अलंकार शास्त्र
alankarashastr sanskrit alochana ke anek abhidhanoan mean 'alankarashastr' hi nitaant lokapriy abhidhan hai. isake prachin namoan mean kriyakalap (kriya kavyagranth; kalp vidhan) vatsyayan dvara nirdisht 64 kalaoan mean se anyatam hai. rajashekhar dvara ullikhit 'sahity vidya' namakaran kavy ki bharatiy kalpana ke oopar ashrit hai, parantu ye namakaran prasiddh nahian ho sake. 'alankarashastr' mean alankar shabd ka prayog vyapak tatha sankirn donoan arthoan mean samajhana chahie.
alankar ke do arth many haian- (1) alankriyate anen iti alankar: (=kavy mean shobha ke adhayak upama, roopak adi; sankirn arth); (2) alankriyate iti alankar:=kavy ki shobha (vyapak arth). vyapak arth svikar karane par alankarashastr kavyashobha ke adhaek samast tatvoan-gun, riti, ras, vritti dhvani adi--ka vijaek shastr hai jisamean in tatvoan ke svaroop tatha mahatv ka ruchir vivaran prastut kiya gaya hai. sankirn arth mean grahan karane par yah nam apane aitihasik mahatv ko abhivyakt karata hai. sahityashastr ke aranbhik yug mean 'alankar' (upama, roopak, anupras adi) hi kavy ka sarvasv mana jata tha jisake abhav mean kavy ushnatahin agni ke saman nishpran aur nirjiv hota hai. 'alankar' ke ganbhir vishleshan se ek or 'vakrokti' ka tatv udbhoot hua aur doosari or arth ki samiksha karane par 'dhvani' ke siddhaant ka spasht sanket mila. isalie ras, dhvani, gun adi kavyatatvoan ka pratipadak hone par bhi, alankar pradhany drishti ke karan hi, alochanashastr ka nam 'alankarashastr' p da aur vah lokapriy bhi hua.
prachinata
alankaroan ki, visheshat: upama, roopak, svabhavokti tatha atishayokti ki, upalabdhi rrigved ke mantroan mean nishchit roop se hoti hai, parantu vaidik yug mean is shastr ke avirbhav ka praman nahian milata. nirukt ke anushilan se 'upama' ka sahityik vishleshan yask se poorvavarti yug ki alochana ki parinat phal pratit hota hai. yask ne kisi prachin garmy achary ke upamalakshan ka nirdesh hi nahian kiya hai, pratyut karmopama, bhootopama, roopopama, siddhopama, arthopama (luptopama) jaise maulik upama-prakaroan ka bhi drishtaantapur:sar varnan kiya hai.[1] isase spasht hai ki alankar ka uday yask (saptam shati ee.poo.) se bhi poorv ho chuka tha. kashyap tatha vararuchi, brahmadatt tatha nandisvami ke nam tarunavachaspati ne ady alankarikoan mean avashy lie haian parantu inake granth aur mat ka parichay nahian milata. rajashekhar dvara 'kavyamimaansa' mean nirdisht brihaspati, upamanyu, suvarnanabh, prachetayan, shesh, pulasty, parashar, utathy adi ashtadash acharyoan mean se keval bharat ka 'natyashastr' hi ajakal upalabdh hai. any achary keval kalpanik satta dharan karate haian. itana to nishchit hai ki yoonani alochana ke uday shatabdiyoan poorv 'alankarashastr' pramanik shastrapaddhati ke roop mean pratishthit ho chuka tha.
sanpraday
'alankarasarvasv' ke tikakar samudrabandh ne is shastr ke anek sanpradayoan ki vishishtata ki suandar vivaran prastut kiya hai. kavy ke vibhijh aangoan par mahatv tatha bal dene se vibhijh sanpradayoan ki vibhijh shatabdiyoan mean utpatti huee. mukhy sanpradayoan ki sankhya chhah mani ja sakati hai- (1) ras sanpraday, (2) alankar sanpraday, (3) riti ya gun sanpraday, (4) vakrokti sanpraday, (5) dhvani sanpraday tatha (6) auchity sanpraday. in sanpradayoan mean apane namanusar tattath kavy ki atm arthath mukhy pranajaek svikrit kie jate haian. (1) ras sanpraday ke ke mukhy achary bharat muni haian (dvitiy shatabdi) jinhoanne natyaras ka hi mukhyat: vishleshan kiya aur us vivaran ko avaantar acharyoan ne kavyaras ke lie bhi pramanik mana. (2) alankar sanpraday ke pramukh achary bhamah (chhathi shatabdi ka poorvardh), dandi (satavian shatabdi), udbhat (athavian shatabdi) tatha rudrat (navian shatabdi ka poorvardh) haian. is mat mean alankar hi kavy ki atma mana jata hai. is shastr ke itihas mean yahi sanpraday prachinatam tatha vyapak prabhavapoorn aangikrit kiya jata hai. (3) riti sanpraday ke pramukh achary vaman (ashtam shatabdi ka uttarardh) haian jinhoanne apane 'kavyalankarasootr' mean riti ko spasht shabdoan mean kavy ki atma mana hai (ritiratma kavyasy). dandi ne bhi riti ke ubhay prakar-vaidarbhi tatha gau di-ki apane 'kavyadarsh' mean b di marmik samiksha ki thi, parantu unaki drishti mean kavy mean alankar ki hi pramukhata rahati hai. (4) vakrokti sanpraday ki udbhavana ka shrey achary kuantak ko (10 vian shatabdi ka uttarardh) hai jinhoanne apane 'vakrokti jivit' mean 'vakrokti' ko kavy ki atma (jivit) svikar kiya hai. (5) dhvani sanpraday ka pravarttan anandavardhan (navam shatabdi ka uttarardh) ne apane yugaantarakari granth 'dhvanyalok' mean kiya tatha isaka pratishthapan abhinav gupt (10vian shatabdi) ne dhvanyalok ki lochan tika mean kiya. mammat (11vian shatabdi ka uttarardh), ruyyak (12vian shatabdi ka poorvardh), hemachandr (12vian shatabdi ka uttarardh), piyooshavarsh jayadev (13vian shatabdi ka uttarardh), vishvanath kaviraj (14vian shatabdi ka poorvardh), panditaraj jagannath (17vian shatabdi ka madhyakal)-isi sanpraday ke pratishthit achary haian. (6) auchity sanpraday ke pratishthata kshemeandr (11vian shatabdi ka madhyakal) ne bharat, anandavardhan adi prachin acharyoan ke mat ko grahan kar kavy mean auchity tatv ko pramukh tatv aangikar kiya tatha ise svatantr sanpraday ke roop mean pratishthit kiya. alankarashastr is prakar lagabhag do sahasr varshoan kavyatatvoan ki samiksha karata a raha hai.
mahatv
yah shastr atyant prachin kal se kavy ki samiksha aur kavy ki rachana mean alochakoan tatha kaviyoan ka marganirdesh karata aya hai. yah kavy ke aantarang aur bahirang donoan ka vishleshan b di marmikata se prastut karata hai. samikshasansar ke lie alankarashastr ki kavyatatvoan ki char atyant mahatvapoorn den hai jinaka sarvaang vivechan, aantarang parikshan tatha vyavaharik upayog bharatiy sahityik manishiyoan ne b di sookshmata se anek granthoan mean pratipadit kiya hai.[2]
ye mahaniy kavy tatv haian- auchity, vakrokti, dhvani tatha ras. auchity ka tatv lok vyavahar mean aur kavyakala mean nitaant vyapak siddhaant hai. auchity ke adhar par hi rasamimaansa ka prasad kh da hota hai. anandavardhan ki yah ukti samikshajagath mean maulik tathy ka upanyas karati hai ki anauchity ko chho dakar rasabhang ka koee doosara karan nahian hai aur auchity ka upanibandhan ras ka rahasyabhoot upanishath hai-anauchityadrite nanyath rasabhangasy karanam. auchityopanidhabandhastu rasasyopanishath para (dhvanyalok). vakrokti lokatikraant gochar vachan ke vinyas ki sahityik sanjna hai. vakrokti ke mahatmy se hi koee bhi ukti kavy ki rasapeshal sookti ke roop mean parinat hoti hai. yoorop mean kroche dvara nirdisht 'abhivyanjanavad' (eksapreshanijm) vakrokti ko bahut kuchh sparsh karanevala kavyatatv hai. dhvani ka tatv sanskrit alochana ki tisari mahati den hai. hamare alochakoan ka kahana hai ki kavy utana hi nahian prakat karata jitana hamare kanoan ko pratit hota hai, pratyut vah nitaant goodh arthoan ko bhi hamare hriday tak pahuanchane ki kshamata rakhata hai. yah suandar manoram arth 'vyanjana' namak ek vishisht shabdavyapar ke dvara prakat hota hai aur is prakar vyanjak shabdarth ko dhvanikavy ke nam se pukarate haian. saubhagy ki bat hai ki aangreeji ke many alochak ebarakraanbi tatha richardhs ki drishti is tatv ki or abhi-abhi akrisht huee hai. rasatatv ki mimaansa bharatiy alochakoan ke manovaijnanik samikshapaddhati ke anushilan ka manoram phal hai. kavy alaukik anand ke unmilan mean hi charitarth hota hai chahe vah kavy shravy ho ya drishy. hridayapaksh hi kavy ka kalapaksh ki apeksha nitaant madhuratar tatha shobhan paksh hai, is tathy par bharatiy alochana ka nitaant agrah hai. bharatiy alochana jivan ki samasya ko sulajhane vale darshan kil chhanabin se kathamapi paranhmukh nahian hoti aur is prakar yah pashchaty jagath ke tin shastroan-'poetiks', 'retariks' tatha 'aisthetiks'-ka pratinidhitv akele hi apane ap karati hai. prachinata, ganbhirata tatha manovaijnanik vishleshan mean yah pashchimi alochana se kahian adhik mahatvashali hai; is vishay mean do mat nahian ho sakate.[3]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ nirukt 3.13-18
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 246 |
- ↑ san.gran.-kane : histri aauv alankarashastr (banbee, 1955); es.ke.de. : sanskrit poetiks (landan, 1925); baladev upadhyay : bharatiy sahityashastr (do khand, kashi, 1950).
sanbandhit lekh