikalakar poorv ki or pravahit hoti hai aur atalaantak sagar mean girati haian. parana, parague tatha yurugue mukhy nadiyaan haian.

desh ki jalavayu pradhanat: shitoshn hai. parantu, uttar mean chaiko ki atyadhik ushn jalavayu , madhy mean panpaz ki sam or suhavani jalavayu, tatha upaantarkatik shit se prabhavit dakshini paitagoniya ka himani kshetr jalavayu ki vividhata ko pradarshit karate haian. desh ka yathesht akshaanshiy vistar tatha uchchavach ka vishisht aantar hi is vividhata ke pradhan karan hai. adhikatam tap (550sean.) uttari chhor par aur nimnatam (180sean.) dakshini chhor par milate haian. varsha ki matra poorv se pashchim ki or ghatati jati hai.

jalavayu, mitti aur uchchavach mean vishisht kshetriy vibhinnataoan ke karan hi desh mean ushnakatibandhiy varshavale vanoan se lekar marusthaliy kaantedar jhadiyaan tak paee jati haian.

janasankhya evan nagar - desh ki janansakhya ka adhikaansh, kuchh samay poorv se (1880 ee.), apravasit yooropavasi (mukhyat: itali evan spen nivasi) haian. any dakshini amarika ke deshoan ke viparit yahaan nigro athava iandiyan adivasiyoan ki sankhya nagany hai. is prakar deshavasiyoan mean prajatiy evan saanskritik samanataean milati haian. janasankhya ka ghanatv ath munashy prati varg kilomitar hai. janansakhya ki vriddhi ke lie bhoomi mean paryapt kshamata hai. spainish rashtrabhasha hai. 95 pratishat manushy roman kaith aaulik haian. rashtriy saksharata 91 pratishat hai.

desh ki kul janasankhya lagabhag 2,33,19,000 (1970) haian jisamean se karib 70 pratishat nagaroan mean rahate haian. nagariy janasankhya ke adhe prani gretar byoonas ayars mean vas karate haian. is kshetr ki ganana vishv ke vishalatam mahanagariy kshetroan mean hoti hai. mukhy nagaroan ki janasankhya (1960 ee.) is prakar hai: byoonas ayars-29,66,816; rozairiyo-6,71,852; kardoba-5,89,153; la plata-3,30,310; mar del plata-3,20,000 (anumanit), tukuman-2,87,004; saanta phe-2,59,560, parana-1,74,272; bahiya blaianka-1,50,354; salta-1,21,491; koriyeantiyaz-1,12,725 tatha maiandoja-1,09,149.

yatayat-rel marg evan rashtriy mahamarg ki kul lanbaee kramash: 42,193 tatha 59,000 ki.mi. (1970) thi. lagabhag 15,00,000 motar ga diyaan s dakoan par chal rahi thian. parana, yurugue tatha parague nadiyaan aantardeshiy jal yatayat ke lie vishvavikhyat haian. byoonas ayars evan la plata (donoan plata eschuari par sthit) aur bahiya blaika mukhy pattan haian. parana nadi par rozeriyo sabase b da aantardeshiy pattan hai byoonas ayars pashchimi golardh ka, nyooyark ke bad, doosara vishalatam pattan hai tatha isake aantargat desh ka 80 pratishat ayat niryat ata haian.

arthik dasha - arjetina vishv ka ek mahatvapoorn khady utpadak aur khady niryatak desh he. gehooan mukhy vyavasayik phasal hai jisaki adhikatam kheti panpaz mean hoti hai. is pradesh ki any mahatvapoorn phasalean makka, jau, jee, patua aur alphalpha haian. yarba mate, soyabin, sooraj mukhi ke bij, ganna kapas, aangoor jaitoon ityadi ka utpadan desh ke any bhagoan mean kaphi matra mean hota hai.

maans, cham da tatha oon ke utpadan evan niryat ki drishti se arjetina vishv ka ek mahatvapoorn desh hai. pashupalan udyog mukhyat: panpaz pradesh mean vikasit kiya gaya hai. desh mean deri udyog ka bhi yathesht vikas hua hai. matsyakshetroan ke vikas ki sanbhavanaoan ko lekar yah desh age badh raha hai.

khanij sansadhan - isamean desh nirdhan he. sisa, jasta, tangastan, maianganiz, loha aur beriliyam hi yahaan ke ullekhaniy khanij haian. mitti ka tel bhi arjetina ka mukhy khanij hai jo mukhyataya paitagoniya pradesh mean milata hai. yaantrik oorja mean bhi desh nirdhan hai yadyapi petreliyam ke utpadan mean ab vriddhi ho rahi hai.

audyogik vikas - mukhyat: byoonas ayars fedaral kaipital mean (32 pratishat), byoonas ayars rajy (32 pratishat) tatha saanta phe (10 pratishat) mean keandrit hai. vastunirman udyog ki vriddhi ka krishi evan pashupalan udyogoan par pratikool prabhav p da hai. maans ko dibboan mean band karana, kaanch, shrriangarasamagri, rang, halki mashinoan, yantr, vastr, vastunirman ki mashinoan aur bijali ki motaroan adi ka nirman mahatvapoorn udyog hai.

videshi vyapar - yahaan se maans, dhany phasaloan, alasi tatha alasi ka tel, oon, cham da, vany evan dugdh padarth aur pashuoan ka niryat hota hai. mashinoan, eedhan evan snehak, loha tatha ispat se nirmit vastuoan, lak di, khadyapadarth, rasayan evan oshadhi, alauh dhatu tatha unase nirmit saman ka yahaan ayat kiya jata hai. yah vyapar mukhyat: sanyukt rajy amarika ,briten, bazij, pashchimi jarmani, nidaralaiand, itali, venejyula tatha phraans se hota hai.

vartaman dasha evan bhavishy - yadyapi is desh ke nagaroan mean janasankhya ka ooancha anupat hai, to bhi arjetina ek paranparabaddh gramin khetihar desh hai. 1910 ee. se hi desh gramin samaj aur gramin arthatantr se nagariy samaj aur audyogigak arthatantr mean parinat ho raha hai. is parivartan se samajik taanche mean yathesht tanav utpann hua hai. parantu sansadhanoan ke shoshan mean nirantar vriddhi ke parinamasvaroop desh ki ganana avashy hi nikat bhavishy mean vishv ke pramukh samriddhishali deshoan mean ho jayagi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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