अवाप्ति

avapti (atenameant) vijnan ki pragati se shikshapranali mean bhi navin vicharadharaoan ka janm hua hai. isamean pariksha sanbandhi parivartan ullekhaniy hai. vaijnanikoan ki dharana rahi hai ki likhitapariksha dvara ham pariksharthi ke un gunoan ko napate haian jinhean napana hamara dhyey hota hai. isake atirikt is pariksha mean parikshak ki niji bhavanaean aang pradan karane mean vishesh kary karati haian. in donoan se raksha karane ke lie yah uchit samajha gaya ki vishayanishth pariksha hi pariksharthi ke moolyaankan mean sahayak ho sakegi. is vicharadhara ke phalasvaroop amarika mean ee.el. tharnadaik ne sarvapratham avaptipariksha (atenameant test) ke paksh mean 1904 mean ek pustak likhi. usake pashchath‌ bhinn-bhinn deshoan ke shikshavidoan ne bhi apane desh ka prachar kiya. un logoan ka vichar hai ki pramanit pariksha ke lie avaptipariksha ek mukhy sadhan hai. is prakar ki kuchh parikshaean adhyay ke dvara apane vishay ke jnan ko napane ke lie banaee jati haian tatha kuchh vishayanishth parikshaean pramanikrit ki jati haian aur unake dvara ek kshetr ke pariksharthiyoan ki yogyata tulanatmak roop se asani se napi ja sakati hai. avaptipariksha banane ke pahale parikshak ko yah svayan samajh lena chahie ki vah kis vastu ko napana chahata hai. use yah bhi jan lena hai ki avaptipariksha pariksharthi ke arjit jnan ko hi napati hai. avaptipariksha banane mean aitam ke chunav mean vishesh dhyan dena chahie. inhian ke oopar us pariksha ki manyata nirbhar karati hai. kis tarah ke aitam hone chahie, isaka jnan 'shaikshik sankhyashastr' (ejukeshanal staitistiks) se poorn parichay hone par hi ho sakata hai. ajakal hamare desh mean is disha mean kary ho raha hai aur aaul iandiya kauansil ph aaur sekandari ejukeshan ne videshi visheshajnoan dvara adhyapakoan ke prashikshan ke lie suvidhaean di haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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