आधुनिक भारत का आर्थिक इतिहास
aangrezoan ne bharatiy krishi ke kshetr mean 'bhoomi vyavastha' v 'bhoo-rajasv' ke antargat vyapak parivartan kiya tha. unhoanne anek bhoo-dhriti paddhatiyaan lagoo kian, jinamean mukhy thian- sthayi bandobast ya zamiandari pratha, 'mahalava di vyavastha' evan 'raiyyatava di vyavastha'. lagan vyavastha ke aantargat 1790 ee. mean l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis ne dasavarshiy vyavastha ko lagoo kiya tha. yah vyavastha 1793 ee. mean bangal, bihar aur u disa mean sthaee roop se lagoo kar di gee. british bharat ki 19 pratishat bhoomi par yah vyavastha nishchit kar di gee thi. isake bad 'mahalava di vyavastha' ka prastav sarvapratham 1819 ee. mean 'h aault maikeanji' dvara laya gaya. sabase pahale yah vyavastha uttar pradesh, madhy pradesh evan panjab mean lagoo ki gee thi. isake aantargat bhoomi ka lagabhag 30 pratishat bhag shamil tha. 1792 ee. mean 'raiyyatava di vyavastha' madras ke baramahal mean pahali bar lagoo ki gee. madras mean yah vyavastha 30 varshoan tak lagoo rahi. 1835 ee. mean bhoo-sarvekshan ke adhar par ise bambee (vartaman mumbee) mean bhi lagoo kar diya gaya tha.
bhoomi vyavastha
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dadabhaee nauroji ne bharat ki vastavik garibi ka karan 'bharatiy dhan ki nikasi' ko hi mana. unhoanne british shasan se poorv ki sthiti ka ullekh karate hue kaha ki, mugaloan evan turkoan ne bharat ko avashy hi loota, parantu us dhan ka upayog desh ke bhitar hi kiya. bhale hi vah dhan sultanoan aur badashahoan ke vyaktigat sukh-suvidhaoan par kharch kiya gaya tha, parantu aangrezoan ne bharatiy dhan ko itani door le jakar kharch kiya ki, usaka koee bhi labh hamean nahian mil saka. aangrezoan ne hamara dhan kabhi bhi hamare bhale ke liye kharch nahian kiya.
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bharat mean aangrezoan ne jo bhoomi vyavastha lagoo ki thi, unaka vivaran is prakar se hai-
sthayi bandobast
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is vyavastha ko 'zamiandari pratha', 'malaguzari' v 'bisavedari' nam se bhi jana jata tha. is vyavastha ke lagoo kiye jane se poorv british sarakar ke samaksh yah samasya thi, ki bharat mean krishi yogy bhoomi ka malik kise man jay? sarakar rajasv chukane ke lie antim roop se kise uttaradayi banaye tatha upaj mean se sarakar ka hissa kitana ho. varen hestiangs ne apana vichar vyakt karate hue kaha tha, ki kisanoan se lagan vasool karane ke badale mean zamiandaroan ke pas kuchh kamishan prapt karane ke adhikar hoan. parantu hestiangs ki yah paddhati asaphal rahi. 1772 ee. mean hestiangs ne panchavarshiy bandobast chalaya. 1776 ee. mean is vyavastha ko bhi tyag diya gaya. 1786 ee. mean l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis bangal ka gavarnar-janaral bana. usane jems grant evan sar j aaun shor se navin lagan vyavastha par vichar vimarsh kiya. 1790 ee. mean karnavalis ne dasavarshiy vyavastha ko lagoo kiya. 1793 ee. mean is vyavastha ko bangal, bihar evan u disa mean sthayi kar diya gaya aur kalantar mean ise uttar pradesh ke banaras khand evan uttari karnatak mean bhi lagoo kiya gaya.
mahalava di vyavastha
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mahalava di vyavastha ka prastav sarvapratham 'h aault maikeanji' dvara laya gaya tha. is vyavastha ke aantargat bhoomi par gram samuday ka samoohik adhikar hota tha. is samuday ke sadasy alag-alag ya phir sanyukt roop se lagan ki adayagi kar sakate the. sarakari lagan ko ekatr karane ke prati poora 'mahal' ya 'kshetr' samoohik roop se zimmedar hota tha. mahal ke aantargat chhote v b de sabhi star ke zamiandar ate the. mahalava di vyavastha ka prastav sarvapratham 1819 ee. mean 'h aault maikeanji' dvara laya gaya tha. is prastav ko 1822 ee. ke regyooleshan-7 dvara qanooni roop pradan kiya gaya.
raiyyatava di vyavastha
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is vyavastha mean pratyek panjikrit bhoomidar bhoomi ka svami hota tha, jo sarakar ko lagan dene ke lie uttaradayi hota tha. isake pas bhoomi ko rakhane v bechane ka adhikar hota tha. bhoomi kar n dene ki sthiti mean use bhoosvamitv ke adhikar se vanchit hona p data tha. is vyavastha ke antargat sarakar ka raiyyat se sidha sampark hota tha. raiyyatava di vyavastha ko madras tatha bambee evan asam ke adhikaansh bhagoan mean lagoo kiya gaya. raiyyatava di bhoomi kar vyavastha ko pahali bar 1792 ee. mean madras ke ‘baramahal’ zile mean lagoo kiya gaya. t aaumas munaro jis samay madras ka garvanar tha, us samay usane kul upaj ke tisare bhag ko bhoomikar ka adhar manakar madras mean is vyavastha ko lagoo kiya. madras mean yah vyavastha lagabhag 30 varshoan tak lagoo rahi thi.
krishi ka vyaparikaran
| varsh | akal prabhavit kshetr |
|---|---|
| 1860-1861 ee. | panjab, rajapootana, uttar-pashchim praant evan kachchh |
| 1866-1867 ee. | bangal, bihar, u disa |
| 1868-1869 ee. | uttar pradesh, rajapootana, panjab |
| 1873-1874 ee. | bihar, bangal, maisoor,haidarabad |
| 1877-1878 ee. | panjab, kashmir, uttar pradesh |
| 1888-1889 ee. | u disa, ganjam |
| 1890-1892 ee. | panjab |
| 1896-1897 ee. | avadh, bangal, madras, panjab, uttar pradesh, bambee |
| 1899-1900 ee. | barar, bambee, panjab, uttar pradesh, bambee |
| 1905-1906 ee. | bambee |
| 1906-1907 ee. | uttar bihar |
| 1907-1908 ee. | uttar pradesh, madhy pradesh, bangal, madras, bambee |
aangrezoan dvara bharatiy krishi ke vyaparikaran ke pichhe mukhy uddeshy tha- ianglaind ke udyogoan ke lie kachche mal ko upalabdh karana. 1850 ee. tak bharat mean un vastuoan ki kheti ki jati thi, jo mukhyatah bharatiyoan ke upabhog hetu avashyak hoti thi. parantu 1850 ee. ke bad aangrezi sarakar ne unhian vastuoan ke utpadan ko protsahan diya, jinaka upayog briten ke udyogoan mean kachche mal ke roop mean ho sakata tha. british sarakar bharat ko apane samanoan ki mandi tatha kachcha mal bhejane vale ek upanivesh ki bhoomika ke lie teyar kar rahi thi. is niti ke tahat british sarakar ne bharatiy kisanoan ko ooanchi qimat dene ka pralobhan dekar kapas, joot, nil, k aaufi, chay, mooangaphali, ganna jaise vanijyik fasaloan ke utpadan ke lie protsahan diya. sarakar dvara sarvadhik dhyan kapas ki kheti par diya gaya, jisake parinamasvaroop geanhooan, chaval, jvar, bajara jaise khadyanoan ka abhav ho gaya, jisase yahaan bhukhamari phail gayi. fasaloan ke vanijyikaran ke phalasvaroop hi tatkalin samay mean bharat ko kee akaloan ka samana karana p da.
- j aaun sulavin ke kathan ke anusar, "hamari pranali ek aise spanj ke roop mean kam karati hai, jo ganga ke kinaroan se pratyek achchhi vastu ko le leti hai aur tems ke kinare par nicho d deti hai."
kisanoan ka shoshan
1850 ee. ke bad desh mean reloan ki vyavastha ne bhi vanijyik fasaloan ke utpadan ko protsahit kiya. is suvidha ka labh uthakar bharatiy kisan ab vishv bazar se sampark sadhane lage. naqad paise ke lalach mean bharatiy kisan apani fasaloan ko nimn dar par bechane laga, jisase usake shoshan ko badhava mila. vyaparik fasaloan ki kheti karane se niahsandeh kuchh kisanoan ki sthiti pahale se behatar huee, parantu desh mean khadyannoan ke abhav ke karan inake mooly mean bhayankar vriddhi huee.
aupaniveshik arthavyavastha
aangrezoan dvara bharat ka kiya gaya shoshan tin kaloan mean baanta ja sakata hai- pratham kal 1756 ee. se 1812 ee. tak mana jata hai. is samay arthavyavastha mean vyaparik pooanji ka samrajy tha. eest iandiya kampani ne vyapar par poorn adhikar rakha tha. eest iandiya kampani ke adhikari ji bharakar bharat ko loot rahe the. prasiddh british itihasakar 'parsival spiyan' ne tippani ki hai, "ab bangal mean khula tatha besharm loot ka kal arambh hua." ve kam dam par bharatiy vastuoan ko kray kar ianglaind niryat kar dete the. prasiddh itihasakar 'ke.em.panikkar' ne 1765 ee. se 1772 ee. ke kal ko 'dakoo rajy' kaha hai. dvitiy kal arthath 1813 ee. se 1857 ee. ke madhy mukt vyapar evan pooanji ke samrajyavad ka kal tha. is samay ka bharat briten se nirmit vastroan ke lie bazar evan kachche mal ke srot ke roop mean prasiddh tha. is kal mean bharat ke kutir evan laghu udyogoan ka patan hua. is sandarbh mean karl marks ne kaha tha, "sooti kap doan ke ghar mean sooti kap doan ki bharamar kar di gee hai." tritiy kal arthath 1857 ee. se 1947 ee. ke madhy vittiy pooanji ka samrajyavad bharat mean apani j dean jamane ka prayatn karane laga. tatpary yah hai ki aangrezoan dvara yahaan ke udyogoan mean bhari matra mean pooanji nivesh kiya jane laga.
bharatiy dhan ki nikasi
prashn uthata hai ki, dhan ka nishkasan kya hai? "jab kisi desh ke dhan ko us desh se bahar bheja jata tha, tatha badale mean us desh ko kuchh bhi prapt nahian hota tha, to dhan ke is bahirgaman ko hi dhan ki nikasi kaha jata tha." bharat mean dhan ki yah nikasi pashchimi deshoan ki or dhatvik mudra ke roop mean kam, parantu vastuoan ki niryat ke roop mean adhik huee. vaise ayat se adhik niryat karane vale desh ko arthik roop se sampann mana jata hai, parantu bharat ke niryat ka charitr kuchh doosara hi tha. eest indiya kampani jo bhi rajasv bharat mean ekatr karati thi, usi se vastuoan ko kray kar apane desh ko niryat karati thi. 1850 ee. ke bad aangrezoan ne bharat se kuchh nee vastuoan, jaise pashchimi bharat se kapas, panjab se geanhooan, asam se chay, dakshin bharat se tihalan, bangal se patasan, cham da evan khaloan ka niryat karana prarambh kar diya. 1858 ee. ke bad hue sanvaidhanik sudharoan ke karan kampani ke hisse ka rrin evan usaki samast denadariyaan ab bharat sarakar ke hisse mean a geean. ab british bharat ke sabhi adhikariyoan ki peanshanean, ianglaind se bharat ke lie kharide jane vale sainik saj-saman, sainikoan ke prashikshin par hone vale vyay, parivahan par vyay, bharat ki simaoan se bahar kiye jane vale abhiyanoan par ane vale vyay adi bharat sarakar par hi bharit the. in sabhi sadhanoan ke dvara bharat ka dhan jis prakar se briten ki or ja raha tha, usi ko dhan ki nikasi ke nam se jana gaya.
dadabhaee nauroji
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1868 ee. mean sarvapratham dadabhaee nauroji ne aangrezoan dvara bharat ke 'dhan ki nikasi' ki or sabhi bharatiyoan ka dhyan akrisht kiya. unhoanne 2 mee, 1867 ee. ko landan mean ayojit 'eest iandiya esosieshan' ki baithak mean apane patr, jisaka shirshak 'England Debut To India' ko padhate hue pahali bar dhan ke bahirgaman ke siddhant ko prastut kiya. unhoanne kaha- "bharat ka dhan hi bharat se bahar jata hai, aur phir dhan bharat ko punah rrin ke roop mean diya jata hai, jisake lie use aur dhan byaj ke roop se chukana p data hai. yah sab ek dushchakr tha, jise to dana kathin tha." unhoanne apani pustak 'Poority And Unbritish Rules In India' mean prati vyakti varshik ay ka anuman 20 rupaye lagaya tha. isake atirikt unaki any pustakean, jisamean unhoanne dhan ke nishkasan siddhant ki vyakhya ki hai, 'd vants end mins aauf indiya (1870 ee.)', 'an di kamars aauf indiya (1871 ee.)' adi haian. dadabhaee nauroji 'dhan ke bahirgaman ke siddhant' ke sarvapratham aur sarvadhik prakhar pratipadak the. 1905 ee. mean unhoanne kaha tha ki, "dhan ka bahirgaman samast buraiyoan ki j d hai, aur bharatiy nirdhanata ka mukhy karan." dadabhaee nauroji ne dhan nishkasan ko 'anishtoan ka anisht' ki sanjna di hai.
- mahadev govind ranade ne kaha hai, "rashtriy pooanji ka ek tihaee hissa kisi n kisi roop mean british shasan dvara bharat se bahar le jaya jata hai."
bharatiy dhan nikasi ka parinam
| vyakti | anumanit rupaye |
|---|---|
| dadabhaee nauroji (1867-1870 ee.) | 20 rupaye prati varsh |
| elavin beriang aur devid belafar (1882 ee.) | 27 rupaye prati varsh |
| l aaurd karzan (1901 ee.) | 30 rupaye prati varsh |
| viliyam digbi (1899 ee.) | 18 rupaye prati varsh |
| d aau. vi.ke.ar.vi.rav (1931-1932 ee.) | 62 rupaye prati varsh |
bharatiy dhan ki nikasi ke vishay mean ar.si.datt ne kaha, "bharatiy rajaoan dvara kar lena to soory dvara apani bhoomi se pani lene ke saman tha, jo ki punah varsha ke roop mean bhoomi par urvarata dene ke lie vapas ata tha, par aangrezoan dvara liya gaya kar bharat mean varsha n karake ianglaind mean hi varsha karata tha." ramesh chandr datt ne apani pustak 'ikonomik histri aauf indiya' (1901 ee.) mean dhan ke bahirgaman ka ullekh kiya hai. is pustak ko bharat ke arthik itihas par pahali prasiddh pustak mana jata hai. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres dvara apane 'kalakatta adhiveshan' (1896 ee.) mean sarvapratham 'dhan ke nishkasan' siddhant ko svikar kiya gaya. 1901 ee. mean impiriyal lejisletiv kauansil ke bajat par bhashan dete hue gopal krishna gokhale ne 'dhan ke bahirgaman' siddhant ko prastut kiya. bharat mean dhan ke nishkasan ki or sarvapratham dhyan dadabhaee nauroji ka gaya tha aur unhoanne usake dooragami prabhabhoan ko samajha. lagatar dhan ki nikasi ka parinam yah hua ki, bharatiyoan par kar ka bojh badh gaya. dadabhaee nauroji ne bharat ki vastavik garibi ka karan bharatiy dhan ki nikasi ko hi mana. unhoanne british shasan se poorv ki sthiti ka ullekh karate hue kaha ki, mugaloan evan turkoan ne bharat ko avashy hi loota, parantu us dhan ka upayog desh ke bhitar hi kiya gaya, bhale hi vah dhan sultanoan aur badashahoan ke vyaktigat sukh-suvidhaoan par kharch kiya gaya ho, parantu aangrezoan ne bharatiy dhan ko itani door le jakar kharch kiya ki, usaka koee bhi labh hamean nahian mil saka.
hastashilp udyog ka hras
jahaan ek or ianglaind mean huee audyogik kraanti ke phalasvaroop vishv mean audyogikaran ki prakriya gati pak d rahi thi, vahian doosari or bharat mean isaka kuprabhav dekhane ko mil raha tha. 1800-1850 ee. ke madhy ke samay ko bharat ke 'prakh audyogikikaran' ke kal ke nam se jana jata hai. is kal mean bharat ke hastashilp evan kutir udyogoan ka patan hua. sooti kap de evan any hastashilp ki vastuoan par 70 se 80 pratishat tak ayat shulk laga diya gaya. bharat mean mukt vyapar ke adhikar ke sath hi yahaan par videshi logoan ne udyog lagana prarambh kar diya. aangrezoan ki is niti ke karan yahaan par briten mean nirmit sooti vastr chha gaye. yahaan ke bunakaroan aur shilpiyoan ko apani takanik ka rahasy batane ke lie badhy kiya gaya. kalantar mean yah varg matr bandhua mazadoor banakar raha gaya. 20vian shatabdi ki shuruat mean hue svadeshi andolanoan ke phalasvaroop in udyogoan ko tho da bahut sanrakshan prapt hua. kutir udyog evan hastashilp udyogoan ke hras ke karan bharatiy janasankhya ki nirbharata krishi par badhane lagi. krishi ki nirbharata ko 'rajani pamadatt' ne aank doan dvara prastut kiya hai.
adhunik udyogoan ka vikas
ek or bharatiy hast udyogoan ka vinash ho raha tha, vahian doosari or kuchh naye udyogoan ka janm bhi ho raha tha. bharat mean adhunik udyogoan ka prarambh 1850 ee. mean hua. in naye prakar ke udyagoan ka vikas do roopoan - bagan udyog evan karakhana udyog mean hua. aangrezoan ne yahaan sabase pahale nil, chay, kahava adi mean vishesh ruchi li. 1875 ee. ke bad karakhana udyog ka vikas hua, jisamean kapas, cham da, loha, chini, simeant, kagaz, lak di, kaanch adi udyog shamil the. bharat mean pratham sooti vastr udyog 'bambe spiniang end viviang kampani' ke nam se parasi udyogapati 'kavasaji dabar' ne 1854 ee. mean sthapit kiya. bharat mean pahala chini karakhana 1909 ee. mean pahala joot karakhana 1855 ee. mean bangal mean khola gaya. pahali bar adhunik ispat taiyar karane ka prayas 1830 ee. mean madras ke dakshin mean sthit arkat mean 'joshiya marshal hith' dvara kiya gaya. lauh udyog kshetr mean agala prayas 1907 ee. mean jamashed ji tata ne kiya. inake prayatnoan dvara 'tata ayaran end stil kampani' ki sthapana ki gee. is prakar kram se in udyogoan ka dhire-dhire vikas hota raha.
karakhana adhiniyam
| varsh | vyakti |
|---|---|
| 1881 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd ripan |
| 1891 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd lainsadaun |
| 1911 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd hardiang dvitiy |
| 1922 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd ridiang |
| 1934 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd viliangadan |
| 1946 ee. ka sanshodhit karakhana adhiniyam | l aaurd vevel |
british bharat mean samay-samay par kee karakhana adhiniyam parit kiy ge. unaka vivaran is prakar se hai-
1881 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam
l aaurd ripan ke samay mean laye gaye is karakhana adhiniyam mean alpayu shramikoan ko sanrakshan evan unake svasthy suraksha ki vyavastha ki gee. yah adhiniyam un karakhanoan par hi lagoo ho sakata tha, jahaan par shramikoan ki sankhya kam se kam 100 hoti thi. adhiniyam mean 7 varsh se kam bachchoan ko kam karane se pratibandhit kiya gaya tatha 7 se 12 varsh ke bachchoan ke kam ki avadhi 9 ghantean tay ki gee thi. isake atirikt pratidin ek ghante ka aram tatha mahine mean 4 din ki chhutti ki vyavastha ki gee.
1891 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam
l aaurd lainsadaun ke samay mean laye gaye is karakhana adhiniyam mean vayask shramikoan ke labh ki vyavastha ki gee thi. yah adhiniyam un sabhi sthanoan par lagoo hua, jahaan par kam se kam 50 shramik ek sath kam karate the. is adhiniyam mean 9 varsh se kam ayu ke bachchoan ko karakhanoan mean kary karane se poornatah pratibandhit kar diya gaya aur 9 se 19 varsh ke bachchoan ke kary ki avadhi ko 7 ghante pratidin nishchit kar diya gaya. mahilaoan ko ratri ke samay 8 baje se subah 5 baje tak kam karane se pratibandhit kar diya gaya. inake kam karane ki avadhi ko 11 ghante pratidin tay kiya gaya. saptah mean ek din avakash ki ghoshana ki gee.
1911 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam
1891 ke karakhana adhiniyam ko hi sanshodhit kar 1911 ee. mean ek any karakhana adhiniyam prastut kiya gaya, jisamean purushoan ke kary karane ki avadhi ko 12 ghante pratidin nishchit kiya gaya. alpayu bachchoan ko karakhanoan mean 7 baje sandhya se 5 baje subah ke bich kary karane par pratibandh laga diya gaya. yah adhiniyam l aaurd hardiang ke samay laya gaya tha.
1922 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam
l aaurd ridiang ke samay mean laya gaya yah karakhana adhiniyam un sthanoan par lagoo hota tha, jahaan par 20 se adhik shramik kam karate the, athava bijali ka prayog kiya jata tha. is adhiniyam mean karakhane mean kary karane ki bachchoan ki ayu ko badhakar 12 se 15 varsh ke bich nishchit kiya gaya aur inake kary karane ki avadhi ko kam kar 6 ghante pratidin kar diya gaya. is adhiniyam ko 1923,1926 aur 1931 ee. mean aanshik roop se sanshodhit kiya gaya tha.
1934 ee. ka karakhana adhiniyam
l aaurd viliangatan ke samay mean laye gaye is karakhana adhiniyam mean mausami karakhane evan sadaiv karyarat karakhanoan mean antar sthapit kiya gaya. vayask shramikoan ke kam ke ghantoan ko 11 ghanta pratidin tay kiya gaya. niyamit roop se kary karane vale udyogoan ya karakhanoan mean vayask shramikoan ke dainik kary ki avadhi ko 10 ghante nishchit kiya gaya aur sath hi shramikoan ke aram evan unaki chikitsa ki bhi vyavastha ki gee.
1946 ee. ka karakhana sanshodhan adhiniyam
l aaurd vevel ke samay mean 1934 ee. ke karakhana adhiniyam ko sanshodhit kar prastut kiya gaya. is sanshodhit adhiniyam mean shramikoan ke kary karane ki avadhi ko 11 se kam karake 9 ghante kiya gaya. 200 se adhik shramikoan ke kary karane vale karakhanoan mean kaintinoan ki vyavastha par bal diya gaya.
uparyukt sabhi karakhana adhiniyam aise samay mean laye gaye, jab bharat gulam tha. isalie shramikoan ki suvidhaoan par vishesh dhyan nahian diya gaya. svatantr bharat ka pahala vistrit karakhana adhiniyam 1948 ee. mean laya gaya, jisamean shramikoan ki badatar sthiti ko behatar karane ko sachche man se prayas kiya gaya.
british kal mean bharatiy arthavyavastha se ju di kuchh prathayean
- dadani pratha - is pratha ke antargat british vyapari bharatiy utpadakoan, karigaroan evan shilpiyoan ko 'agrim sanvida' (peshagi) ke roop mean de dete the.
- kamiyauanti pratha - bihar evan u disa mean prachalit is pratha ke antargat krishi das ke roop mean kheti karane vale kamiyaan jati ke log apane malikoan dvara prapt rrin par di jane vali byaj ki rashi ke badale jivan bhar unaki seva karate the.
- tinakathiya pratha - is pratha ke antargat 'champaran' (bihar) ke kisanoan ko apane aangrez bagan malikoan ke anubandh par apani zamin ke qarib 3/20 bhag par nil ki kheti karana anivary hota tha.
- dubala hali pratha - bharat ke pashchimi kshetr, mukhyatah soorat mean prachalit is pratha ke antargat 'dubala hali bhoo-das' apane malikoan ko hi apani sampatti ka aur svayan ka sanrakshak manate the.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
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